新型城镇化中的规划水资源论证关键问题

随着社会经济的不断发展,我国已经进入城镇化高速发展阶段,水资源保障成为直接关系社会经济发展、战略布局等城镇化重大措施实施的重要资源制约因素。城镇化的规模、人口、经济等通过改变降雨—径流—蒸发模式影响水资源承载特征,迫切需要研究基于量水而行、因水制宜和以水定城、以水定产需求的新型城镇化规划水资源论证模式和管理体制。针对现有规划水资源论证中的不足,建议进一步完善规划水资源论证的法律法规体系和规章制度,明确规划范围、审查主体、审查程序等,完善规划水资源论证的技术导则,攻克水资源承载力等关键技术,形成节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理的新型城镇化水资源管理模式,促进我国生态文明建设。     

Application of payments for hydrological ecosystem services to solve problems of fit and interplay in integrated water resources management

This article assesses the role of payments for hydrological ecosystem services for integrated water resources management within the water–energy–food nexus. Current challenges of implementation are structured according to spatial fit and institutional interplay. An empirical analysis of several case studies of locally self-organized payments for hydrological ecosystem services in Nicaragua reveals potential contributions to operationalization of integrated water resources management and the water–energy–food nexus.     

河北省连续枯水年(1997-2002)水文水资源情势分析

1997——2002连续枯水年组对产流系数、地表径流量、地下水环境、水资源总量产生了较大影响，给社会、经济、环境带来严重危害。在水资源规划设计中应对连续枯水年这一特殊水文现象进行深入探讨，用可持续发展的观念优化配置水资源，制定切实有效的措施，最大程度减免连续枯水年带来的旱灾损失。     

Temporal changes in the hydrology and nutrient concentrations of a large tropical river: Anthropogenic influence in the Lower Grijalva River,Mexico

Dam construction and nutrient loading are among the greatest threats to freshwater ecosystems, altering ecological processes and the provisioning of ecosystem services. Temporal change in hydrology and ambient nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations was studied on the Grijalva, a large tropical river in southern Mexico, where four hydroelectric dams operate and where land conversion has impacted the freshwater environment. Temporal changes in discharge and in river chemistry were examined by analysing long‐term discharge and nutrient data using the software Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration and Mann–Kendall tests. Furthermore, additional water chemistry samples were collected to examine seasonal nutrient dynamics in the lower Grijalva. Long‐term discharge data indicated dam construction has severely altered temporal patterns in discharge and other hydrological characteristics. The lower Grijalva has also experienced increase in nitrate concentrations through time, which may be attributed to the expansion of agricultural and urban areas in the watershed. In contrast, total phosphorus appeared to decline at the sites influenced by dam construction. Lower nutrient concentrations were recorded upstream from the city of Villahermosa, suggesting that inputs from urban areas may have contributed to nutrient loading. Additionally, higher nitrate and total phosphorus concentrations were detected in tributaries draining intensive agricultural and suburban areas. Collectively, the results from the study suggest that dam construction and land conversion in large, tropical watersheds can produce chemical and hydrological changes, which may negatively impact important ecosystem services—such as fisheries and the provisioning of sources of drinking water—and may compromise the integrity of coastal zones.     

Assessing Impacts of Conservation Measures on Watershed Hydrology Using MIKE SHE Model in the Face of Climate Change

Climate change triggers changes in temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, etc. and has a significant impact on water resources in many regions. Considering the increasing scarcity of water as a result of climate change, conservation of water and groundwater recharge have become crucial factors for water resources planning and management. In this paper, an attempt is made to study the detailed hydrological behaviour of a treated watershed using physically based distributed hydrological modelling system MIKE SHE to assess the impact of conservation measures on watershed hydrology considering future climate change. Three hypothetical management scenarios are simulated for the period 2010–2040. RegCM4 regional climate model is used in the study for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Detailed hydrological water balance is extracted for individual years from 1979 to 2009 to compare relevant components. The evaluation for base period shows 10.06% reduction in surface runoff and 11.33% enhancement in groundwater recharge. Further simulation with RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios show notable reduction in surface runoff and increase in groundwater recharge. The structures in the micro-watershed influence the surface runoff and increase infiltration into the soil, resulting in higher groundwater recharge. MIKE SHE simulations for various structures management scenarios establish the role of conservation measures in reducing surface runoff and enhancing groundwater recharge under substantial effect of climate change. The results will assist in decision-making on watershed development plans in quantitative terms, including planning for water conservation measures in the face of climate change.

     

水资源承载力内涵的新认识

本文概要总结了当前水资源承载力认识所存在的主要问题，认为可持续发展的内涵未能与水资源承载力有效地结合。依据生态系统服务理论和水生态系统承载的效用与价值，对水资源——人类系统做了简要的生态经济分析，认为应将水生态系统作为水资源承载力中的承载主体，并以水生态系统的整体性和全部生态经济服务为基础开展研究。根据可持续发展理论的可持续原则、可持续性和发展概念等，较详细地探讨了水资源承载力在生态、技术、社会经济和时空等方面的内涵，并给出了基于这些内涵的水资源承载力定义及相应的模型。     

于桥水库流域水源供给服务的空间分布格局

空间定量评估流域生态系统水源供给服务功能对水源区可持续发展及生态补偿机制的建立具有重要意义。基于研究区土地利用数据、气象数据和土壤数据,应用In VEST模型评估了于桥水库流域生态系统的水源供给量,并定量分析了流域水源供给能力的空间分布格局特征。结果表明:当Zhang系数为3.2时,流域的年径流深为161 mm,流域内年总产水量为3.14亿m~3。从空间分布格局来看,流域水源供给量存在显著的空间异质性;南部和中东部平原区单位面积水源供给量较高,水库南岸水源供给能力高于北岸;遵化市和蓟县对水源供给总量的贡献率达到85%;流域内不同景观类型的水源供给能力由大到小的排序为:耕地林地人工表面裸地灌草地,耕地、林地和人造表面对水源供给总量的贡献率达到82%。流域南部和中东部平原区是水源供给功能保护的重点区域,但同时也是防控城镇面源污染的关键地区。     

基于水文模型与遥感信息的植被变化水文响应分析

针对地表覆被改变带来的流域水文响应存在不确定性这一问题,为了探索我国南方山区植被变化下的水文过程时空演变规律,依据东江流域的土地覆被类型,结合野外调查试验与遥感数据提取典型植被特征信息,利用考虑水文、地形、土壤、植被等多要素综合的分布式水文模型DHSVM,对流域内各种典型覆被情景下的水文过程进行模拟,进而分析植被变化引起的径流、蒸发、土壤水变化的响应关系。结果表明:大面积人工种植桉树林,将会对流域水文过程产生较大影响,地表径流深比现状针叶林增大17.5%,蒸散发量减小18.1%,洪峰流量也有所增加,流域洪水灾害发生概率加大;当流域现有针叶林生态系统退化为草地时,多年平均径流量增加24.4%,蒸散量减少25.3%,不利于自然流域的水源含蓄;针叶林、阔叶林和混交林三类森林植被更替对流域的水文过程影响相比其他植被类型要小。研究成果为分析流域变化环境下的水文过程时空演变规律及其生态环境效应提供参考,对我国南方山区水资源管理规划和生态环境保护具有实际意义。     

基于问题导向的水生态文明概念与内涵

分析了我国水环境问题的特点、水生态环境问题产生的机理与表征,探讨了水生态文明的概念内涵及其主要特征,认为水生态文明是以生态文明理念为指导,以保障经济社会可持续发展和实现水生态系统稳定健康为目标,形成用于规范人类涉水行为,贯穿于水资源开发、利用、治理、配置、节约、保护等各方面和水利规划、建设、管理等各环节的一整套理念、技术和管理成果体系;人水和谐是水生态文明建设的灵魂,保障经济社会可持续发展和实现水生态系统稳定健康是水生态文明建设的两个基本点。     

伊逊河流域土地不同利用方式的水文效应模拟

利用SWAT模型对伊逊河流域水文效应进行分布式模拟,分别模拟了1985年和2010年两期土地利用条件下、3种不同土地利用模式下流域的产流产沙过程。选取径流年内分配不均匀系数、涵养指数和泥沙年内分配不均匀系数,对不同土地利用模式下的水文效应进行对比分析。研究表明,生态保护型模式有利于减少泥沙流失、增加水土涵养能力;城市扩张型模式虽有助于减少产沙量,却使径流大大增加,不利于城市防洪安全;耕地保护型模式有利于水源涵养,却使输沙量增加。在城市发展过程中,应充分考虑水文效应与经济效益。     

永定河流域生态补偿标准研究

考虑过去流域生态补偿研究中具有忽略水质功效、生态价值计算方法缺少系统性的不足,本文总结出基于水量水质模拟、水生态价值核算的流域生态补偿标准测算框架,并以水量水质功效的不可分割性为基础,得到了永定河跨界断面补偿标准。借鉴永定河流域生境及物种的多元化、不同水域相关功能属性的差异性,从河流生态系统、森林生态系统、湿地生态系统层面考虑,借助投入产出对应关系确定受益补偿标准为150亿元。以限制发展机会成本、水源涵养损失机会成本为依据,得到流域生态受损补偿标准为16亿元。最后结合应用成果,探讨了生态补偿标准完善策略。     

An integrated population,economic, and water resource model to address sustainable development questions for Botswana

Abstract:

An integrated population, economic, and water resource model was developed to address sustainable development questions for Botswana. raditionally, water resources planning models have considered the implications of different assumptions of population and economic growth on the sustainability of existing water resources supply; however, this model extends that capability to consider feedbacks from one model component to another. For example, the model has the unique capability to examine implications of changing water‐related diarrhea incidence on the health of the HIV/AIDS population. Investments in water supply and sanitation or in HIV/AIDS medication impact the health and productivity of the population. The water model uses a physically‐based hydrologic rainfall‐runoff model with surface and groundwater components to produce monthly runoff and groundwater recharge at the watershed scale. Botswana is divided into socioeconomic regions, and the water resources infrastructure is characterized by virtual reservoirs in each. The demographic sub‐model is a standard multi‐cohort model that forecasts the population by age, sex, rural or urban residence, education level, and HIV/AIDS status. The economic sub‐model is a computable general equilibrium model with three components: agriculture, non‐agricultural exports, and non‐tradables. The model runs an ensemble of scenarios, including climate change, HIV/AIDS, health, economic, and water conservation scenarios, whose output is probabilistic in nature. The three model components are described, with particular emphasis on the model linkages and the water sub‐component, and results are shown for a variety of scenarios.     

长江三角洲地区气候变化背景下城市化发展与水安全问题

全球变暖等气候变化背景下,城市化的高速发展给长江三角洲地区水文和水资源带来了较大的影响,该区域的水安全问题成为人们关注的热点。通过对该地区水文水资源变化气候背景的分析,选择区域内的典型城市,以遥感和GIS作支持,开展以城市化发展为标志的下垫面变化对降雨、径流及暴雨洪水的影响研究,分析了城市化发展对河网水系与水环境的影响。在此基础上,从保证城市水安全的角度,对水资源持续利用与优化配置进行了分析和探讨,以寻求地区城市化发展下的水资源利用与保护的对策措施,从而为保障地区水安全以及经济持续发展提供支持。     

基于串口通信实现内外网水情数据的自动传输

水文部门及时向各级防汛部门和社会发布水情信息,为政府对水资源的社会管理和公共服务职能提供全面优质的服务。由于安全需要,水情信息多放在水文内网中,水文内网与因特网常采用物理隔离,水情信息无法及时利用因特网向各级防汛部门和社会发布。笔者介绍了一种基于串口通信、不使用任何网络协议、比网闸隔离更彻底的内外网数据传输方式,实时将水文内网中的水情数据更新到外网的数据库中,为水情信息的发布提供自动、及时、准确的数据支撑,向社会提供可靠的水文服务。     

青海省南川河750变电站处设计断面水文分析

随着青海省南川河流域经济社会的飞速发展、工业化、城镇化水平的迅速提高,水资源的供需矛盾日益突出。本文依据南川河下游南川河口水文站资料,采用多种方法对南川河750变电站处设计断面进行了水文计算,得出了相关的水文数据,为境内合理开发和利用水资源,制定防洪规划和城镇发展布局等提供科学依据。     

流域生态修复科学性思考

流域生态系统规划已经成为流域相关研究中的重点内容,科学的流域生态系统规划理论和方法为流域的健康和可持续发展提供了丰富的研究途径和思路。基于生态学理论,强调了非生物要素作为生物要素的基础,阐述了水文、地形、土壤等对生态修复的作用。倡导基于自然解决方案的流域生态修复,强烈主张以水文修复作为生态修复的基础,以流域水文规划为主导的多专业协同的流域生态保护及修复方法。建议生态修复首先要理解自然生态要素之间的关系,然后统筹规划流域范围内的生物和非生物要素,并协调人类生活和生态系统保护之间的关系,为流域生态系统的健康、稳定和可持续发展提供科学性解决方案。     

潘家口水库流域土地利用变化的水文响应分析

以潘家口水库流域为研究区域,采用SWAT分布式水文模型定量评估土地利用变化对流域径流过程的影响。相对于1980年土地利用情景,2006年土地利用变化主要表现为耕地减少,林地和草地面积增大,而水域和城镇用地变化相对较小。利用3个水文站1986年1月至1999年12月的月径流实测数据进行模型的校准和验证。在不同土地利用情景下,对流域的天然径流过程进行模拟分析,模拟结果显示,与1980年土地利用情景相比,2006年土地利用情景下的多年平均径流减少11%;对于不同典型水文年份而言,土地利用变化对枯水年的影响最大,对丰水年和平水年的影响相当;土地利用变化对年径流的影响主要表现为汛期径流减少。潘家口水库流域水资源涵养能力有所增加。模拟研究土地利用变化对潘家口水库流域径流的影响对合理规划土地利用和流域水资源的综合管理具有现实意义。     

安徽省水资源开发利用的现状与思考

要解决安徽省水资源开发利用中存在的经济结构布局与水资源时空分布不平衡、水资源开发利用模式与水资源承栽能力不平衡、水环境恶化与建设生态省的要求不平衡、水资源管理体制与水资源及水环境状况不平衡等问题，必须坚持可持续发展水利的理念，强化水资源综合规划的约束力，强化水权与定额管理制度，加强水资源配置工程建设，采取有力的节水措施，加强水污染防治，坚持依法治水，实现城乡水资源统一管理，以水资源的可持续利用推动安徽经济社会的可持续发展。     

北京市成立区县水文管理机构必要性探析

水文在服务首都水资源可持续利用和经济社会可持续发展进程中发挥越来越重要的作用。但是,由于目前北京市各区县没有单独的水文管理机构,区县水文在服务地方经济社会发展中还不够到位,同时区县政府对水文的支持也不够理想。旨在通过分析现行水文管理体制的弊端,以大兴区水文机构(大兴区水环境监测中心)为例,探讨了区县水文机构成立的可行性和必要性。从而对区县水文机构的职能进行重新定位,进而推动水文双重管理体制的进程,达到水文更好地服务地方经济社会发展的目的。     

Water Resource Models in the Mekong Basin: A Review

Development of the water resources of the Mekong Basin is the subject of intense debate both within the Mekong region and internationally. Water resources modelling is playing an increasingly important role in the debate, with significant effort in building integrated modelling platforms to describe the hydrological, ecological, social and economic impacts of water resource development. In the hydrological domain, a comprehensive set of models has been effective in building understanding of the system, and in identifying and describing the issues and trade-offs involved in basin-scale water planning. In the ecological and social domains, quantitative modelling has not progressed very far; geo-spatial analysis and qualitative frameworks remain the most commonly used tools. Economic models have been used to assess the costs and benefits of water resources development and to describe the trade-offs between different sectors and users. These analyses are likely to play an important role in the policy and planning debate, but are hampered by uncertainties in valuation of ecosystem services. Future efforts should focus on optimising the use of existing model platforms for the Mekong, including structured comparison of multiple hydrological models to quantify errors and identify an optimum set of modelling tools for different applications. A comprehensive research effort is needed to incorporate groundwater into hydrological models for regional planning. Options for social impact assessment should be reassessed before major investments are made in complex modelling platforms, and participatory social survey methods evaluated as part of an integrated assessment framework.