平箔片厚度轴向变化的新型箔片轴承性能

为提高箔片轴承性能,提出一种新型的平箔片厚度轴向变化的波箔型箔片轴承.该新型箔片轴承的平箔片在轴承中间区域有一周向贯通的宽槽,凹槽深度在微米量级.考虑平箔片厚度的轴向变化,采用二维厚板有限元模型计算平箔片刚度.基于有限差分法和Newton-Raphson迭代法耦合求解压力控制方程及箔片变形方程,获得新型箔片轴承的气膜压力分布及承载力;基于小扰动法,计算轴承动力学特性系数.仿真研究平箔片宽槽深度对新型箔片轴承性能的影响.结果表明:与传统箔片轴承相比,平箔片厚度轴向变化的新型箔片轴承可有效减少润滑气体端泄,增大流体动压效果,提高轴承承载力并改善动力学特性;随着平箔片宽槽深度的增大,新型箔片轴承的承载力及主刚度进一步增大;平箔片宽槽深度为8μm的新型箔片轴承,其承载力和主刚度分别增大约11.8%、12.1%.     

计算火焰筒壁温的耦合迭代方法

本文提出一种计算气膜冷却火焰筒壁温的数值方法：对流－导热－办事员射耦合迭代计算方法。文中采用钻孔式气膜冷却的WP－7乙火焰简为例，做了壁面温度的计算，计算也的壁温与示温漆示出的壁温符合良好。     

考虑气隙变化的高速电主轴热特性仿真

为了解决电主轴高速旋转时结构变化引起的自身热特性改变的问题,提出离心膨胀和热膨胀会影响电主轴内定、转子间对流换热的观点.基于弹性力学理论,计算电主轴定、转子受离心力和热载荷而产生的径向膨胀量及由此导致的气隙变化量;根据对流换热理论得出离心力影响下泰勒数随转速和气隙长度的变化规律以及对流换热系数的变化规律.计算发现,气隙长度随定、转子的膨胀而减小,该减小量占设计值的37.7%;泰勒数随转速升高而增大,随气隙长度增大而减小;对流换热系数随气隙长度增加而降低,使得定、转子间传热受到抑制.结果表明,若能提高气隙间对流换热系数,适当提升油水冷却功率,能够大幅度降低主轴转子温升和热位移,提高加工精度.     

气体绝缘开关设备母线传热模型的建模与分析

利用有限元方法耦合计算涡流场、流体场及温度场,实现气体绝缘开关设备母线温度预测.根据传热学及流体动力学理论建立母线各组分辐射换热方程及对流换热微分控制方程,给出了模型边界条件,计算出母线的温度场分布.根据计算结果,确定了母线外壳及导体表面的分布对流换热系数,分析了母线对流与辐射换热百分比.与工程算法的对比表明,该方法能够准确预测气体绝缘母线导体及外壳温度,对于正确了解气体绝缘开关设备母线的温度分布状况具有一定意义.     

多因素耦合对空间轴承热学特性的影响

针对航天机构工作环境的特殊性,构建空间环境下的轴承热传递网络模型,研究多因素耦合作用下空间轴承的稳态温度场.以滚动轴承的拟静力学、传热学及摩擦生热分析为基础,分析固体自润滑空间轴承的摩擦力矩和摩擦热,建立轴承组件关键位置的温度节点和热传递方程组.通过理论分析、仿真和实验研究,分别研究单一因素和多因素耦合对空间轴承温度场的影响.研究结果表明:理论计算与仿真结果和实验结果基本是吻合的,验证了简化热传递网络模型的正确性;交变温度对空间轴承热学特性影响最显著,转速和载荷对空间轴承热学特性影响较弱;低速、轻载时,轴承温度主要取决于交变温度,转速和载荷的影响基本可以忽略;当多因素共同影响时,交变温度与轴向载荷耦合影响轴承热学特性,交变温度与转速联合影响轴承热学特性.     

开孔率对纵向波纹隔热屏性能影响

对加力燃烧室纵向波纹隔热屏进行了三维流/热/固耦合数值模拟,研究了隔热屏开孔率对隔热屏流阻与换热特性的影响规律,得到了次流通道流阻系数、隔热屏热侧壁面气膜冷却效果与对流换热系数以及单位面积冷气用量随开孔率的变化规律.     

气固热耦合对微尺度气膜空气静压轴承承载特性的影响

当空气静压轴承工作气膜处在微米尺度时,气膜内压力分布具有显著的温度敏感性,严重影响轴承系统的承载能力和刚度特性.本文基于气体润滑理论和稀薄气体动力学,结合边界滑移和热耦合分析技术,通过数值分析的方法研究考虑温度影响所引起的空气静压轴承气膜局部变形问题,对系统的承载能力和刚度特性进行理论分析和实验研究.研究结果表明:气固热耦合效应会使微米级气膜内部发生不均匀的膨胀变形,导致空气静压轴承内部流场发生变化.气膜的最大变形量随温度升高呈线性增长,当温度达到250℃后趋于稳定;随着气膜厚度的增加,空气静压轴承气膜内部对温度的敏感性逐渐减小;考虑热耦合效应的轴承压力分布和承载能力低于传统层流假设下理论计算所得结果,因而在高精密、微米级气膜和极端温度条件等场合设计使用空气静压轴承时,必须要考虑环境温度和系统工作温升带来的热耦合效应影响.     

基于流固耦合的涡轮叶顶喷气冷却特性研究

高温燃气在涡轮动叶叶顶产生的泄漏流不但降低了涡轮效率,更是加剧了叶顶的热负荷. 本文基于实验模型,采用流固耦合的数值计算方法,研究了涡轮凹槽叶顶的间隙流与冷却射流相互作用的流动机理以及顶部喷气冷却对凹槽壁面换热效果的影响,重点分析了吹风比、冷却孔倾斜角、冷却孔进气角以及固体材料导热系数对壁面Nu数的影响. 结果表明: 大吹风比（M=1.5）能有效改善凹槽近压力面一侧肋条及底部的换热,Nu数分布更加均匀；进气角产生的“喷射效应”改变了冷却气流高速区的出口相对位置,当进气角大于0°时,冷却气体能有效阻隔高温流体使壁面Nu数降低；低导热系数材料降低了气流对固体壁面的对流换热,使得壁面的对流换热更加均匀.      

气膜冷却式隔热屏壁温的数值计算方法

本文对气膜冷却式加力燃烧室隔热屏壁面温度计算方法进行了研究，给出了复杂边界条件下隔热屏二维稳态热传导模型．该计算模型考虑了壁面内纵向导热、射精段的径向导热、壁面材料的导热系数和冷却空气物性参数随温度变化等因素对垒温的影响．以具有代表性的ＳｐｅｙＭＫ－２０２发动机加力燃烧室隔热屏为例进行了计算，得到整个隔热屏壁面温度沿轴向的分布曲线．     

波箔过渡圆角对箔片气体轴承结构刚度的影响

为研究波箔过渡圆角这一结构特征对箔片气体轴承性能的影响,基于弹性变形理论,考虑摩擦力以及各波拱之间的相互作用,构建了考虑过渡圆角的波拱的弯矩方程组,推导出箔片的变形方程,得到单个波拱的变形与刚度计算公式. 与既有的无过渡圆角的箔片模型进行比较,验证了模型的有效性,并研究了过渡圆角和摩擦因数对箔片气体轴承结构刚度的影响;利用三角形载荷分布形式模拟气膜力分布,研究过渡圆角和摩擦因数对气体轴承结构刚度各向异性的影响. 结果表明:在固定区,随着过渡圆角半径的增大,波拱数量呈阶梯状减少,波拱刚度先增大后减小;在滑移区,波拱的刚度随过渡圆角半径的增大而降低,存在使波箔平均刚度达到最大的过渡圆角半径;随着摩擦因数增大,波拱刚度呈非线性上升趋势,有效降低了结构刚度的各向异性;随过渡圆角半径增大,结构刚度各向异性有所增强,但影响程度不如摩擦因数剧烈. 研究结果可为波箔气体轴承的结构设计提供理论参考.     

排热工况下湖水源热泵系统的水体水温计算方法

湖水源热泵利用水体的水温在系统排热或排冷工况下将发生动态变化,水体的水温变化超过水体所能承受的排热或排冷量时,将导致湖水源热泵系统运行不正常甚至瘫痪。在二维初始水温模型的基础上,利用质量和能量方程,建立了水源热泵系统利用水体水温变化的动态模型。通过水流方程与温度方程藕合求解得到水体在带负荷状况下的水温变化模型方程。该计算方法不仅可以为湖水源热泵系统的可行性研究奠定理论基础,也可作为计算利用水体最大热承载能力的前期研究基础。     

Development of an aero-thermal coupled through-flow method for cooled turbines

The influence of complicated interaction between the flow field and heat transfer in cooled turbines becomes more and more significant with the increasing turbine inlet temperature. However, classical through-flow methods did not take into account the influence of the interaction caused by air cooling. The aerodynamic design and cooling design of cooled turbines were carried out separately, and the iterations between the aerodynamic design and cooling design led to a long design period and raised the design cost. To shorten the design period and decrease the design cost, this paper proposes a concise aero-thermal coupled through-flow method for the design of cooled turbines, taking into account the influence of the complicated interaction between the flow field and heat transfer in cooled turbines. The governing equations, such as energy equation and continuity equation in classical through-flow method are re-derived theoretically by considering the historical influence of cooling with the same method that deals with viscous losses in this paper. A cooling model is developed in this method. The cooled blade is split into a number of heat transfer elements, and the heat transfer is studied element by element along both the span and the chord in detail. This paper applies the method in the design of a two-stage axial turbine, of which the first stator is cooled with convective cooling. With the prescribed blade temperature limitation and the knowledge of the flow variables of the mainstream at the turbine inlet, such as the total pressure, total temperature and mass flow rate, the convergence of the calculation is then obtained and the properties of the flow field, velocity triangles and coolant requirement are well predicted. The calculated results prove that the aero-thermal coupled through-flow method is a reliable tool for flow analysis and coolant requirement prediction in the design of cooled turbines.     

发汗烧蚀问题的自校正控制

对发汗烧蚀问题的自校正控制进行了讨论；给出了一个基于实际观测的自校正控制算法。根据内部测温及对烧蚀速度的观测，确定气动加热而边界热流密度；由热平衡方程及热阻滞函数的特性给出自校正控制律．使受热介质以一定的速度烧蚀；数据试验显示此方法可以取得理想的控制效果．     

Optimum control strategy for all-variable speed chiller plant

The optimum control strategy and the saving potential of all variable chiller plant under the conditions of changing building cooling load and cooling water supply temperature were investigated. Based on a simulation model of water source chiller plant established in dynamic transient simulation program (TRNSYS), the four-variable quadratic orthogonal regression experiments were carried out by taking cooling load, cooling water supply temperature, cooling water flow rate and chilled water flow rate as variables, and the fitting formulas expressing the relationships between the total energy consumption of chiller plant with the four selected parameters was obtained. With the SAS statistical software and MATHEMATICA mathematical software, the optimal chilled water flow rate and cooling water flow rate which result in the minimum total energy consumption were determined under continuously varying cooling load and cooling water supply temperature. With regard to a chiller plant serving an office building in Shanghai, the total energy consumptions under different control strategies were computed in terms of the forecasting function of cooling load and water source temperature. The results show that applying the optimal control strategy to the chiller plant can bring a saving of 23.27% in power compared with the corresponding conventional variable speed plant, indicating that the optimal control strategy can improve the energy efficiency of chiller plant.     

周期分布压力腔的小孔节流圆形静压气体轴承静动态特性研究

利用摄动法研究了沿周向周期分布压力腔的小孔节流圆形静压气体轴承的静动态特性。通过有限差分法求解稳态雷诺方程和扰动雷诺方程,计算了轴承静承载力和静刚度及动刚度和阻尼系数,分析了扰动频率对轴承动态性能的影响,并对轴承的稳定性进行了分析。研究结果表明:扰动频率对轴承动态性能有较大影响;轴承的稳定性与气膜间隙、供气压有关,供气压越大,轴承稳定性越差,随着气膜间隙增大,稳定性先减弱后增强。     

通气孔对动叶冷却结构流动和换热特性的影响

为深入研究某型燃气轮高温旋转动叶片内部先进的复合冷却结构,采用三维气热耦合数值计算方法,模拟该叶片外部高温流场、内部前后冷却腔内蛇形折流通道复合冷却结构的流动性能与换热特性,研究前腔蛇形折流冷却通道在采用局部通气孔改进设计的条件下对整个旋转叶片外表面冷却效果与内部冷却通道流阻系数的改善程度.计算结果表明:在给定的冷气流...     

直接蒸发冷却器填料性能测试分析

为了得到较大迎面风速、室外相对湿度的高低、喷淋水量与填料式直接蒸发冷却降温效果的关系,分别在较高和较低的室外相对湿度下对纸质填料和铝箔填料进行测试,并获得相关性能曲线.测试结果表明,在喷水量250L/h、迎面风速为3m/s时,热湿交换效果比较好;在高湿度地区提高填料的迎面风速,直接蒸发冷却器的换热效果与中等湿度地区小迎面风速下的换热类似;室外空气相对湿度的高低直接影响送风加湿量和温降的幅度;直接蒸发冷却器换热效率的高低,不仅影响空调机组的整体性能,而且使送风的相对湿度也会受到影响.     

球轴承-转子系统动特性的整体分析方法

针对轴承刚度计算精度不高的问题,求解滚动轴承内圈方程组的雅可比矩阵得到滚动轴承五维刚度,对轴承刚度特性分析表明,刚度随工况变化呈显著非线性变化.考虑转子外力和不平衡力作用于轴承的载荷变化和工况变化对轴承刚度的影响以及轴承刚度对转子系统动特性的影响,提出了滚动轴承-转子系统动态特性计算的整体分析方法,使用最速下降法结合牛顿-拉夫逊法求解系统的特征值,建立了转子失稳门槛的优化模型.对某多圆盘转子的临界转速、失稳门槛计算的结果表明:考虑轴承和转子相互作用对系统动特性的影响较为显著,优化转子直径提高了失稳门槛值.本研究为转子系统动特性的准确计算提供了方法.     

液黏调速离合器中摩擦副间隙内流体传热分析

为了研究流体润滑条件下液黏调速离合器摩擦副间隙内流体主要传热方式的问题,分别建立等温、绝热及对流换热3种热边界条件下流体流场的简化数学模型,并考虑流体黏温特性的影响,采用商用计算流体动力学软件Fluent对流场进行求解,分别获得等温、绝热及对流换热条件下流场温度分布的数值解;在数值计算的基础上,利用液黏调速离合器实验装置分别测量不同输入转速及输入流量条件下摩擦副间隙内流体温度.研究结果表明等温边界条件下的数值计算结果与实验测试结果比较接近,绝热边界条件下的数值计算结果与实验结果之间偏差最大;流场温度随着摩擦副间隙或输入流量的增加而降低,随着输入转速的增加而增加.     

Overall optimization of Rankine cycle system for waste heat recovery of heavy-duty vehicle diesel engines considering the cooling power consumption

The Rankine cycle system for waste heat recovery of heavy-duty vehicle diesel engines has been regarded as a promising technique to reduce fuel consumption. Its heat dissipation in the condensation process, however, should be taken away in time, which is an energy-consuming process. A fan-assisted auxiliary water-cooling system is employed in this paper. Results at 1300 r/min and 50% load indicate that the cooling pump and cooling fan together consume 7.66% of the recovered power. What’s worse for the heavy load, cooling accessories may deplete of all the recovered power of the Rankine cycle system. Afterwards, effects of the condensing pressure and water feeding temperature are investigated, based on which a cooling power consumption model is established. Finally, an overall efficiency optimization is conducted to balance the electric power generation and cooling power consumption, taking condensing pressure, pressure ratio and exhaust bypass valve as major variables. The research suggests that the priority is to increase condensing pressure and open exhaust bypass valve appropriately at high speed and heavy load to reduce the cooling power consumption, while at low speed and light load, a lower condensing pressure is favored and the exhaust bypass valve should be closed making the waste heat recovered as much as possible. Within the sub-critical region, a larger pressure ratio yields higher overall efficiency improvement at medium-low speed and load. But the effects taper off at high speed and heavy load. For a given vehicular heavy-duty diesel engine, the overall efficiency can be improved by 3.37% at 1300 r/min and 25% load using a Rankine cycle system to recover exhaust energy. The improvement becomes smaller as engine speed and load become higher.