大型灌区骨干水库分期旱限水位研究

水库作为常见的重要水利工程设施,在区域水资源承载力水量、水质、水生态和水流更新等要素调控中具有举足轻重的地位和作用,在降水径流减少的枯水季节显得尤其重要。旱限水位是水库在低水位调度运行的控制性特征水位,其合理设置与科学运用对区域水资源高效利用意义重大。为此以淠史杭灌区梅山水库的来水特性和用户需水特性为基础,首先采用Hausdorff维数分形方法划分了梅山水库入库径流干旱预警时段,进而通过不同水平年各预警期内来水、供水调节计算了初始旱限水位:旱警水位和旱枯水位,并以水库灌区水资源系统长系列模拟模型及优化模型为依托,优化确定了梅山水库不同预警期的旱限水位,最后分别从水库运行、灌区灌溉、生产生活供水、生态用水以及水力发电等多角度评估了旱限水位的合理性,为水利部门指导水库灌区抗旱运行,制订相应抗旱预案提供技术参考。     

尼尔基水利枢纽汛期洪水分期分析研究

本文根据嫩江流域暴雨洪水成因、洪水统计规律以及尼尔基水库的特性论述了尼尔基水利枢纽汛期洪水的进一步分期,为充分发挥尼尔基水库的防洪和兴利作用,解决好防洪与兴利矛盾,合理进行水资源的优化配置,为水库安全运行提供基本条件和保障。     

Improving Optimization Efficiency for Reservoir Operation Using a Search Space Reduction Method

Reservoir operation problems are challenging to efficiently optimize because of their high-dimensionality, stochasticity, and non-linearity. To alleviate the computational burden involved in large-scale and stringent constraint reservoir operation problems, we propose a novel search space reduction method (SSRM) that considers the available equality (e.g., water balance equation) and inequality (e.g., firm output) constraints. The SSRM can effectively narrow down the feasible search space of the decision variables prior to the main optimization process, thus improving the computational efficiency. Based on a hydropower reservoir operation model, we formulate the SSRM for a single reservoir and a multi-reservoir system, respectively. To validate the efficiency of the proposed SSRM, it is individually integrated into two representative optimization techniques: discrete dynamic programming (DDP) and the cuckoo search (CS) algorithm. We use these coupled methods to optimize two real-world operation problems of the Shuibuya reservoir and the Shuibuya-Geheyan-Gaobazhou cascade reservoirs in China. Our results show that: (1) the average computational time of SSRM-DDP is 1.81, 2.50, and 3.07 times less than that of DDP when decision variables are discretized into 50, 100, and 500 intervals, respectively; and (2) SSRM-CS outperforms CS in terms of its capability of finding near-optimal solutions, convergence speed, and stability of optimization results. The SSRM significantly improves the search efficiency of the optimization techniques and can be integrated into almost any optimization or simulation method. Therefore, the proposed method is useful when dealing with large-scale and complex reservoir operation problems in water resources planning and management.     

水库群长期优化调度研究

在进行水库群长期优化运行的研究中，讨论了一种适合于寻求水资源系统优化运行决策规则调度模型。该模型包括双状态动态规划（ＢＳＤＰ）和混合回归的疏系数模型。该调度模型充分反映了水库群最优运行的规律，且大大节省了计算时间的内存量。模拟运行结果表明，该模型是可行的。     

Optimal Design of Seasonal Flood Limited Water Levels by Jointing Operation of the Reservoir and Floodplains

Reservoirs play an important role in the exploitation and utilization of water resources, and the flood limited water level (FLWL) is a key parameter to balance flood control and conservation in reservoir operation. This study is aimed at joint operation of the reservoir and floodplains to improve floodwater utilization and enhance economic benefits. The net profits, namely the benefits from power generation and water supply minus the losses from the flood volume diverted to floodplains, are set as the objective function. To maximize the net profits, an optimization model is then proposed. Finally, a nonlinear optimization technique, the complex method, is used to find the optimal seasonal FLWL. The China’s Danjiangkou Reservoir (DR) is selected as a case study. The results show that the joint use of floodplains enables 2.0 m and 0.5 m increment of FLWLs in summer and autumn, respectively, compared to the conventional FLWLs. Since the increment of the FLWL decreases the reservoir flood storage by 0.44 billion m³, the flood volume need to be diverted to floodplains is increased by 0.54 billion m³ per year. Meanwhile, the power generation and water diversion are increased by 0.59% and 2.99%, respectively. The assurance probabilities of power generation, water diversion and minimum flow are also increased by 1.1%, 0.96% and 0.70%, respectively. As a result, the economic benefits can be increased by 0.037 billion USD per year. It is concluded that the reservoir seasonal FLWL can be improved by joint operation of reservoirs and floodplains, which is able to enhance economic benefits without increasing flood risks. Moreover, the increment of economic benefits could be shared by reservoir managers and residents that live in floodplains. This novel operating approach is helpful to the integrated water resources management.     

Optimal Hydropower Generation Under Climate Change Conditions for a Northern Water Resources System

This paper examines climate change impacts on the water resources system of the Manicouagan River (Québec, Canada). The objective is to evaluate the performance of existing infrastructures under future climate projections and the associated uncertainties. The main purpose of the water resources system is hydropower production. A reservoir optimization algorithm, Sampling Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SSDP), was used to derive weekly operating decisions for the existing system subject to reservoir inflows reflecting future climate, for optimum hydropower production. These projections are simulations from the SWAT hydrologic model for climate change scenarios for the period from 2010 to 2099. Results show that the climate change will alter the hydrological regime of the study area: earlier timing of the spring flood, reduced spring peak flow, and increased annual inflows volume in the future compared to the historical climate. The SSDP optimization algorithm adapted the operating policy to the future hydrological regime by adjusting water reservoir levels in the winter and spring, and increasing the release through turbines, which in the end increased power generation. However, there could be more unproductive spills for some power plants, which would decrease the overall efficiency of the existing water resources system.     

基于模糊集对分析的灌区水库旱限水位及供水策略优化研究

随着经济社会发展和气候条件改变,我国区域干旱问题日益突出,水库在抗旱减灾过程中的作用越来越凸显,旱限水位的提出与应用对有效发挥大中型水库在抗旱中的调控作用、缓解流域旱情具有重要意义。针对旱限水位研究现状,本文以史河灌区梅山水库为例,首先考虑城乡供水、农业灌溉、水力发电和生态环境等诸多因素,构建基于模糊集对分析法的水库灌区水资源系统运行效果综合评价模型,并以水资源系统综合运行等级最优为目标,以分期分级旱限水位、灌溉限供措施(基于水库来水特征和作物生长特性)为优化变量,运用免疫遗传算法进行系统优化求解,最后对比有无旱限水位下水库水资源系统综合运行效果,并分析了不同控制方式下水库供水变化和灌区作物因旱减产风险。结果显示：该优化方法相较于以水库供水经济效益为目标旱限水位确定方法,多项年均指标都有较大改善,其中梅山水库经济效益提高了46万元,充反调节水库水量增加了555万m³,而水库弃水量减少了566万m³;史河灌区塘坝供水量增加了253万m³,而作物减产率下降了3.32%,同时作物因旱减产风险降低了3.15%。可见,运用系统综合...     

Optimal allocation of water resources in large river basins: II. Application to Yellow River Basin

In this paper, the theoretical approach presented in Part I is demonstrated by means of case study on the optimal allocation water resources for Yellow River Basin of China. The object of the case study was to find the optimization of water allocation among subregions and trunk streams of the basin in order to achieve the maximum national economic benefits and the optimal reservoir storage required to maintain the long-term balance of water resources.The optimal allocation of water resources pattern caters for irrigation, hydropower generation, navigation, water supply and other sectors, depending to a large extent on the objective economic benefits obtained from the whole valley and on the objective of reservoir storage. Other factors incapable of being expressed in terms of the two objectives considered in the section concerning constrained conditions. This research is applicable widely and suitable for the solution of complicated, multi-objective large-system problems involving non-linearity, numerous variables and various constrained conditions. Finally, the results of optimal allocation of water resources for Yellow River Basin (OAWRYRB) have been selected on an optimum basis in accordance with the multi-objective method.The application of our optimization techniques to the Yellow River basic showed that the total water of the Yellow River over a year can be allocated by optimization. The maximum national economic benefits and the optimal reservoir storage required to maintain the long-term balance of water resources can also be obtained by the optimal techniques.     

Application of Integrated Hydrologic and River Basin Management Modeling for the Optimal Development of a Multi-Purpose Reservoir Project

Multi-purpose reservoir development have been always a big challenge for the management of water resources. This paper describes an integrated approach for investigating catchment hydrology in the development of a hydropower and a canal irrigation system based on model analyses. The investigation aims to adequately determine an optimal domestic and irrigation water resources allocation scheme based on an assessment of the reservoir water balance and capacity for hydropower. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) which characterizes basin hydrology and the water management and planning model MODSIM which provides a decision support system for water allocation optimization, were used in this study. The integrated approach was applied to Prek Te River basin in Cambodia. The water demand aspect was examined based on domestic water use, irrigation water, environmental flow, and water losses. An operational rule curve was developed for hydropower operation with respect to a power potential of 13 MW. Hydrologic modeling revealed 90 % dependable water of about 2.7 m³/s during the dry season and 214.3 m³/s during the wet season, indicative of a wet-season dependent reservoir for storage. Results from the 26-years simulation period also showed that diversions for domestic water and irrigation water supply were 92.3 % dependable for a 13 MW capacity hydropower development. The integrated approach was shown to be a valuable decision support tool for water resources management with the determination of an optimum policy for multi-purpose reservoir operation based on available basin water supply.     

黄河上游梯级水库群调水调沙潜力初步研究

利用水库群开展水沙调控是解决黄河上游泥沙淤积的有效措施之一。以1956~2010年长系列来水、来沙资料为准,分析了黄河上游沙漠宽谷河段的水沙规律和调控时机,以龙羊峡、刘家峡水库(龙刘)为调控手段,在以水定电模式下建立黄河上游梯级水库群联合调度模型。在3种情景下求解模型可知:(1)黄河上游调水调沙14、30 d的最大需水量分别是32×10~8和67×10~8m~3;(2)定量给出了梯级水库群的调水调沙潜力,调水调沙14 d的周期为2年1次,调水调沙30 d的周期为3年1次;研究成果对黄河上游沙漠宽谷河段河道水沙调控以及梯级水库群科学调度具有重要的指导意义和应用价值。     

Assessment of Stochastic Operation Optimization for Reservoirs of Contrasting Scales

Deriving optimal release policies for dams and corresponding reservoirs is crucial for the sustainable water resources management of a region as they directly control the distribution of water to several users. Mathematical optimization algorithms can help in finding efficient reservoir operating strategies taking into account complex system constraints and hydrologic uncertainty. The robustness of operation optimization models may be influenced by physical reservoir characteristics such as size and scale and the effectiveness of a model for a particular case study does not always guarantee the same level of success for another application. This research focused on assessing the applicability of an implicit stochastic optimization (ISO) procedure to derive rule curves for two different dams of contrasting reservoir scales in terms of physical and operational characteristics. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed technique for both small- and large-scale systems in view of the lower vulnerability provided by the ISO-derived policies in contrast to operations carried out by the standard reservoir operating policy as well as the proximity of the ISO operations with those by perfect-forecast deterministic optimization. The ISO procedure also provided operating rules similar to, and even less vulnerable than, those derived by stochastic dynamic programming.     

东武仕水库兴利调度

本文结合东武仕水库的优化调度原则,以水库水量利用率最大作为目标函数,以水量平衡、用水量、水库库容、水库水位等作为约束条件,建立数学模型,通过优化调度模型求解运行期的出库水量.按动态规划顺序递推计算,寻找最优转移路径,得到了东武仕水库兴利调度最优方案.     

关于黄河黑山峡河段开发方式的争议和意见

地域、社会经济和自然资源的划分配置，使甘、宁两省(区)分别拥有小观音和大柳树低坝水电站，可各自承担水库淹没和搬迁，资源和淹没互相补偿，地质和坝高相互适应，各有利弊，各得其所。黑山峡水库建在龙(羊峡)库之前与建在龙库之后，其水库的作用有明显的差异。从龙、刘(家峡)两库联合运用18a的实际情况可以看出，刘库实质上已起到了黑库承上启下的反调节作用，目前不存在水资源配置难以满足要求的问题。目前甘、宁省(区)都需要发展电力，如由两省(区)对各自拥有的河段自主开发利用，效益将十分显著。     

基于物联网的水库供水模拟与实时预警系统研究

水库供水预警对水资源的综合利用以及可持续发展具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。锦绣川水库作为济南市南部山区重要的饮用水源地,其供水预警系统建立显得尤为重要。以锦绣川水库为研究对象,利用先进的物联网技术,建立了监测和服务平台。并选用MIKE11 HD河道模拟软件对不同工况下的供、用水过程进行仿真模拟。通过分析河道水位流量变化规律,结合水库实际情况和物联网平台功能,建立了有效的供水预警系统,为水库水资源合理利用及优化调度提供支撑。     

Optimal reservoir operation using Nash bargaining solution and evolutionary algorithms

Optimizing reservoir operation is critical to ongoing sustainable water resources management. However, different stakeholders in reservoir management often have different interests and resource competition may provoke conflicts. Resource competition warrants the use of bargaining solution approaches to develop an optimal operational scheme. In this study, the Nash bargaining solution method was used to formulate an objective function for water allocation in a reservoir. Additionally, the genetic and ant colony optimization algorithms were used to achieve optimal solutions of the objective function. The Mahabad Dam in West Azerbaijan, Iran, was used as a case study site due to its complex water allocation requirements for multiple stakeholders, including agricultural, domestic, industrial, and environmental sectors. The relative weights of different sectors in the objective function were determined using a discrete kernel based on the priorities stipulated by the government (the Lake Urmia National Restoration Program). According to the policies for the agricultural sector, water allocation optimization for different sectors was carried out using three scenarios: (1) the current situation, (2) optimization of the cultivation pattern, and (3) changes to the irrigation system. The results showed that the objective function and the Nash bargaining solution method led to a water utility for all stakeholders of 98%. Furthermore, the two optimization algorithms were used to achieve the global optimal solution of the objective function, and reduced the failure of the domestic sector by 10% while meeting the required objective in water-limited periods. As the conflicts among stakeholders may become more common with a changing climate and an increase in water demand, these results have implications for reservoir operation and associated policies.     

Optimizing Reservoir Operation Policy Using Chance Constraint Nonlinear Programming for Koga Irrigation Dam,Ethiopia

One of typical problems in water resources system modeling is derivation of optimal operating policy for reservoir to ensure water is used more efficiently. This paper introduces optimization analysis to determine monthly reservoir operating policies for five scenarios of predetermined cropping patterns for Koga irrigation scheme, Ethiopia. The objective function of the model was set to minimize the sum of squared deviation (SSD) from the desired targeted supply. Reservoir operation under different water availability and thresholds of irrigation demands has been analyzed by running a chance constraint nonlinear programming model based on uncertain inflow data. The model was optimized using Microsoft Excel Solver. The lowest SSD and vulnerability, and the highest volumetric reliability were gained at irrigation deficit thresholds of 20 % under scenario I, 30 % under scenario II, III and V, and at 40 % under scenario IV when compensation release is permitted for downstream environment. These thresholds of deficits could be reduced by 10 % for all scenarios if compensation release is not permitted. In conclusion the reservoir water is not sufficient enough to meet 100 % irrigation demand for design command areas of 7,000 ha. The developed model could be used for real time reservoir operation decision making for similar reservoir irrigation systems. In this specific case study system, attempt should be made to evaluate the technical performance of the scheme and introduce a regulated deficit irrigation application.     

Application of Intelligent Water Drops Algorithm in Reservoir Operation

Optimum reservoir operation is a challenging problem in water resources systems. In this paper, Intelligent Water Drops (IWD) algorithm is applied in a reservoir operation problem. IWD is a population based algorithm and is initially proposed for solving combinatorial problems. The algorithm mimics the dynamics of river system and the behavior of water drops in the rivers. For this purpose data from Dez reservoir, located in southwestern Iran, has been used to examine the performance of the model. Moreover, due to similarities between IWD and the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithms, the results are compared with those of the ACO algorithm. Comparison of the results shows that while the IWD algorithm finds relatively better solutions, it is able to overcome the computational time consumption deficiencies inherited in the ACO methods. This is very important in large models with too many decision variables where run time becomes a limiting factor for optimization model applications.     

新安江水库供水后调度图优化研究

随着部分地区可利用水资源日益紧缺,水库需要承担更多功能,但不同功能间会互相影响和制约,优化水库调度图则是协调水库不同兴利目标之间矛盾的关键。以新安江水电站库区供水工程——千岛湖引水工程为实例,考虑年引水规模9.78亿m~3对新安江水电站造成的影响,通过降低调度图中部分丰水月份的保证出力和在降低出力区内增设供水保证线,最终提出调度图优化研究方案。结果表明:水库按优化调度图运行可减少因引水造成的年发电量损失,并能较好地控制水库水位和下泄流量的变化程度。研究成果可为解决水库发电和其他兴利目标之间的矛盾提供借鉴。     

供需双侧调控下水稻灌区水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调评价与优化研究

对于水资源主要消耗用户和粮食重要生产基地的大型灌区,进行供需双侧调控是缓解灌区水资源供需矛盾、提高区域高质量可持续发展的重要途径之一。为了揭示灌区水-能源-粮食复杂的协调关系,针对性地开展系统优化调控。首先基于系统评价理论构建大型灌区水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调度评价模型,再基于灌区水资源系统模拟模型,以灌区水-能源-粮食耦合协调度最大为目标,以灌区主要作物水稻种植比例、水库分级分期旱限水位、水稻需水关键期限制供水比例作为优化调控变量,结合加速遗传算法,开展基于水资源供需双侧优化调控的灌区水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调评价与优化调控研究。杭埠河灌区应用结果显示:优化调控确定的灌区水稻种植比例、水库分级分期旱限水位、水稻需水关键期限供比例,相较于灌区运行现状能提高水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调水平,双季稻种植面积一定程度恢复使粮食产量明显提高,优化的水库旱限水位及水稻需水关键期水库限供比例,可在提升灌区干旱年份水资源利用效率的同时,较好地降低粮食作物因旱减产损失。可见,开展灌区供需双侧优化调控能显著提高灌区水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调性和适配性,可为提高水资源利用效率、布局主要粮食作物生产以及落实灌区水利高质量发展实施途径提供参考。     

洮儿河流域农业水资源安全保障研究

洮儿河流域是东北商品粮基地的重要组成部分,其水资源量可利用量仅能满足流域粮食自给,对现状和规划粮食产量的水资源需求量均不能满足.为保障该流域农业生产安全,一方面应考虑涵养水源、发展节水农业等技术措施,另一方面应考虑开发扇形地下水库、跨流域调水以及优化调度上游察尔森水库等工程措施,并建立集以上技术手段于一体的水资源综合调控体系.