基于FBG的复合材料成型与冲击监测研究

碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)作为一种先进复合材料得到了广泛应用,但由于层合板结构薄弱的层间性能,致使其在受到外界冲击时,内部极易发生分层损伤,造成力学性能的下降并带来安全隐患。本文考虑将光纤Bragg光栅传感器(FBG)埋入碳纤维复合材料层合板中,对复合材料的真空辅助成型工艺及单次冲击进行了监测研究。实验结果表明,FBG可以有效监测复合材料成型过程中的温度、应变变化,并反映其存在的残余应变;在低能量冲击条件下,可以监测到复合材料内部应变变化及内部损伤情况,为FBG监测CFRP层合板的低速冲击损伤提供了依据。     

含预置分层复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤分析

以T300/QY8911碳纤维复合材料层合板为研究对象，利用三维Hashin失效准则对层内损伤进行预测，引入Cohesive界面单元模拟层间分层破坏，使用Camanho刚度退化准则确定材料参数退化方案，并编写了用户材料子程序Vumat，利用ABAQUS软件对预置不同分层损伤复合材料层合板低速冲击过程进行了数值仿真模拟。在冲击载荷作用下研究层合板的动力学响应，得到不同预置分层对层合板总分层损伤面积的影响，同时分析了冲击过程中冲击点位移随时间变化的规律。结果表明：预置分层位置离层合板中间层越远，层合板抵抗冲击承载能力越弱。预置分层的分层数目越多，层合板的刚度越低，层合板抵抗冲击承载能力越弱。在预置分层的两侧，层间分层损伤面积呈塔状分布。含预置分层层合板受到冲击时，预置分层对分层损伤的扩展具有一定的抑制作用。     

CFRP层合板冲击后压缩失效分析数值模拟

复合材料层合板的损伤容限是复合材料结构设计的关键因素。针对碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)层合板低速冲击损伤和压缩破坏问题,本文基于连续损伤力学和粘结单元模型,在ABAQUS中对两种不同冲击能量下的层合板进行了低速冲击和冲击后压缩仿真分析,并对层内和层间损伤进行了研究,分析了层合板的冲击损伤与压缩失效行为,通过与试验结果进行对比,验证了该模型的有效性。研究结果表明:冲击损伤对层合板的剩余压缩强度有着重要影响,试件的破坏开始于冲击损伤区域,并逐渐扩展到层合板的边缘,压缩力快速下降,层合板最终失效。     

复合材料层合板冲击损伤等效模型研究

复合材料层合板在冲击载荷作用下极易造成分层损伤,导致结构强度大幅下降,严重削弱承载能力,因此复合材料层合板的低速冲击损伤和剩余强度评估对保证飞机复合材料结构的安全性至关重要。本文研究了两种不同的计算复合材料层合板冲击后剩余强度的工程评估方法。一种是改进的基于Whitney-Nuismer准则的层合板剩余强度评估方法,另一种是基于同心圆损伤等效的层合板剩余强度工程算法。最后通过算例验证了两种方法的准确性,并对计算结果进行讨论。     

金属网对玻璃纤维增强复合材料低速冲击损伤特性的影响

为研究304不锈钢网对玻璃纤维编织复合材料低速冲击损伤特性的影响,利用落锤试验机分别对2 mm厚的不含、含一层和含三层304不锈钢网的玻璃纤维编织复合材料板进行5 J、20 J、40 J和60 J能量下的冲击实验,从层合板载荷峰值、最大凹陷位移、能量吸收和损伤机理等方面,分析不锈钢网对层合板抗冲击性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,当冲击能量未达到层合板击穿能量阈值前,载荷峰值和最大凹陷位移随着冲击能量的增大而增大。三层不锈钢网的加入使得层合板在较小凹陷位移时就能达到最大载荷,具有良好的抗冲击性能。层合板损伤形状呈十字形,损伤程度沿着厚度方向逐渐加深,背面中心点处损伤最为严重。当冲击能量超过层合板能量阈值时,中心区域损伤呈花瓣开裂状,主要损伤模式为纤维拉伸断裂和基体破碎、金属丝拉伸断裂。     

铺层顺序及补片偏转对挖补修理层合板低速冲击性能的影响

根据试验研究的结果建立了挖补修理后碳纤维复合材料层合板低速冲击性能分析有限元模型,并对低速冲击响应及挖补板的冲击损伤进行了分析,理论计算与试验结果吻合良好。在此基础上,就母板与补片铺层顺序以及补片偏转对挖补板低速冲击性能的影响进行了研究,结果表明:补片铺层顺序的改变对冲击载荷响应的影响很小,但对表面及内部分层损伤面积和形状的影响却较大;补片偏转5°时,最大冲击载荷提前出现并且显著降低,分层损伤面积变化不大,分层损伤区域长轴方向向着补片偏转方向偏转。     

基于渐进均匀化多尺度方法的CFR平纹机织材料冲击后压缩损伤研究

本文针对CFR平纹机织材料层合板低速冲击及冲击后压缩(CAI)响应和损伤问题,提出了一种渐进均匀化多尺度分析方法。基于渐进均匀化方法分别算出微观纤维束和介观子胞的等效强度和刚度,在这个基础上,采用三维Hashin失效准则以及连续损伤力学模型来模拟CFR平纹机织材料层合板的损伤起始和演化,用内聚力模型来模拟层间损伤。研究结果表明:CFR平纹机织材料低速冲击后压缩的仿真结果和试验结果吻合较好,验证了渐进均匀化多尺度方法的可靠性和准确性;随着冲击能量的递增,层合板的剩余压缩强度呈非线性下降。纤维损伤和基体损伤在低速冲击载荷下,随着冲击能量的增加,冲击损伤面积增大。而CAI行为则相反,压缩损伤面积随着冲击能量的增大而减小。     

FRP层合板低速冲击损伤特性研究现状与展望

纤维增强复合材料层合板(FRP)由于具有比强度高、比模量高、可设计性强等特性,在工程领域得到越来越广泛的应用。但是低速冲击造成的损伤对层合板力学性能的影响非常显著,导致其强度和刚度下降。本文针对近年来纤维增强复合材料层合板低速冲击作用下的损伤研究进行了综述和回顾,重点介绍了试验研究方法、模拟计算研究方法、FRP层合板损伤性能表征方法,并对有待于进一步研究的问题进行了展望。     

冲击位置对挖补修理层合板冲击后压缩性能的影响

使用过程中的低速冲击损伤对修理后的复合材料结构同样会造成威胁.设计并进行了复合材料挖补修理结构的低速冲击及冲击后压缩试验,测量了试验件的损伤投影面积和剩余压缩强度,分析了不同冲击位置的影响.结果表明,挖补修理层合板冲击后压缩强度比未修补板的低,挖补层合板对低速冲击位置较为敏感.冲击点离开挖补区一定距离后,挖补对层合板的低速冲击及其继后压缩性能的影响消失.     

芳纶纤维复合材料低速冲击响应实验研究

芳纶纤维因具有轻质高强、良好耐疲劳性和化学稳定性等优良性能,逐渐成为重要的国防军工材料。选用芳纶单向布和平纹织物设计并制备了不同结构参数的芳纶纤维复合材料层合板,采用落锤冲击试验仪在不同的冲击能量下进行低速冲击实验,根据最大接触力、能量吸收能力和凹陷深度评估层板的抗冲击性能。结果表明,[0/45/-45/90]s单向层合板的接触载荷峰值高于[0/90]s单向层合板和平纹织物层合板,并在高能量冲击下具有优异的能量吸收能力,其损伤区域最小。破坏形貌表明,单向复合材料层合板损伤以分层为主,而平纹织物复合材料层合板以整体塑性大变形为主,这为芳纶纤维复合材料的优化设计及防护应用提供一定的理论指导。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。