Psychometric detection of schizotypy: Perceptual aberration and physical anhedonia in relatives of schizophrenics.

Administered scales of Perceptual Aberration (PERAB) and Physical Anhedonia (PHYSAN), traits that may be related to risk for schizophrenia, to 54 schizophrenics, 146 of their 1st-degree relatives (evaluated for schizophrenia-related disorders), and 178 normal Ss (screened for psychotic disorders in them or their relatives). For both scales, there was a significant effect of group membership. For the PERAB scale, the schizophrenics had higher scores than the normal Ss, who had higher scores than the relatives. For the PHYSAN scale, schizophrenics had higher scores than their relatives, who had higher scores than the normal Ss. Patterns of familial correlations also suggested that physical anhedonia, but not perceptual aberration, may be familial among schizophrenics and their relatives. The PHYSAN scale, but not the PERAB one, may be a useful indicator of liability for schizophrenia among the relatives of affected probands. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Saccadic system functioning among schizophrenia patients and their first-degree biological relatives.

In Study 1, 30 schizophrenia Ss and 27 nonpsychiatric comparison Ss were presented with a fixation task, a visually guided reflexive saccade (prosaccade) task, a predictive tracking task (0.4-Hz square wave), and an antisaccade task. The 2 groups did not differ on either the fixation or prosaccade tasks. Schizophrenia Ss had an increased number of errors on the antisaccade task and had decreased rightward visually guided saccade amplitudes during the predictive tracking task. In Study 2, 13 psychiatric comparison Ss and 32 1st-degree biological relatives of the schizophrenia Ss were compared with the schizophrenia Ss and a larger and older sample of nonpsychiatric Ss (n?=?33) on the predictive tracking and antisaccade tasks. The groups did not differ on predictive saccadic tracking. The schizophrenia Ss and their 1st-degree biological relatives made more errors on the antisaccade task than both the nonpsychiatric and psychiatric comparison groups (who did not significantly differ). Results are consistent with the notion that dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, or both is related to liability for schizophrenia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Thought disorder in schizophrenics and normal controls: Social class and race differences.

Tested the usefulness of a measure of thought disorder, the Thought Disorder Index (TDI), for assessing those other than White middle-class patients. The TDI is based on deviant language patterns. 101 hospitalized schizophrenic patients, first-degree relatives of schizophrenics, and normal controls were compared on TDI scores by social class, race, and diagnosis. There were 53 White and 48 Black Ss. TDI scores accurately distinguished among the 3 psychiatric categories for both Black and White subgroups. Normal language patterns of Black and lower-class people are clearly distinguishable from those conveying instances of thought slippage and those occurring in psychotic patients and in their parents. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Handedness in first-episode psychotic patients and their first-degree biological relatives.

We evaluated the handedness of 58 schizophrenia patients and 54 of their relatives, 23 patients with major depression with psychosis and 24 of their relatives, 36 patients with bipolar psychosis and 33 of their relatives, and 119 nonpsychiatric Ss and 42 of their relatives. Computerized tomography measures were also available for a subset of the psychotic patients. The schizophrenia patients were significantly more left-handed than any of the other groups, and increased sinistrality was also associated with larger lateral ventricle to brain area ratios. The relatives of the schizophrenia patients did not significantly differ on handedness from either the relatives of the affective psychosis patients or the nonpsychiatric Ss. Findings do not support the notion that left-handedness in schizophrenia is genetically influenced. More research with larger family member data sets is warranted to further explore this possibility. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Familial prevalence and coaggregation of schizotypy indicators: A multitrait family study.

Schizophrenic probands (n?=?17), their 1st-degree relatives (n?=?61), and medically and psychiatrically screened normal control Ss (n?=?18) were studied with structured interviews for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) Axis I disorders and schizotypal personality disorder, questionnaire measures of schizotypy, measures of smooth-pursuit eye movement dysfunction, and attention dysfunction. Schizophrenic Ss scored abnormally on essentially all measures. Relatives differed significantly from control Ss on most measures. Correlational analyses indicate that many characteristics tested in these measures run together in families. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that a single vulnerability dimension or typology, presumably in part genetically transmitted, may account for phenotypically distinct abnormalities. These traits, taken together, may have joint usefulness for identifying persons with a predisposition to schizophrenia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Antisaccade performance in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder.

The authors examined psychotic patients with schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar disorder; "normal" participants; and 1st-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia on an antisaccade task in which participants were instructed to move their eyes in the opposite direction of a target that moved unpredictably and abruptly either to the left or right of central fixation. Patients with schizophrenia were found to make significantly more errors than their relatives, and the latter made more errors than the controls. The poor performance of the relatives could not be attributed to their having a psychiatric disorder. Comparison of the 3 patient groups indicated that antisaccade deficits were more pronounced in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Pursuit gain and saccadic intrusions in first-degree relatives of probands with schizophrenia.

Oculomotor functioning of 26 probands (aged 18–45 yrs) with schizophrenia, 12 spectrum and 46 nonspectrum 1st-degree relatives (aged 16–72 yrs), and 38 nonpsychiatric control Ss (aged 19–67 yrs) was evaluated. Spectrum relatives had more anticipatory saccades (ASs) and lower pursuit gain than nonspectrum relatives, who had more ASs and lower pursuit gain than control Ss. Probands also had lower pursuit gain than nonspectrum relatives and control Ss but did not differ from other groups on AS frequency. Control Ss had more globally accurate pursuit tracking (root mean square [RMS] error deviation) than both relative groups, whereas probands had the poorest RMS scores. Square wave jerk frequency did not differentiate the groups. Attention enhancement affected the frequency of ASs but did not affect either the other intrusive saccadic event or RMS scores. These results offer evidence that eye-movement dysfunction may serve as a biological marker for schizophrenia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Implications of comorbidity for genetic studies of bipolar disorder: P300 and eye tracking as biological markers for illness

In large families with affective illness, identification of a biological variable is needed that reflects brain dysfunction at an earlier point than symptom development. Eye movement disorder, a possible vulnerability marker in schizophrenia, is less clearly associated with affective illness, although a subgroup of affective disorders shows smooth-pursuit eye movement disorder. The auditory P300 event-related potential may be a useful marker for risk to schizophrenia, but a role in bipolar illness is less certain. The distribution of these two biological variables and their association with symptoms in two multiply affected bipolar families is described. In a single, five-generation family identified for linkage studies through two bipolar I (BPI) probands, 128 members (including 20 spouses) were interviewed. The 108 related individuals had diagnoses of BPI (7), bipolar II (2), cyclothymia (3), or major depressive disorder (19). Eight others had generalised anxiety (1), minor depression (5), intermittent depression (1), or alcoholism (1). Sixty-nine subjects had no psychiatric diagnosis. P300 latency (81) and eye tracking (71) were recorded from a subgroup of relatives within the pedigree. Eye tracking was abnormal in 11 of 71 relatives (15.5%) and was bimodally distributed. In these 11 relatives, clinical diagnoses included minor depression (1), alcoholism (1) and generalised anxiety disorder (1). P300 latency was normally distributed and did not differ from controls. In a second family in which five of seven siblings have BPI illness, P300 latency and eye movement disorder were found in affected relatives and in some unaffected offspring. In these large families, clinical diagnoses of general anxiety, alcoholism and minor depression, when associated with eye tracking abnormality, may be considered alternative clinical manifestations of the same trait that in other relatives is expressed as bipolar illness.     

Smooth-pursuit eye movement dysfunction and liability for schizophrenia: Implications for genetic modeling.

41 nonpsychiatric Ss, 38 probands with schizophrenia, and 99 of their relatives were studied. Oculomotor functioning was bimodally distributed for probands and relatives. Oculomotor dysfunction was not present in all families with a schizophrenic proband. In those families in which it was present, there were significant phenotypic correlations between oculomotor functioning and schizophrenia-related characteristics. The patterns of familial resemblance in the families in whom oculomotor dysfunction was present were consistent with nonadditive genetic variance contributing both to oculomotor dysfunction and to the relationship between oculomotor dysfunction and clinical symptoms. These results suggest that schizophrenia may be etiologically heterogeneous and that oculomotor dysfunction may help to identify nonadditive genetic variance for this disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia: Characterization of component eye movement abnormalities, diagnostic specificity, and the role of attention.

To characterize oculomotor components and diagnostic specificity of eye tracking abnormalities in schizophrenia, we examined a large consecutively admitted series of psychotic patients and matched controls. The most common abnormality in schizophrenic patients was low gain (slow) pursuit eye movements (47% of cases). Pursuit and saccadic eye movement abnormalities were no more severe in schizophrenic Ss than in those with affective psychoses, except that high rates of catch-up saccades were unique to schizophrenic Ss (17% of cases). These findings indicate that impaired pursuit eye movements are a major cause of eye tracking impairments in schizophrenia, that tracking dysfunctions commonly occur in affective psychoses, and that markedly high rates of catch-up saccades during eye tracking may be specific to schizophrenia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Eye tracking in patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders in remission.

Examined patients (20–66 yrs old) with a history of recurrent affective disorder on a variety of smooth-pursuit and saccadic eye-tracking tasks and on psychomotor analogs of these tasks. The 25 unipolar and 24 bipolar Ss were compared to 24 schizophrenics; all Ss were in remission. Results indicate that the performance of the 2 affective-disorder groups was not significantly different from that of the controls on any of these tasks. Smooth-pursuit tracking error was greater for Ss receiving Li and for those with a higher frequency of prior episodes of the disorder. When the pursuit eye movements of these Ss were compared to those of the schizophrenics, the latter produced more tracking error than both affective-disorder groups but significantly so only with respect to unipolar Ss. Although findings are consistent with the interpretation that tracking dysfunction is not a trait characteristic of affective disorders, further investigations contrasting remitted patients with bipolar and schizophrenic disorders are needed to determine the specificity of deviant tracking to schizophrenia. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical psychopathologic symptoms in neuropsychologically impaired and intact schizophrenics.

Examined the differential prevalence of 10 major dimensions of psychotic and affective signs (e.g., auditory hallucinations, delusions of control, excitement/agitation, catatonic and bizarre behavior) and symptoms in 18 neuropsychologically impaired and 30 neuropsychologically intact schizophrenics who were diagnosed under Research Diagnostic Criteria. Assessments were based on the Present State Examination and on the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. Results show that the neuropsychologically impaired Ss had a lower incidence of delusions of reference and persecution and a diminished capacity for insight compared to neuropsychologically unimpaired Ss. Findings are discussed in terms of a frontal lobe dysfunction hypothesis of schizophrenic psychopathology. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Increased cardiac awareness in panic disorder.

Investigated cardiac perception in panic disorder with both self-report and objective measures. In Study 1, 120 patients with panic disorder, 86 infrequent panickers, and 38 patients with other anxiety disorders reported greater cardiac and gastrointestinal awareness than 62 normal control Ss. Ss with panic attacks reported greater cardiac awareness, but not gastrointestinal awareness, than those with other anxiety disorders. Studies 2 and 3 included a test of heart rate perception in which Ss silently counted their heartbeats without taking their pulse. In Study 2, 65 panic disorder patients showed better performance than 50 infrequent panickers, 27 patients with simple phobias, and 46 normal control Ss. No group differences were found in ability to estimate time intervals. In Study 3, 13 patients with panic disorder and 15 with generalized anxiety disorder showed better heart rate perception than 16 depressed patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perceptual closure in schizophrenia.

The concept of closure has been more frequently investigated using normal Ss than psychotic patients. The present study utilizes schizophrenics and compares their performance with a comparable group of hospitalized nonpsychotic Ss. Taylor's (1960) test of closure was used. Tendency to closure tended to be lower for the schizophrenics than for the nonschizophrenics, with schizophrenics on drugs (and, hence, manifesting a greater degree of personality disorganization than the other schizophrenic Ss) showing no tendency towards closure. The results are related to 2 theories of schizophrenia, one which involves a deficit in the energizing or arousal systems in the brain, and the other, an inability to maintain a set in the way normal Ss do. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4JQ31S. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality disorders among alcoholics and alcohol-comorbid subtypes with a Vietnam-era military sample.

Promotes the enhancement of the alcohol and psychiatric comorbidity typology by including the full range of Axis II personality disorders in addition to Axis I disorders. Data from 3,210 male Vietnam-era veterans were used to document the prevalence of personality disorders in male alcoholic Ss with and without other psychiatric comorbidity. Ss were classified into 1 of 6 groups. The results of the personality disorder scales of the MMPI demonstrate increased Axis II comorbidity in alcoholic Ss across a wide range of personality disorders compared with no-diagnosis control Ss and across alcoholic subtypes based on psychiatric comorbidity. In addition, a relationship was found between personality dysfunction and multiple comorbidity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Schizophrenic symptoms, work adjustment, and behavioral family therapy.

Investigated work adjustment among 41 recently exacerbated patients (aged 21–42 yrs) with schizophrenia who were randomly assigned to receive either customary care alone or behavioral family therapy (BFT) and customary care. At baseline, most Ss were unemployed and evidenced poor work adjustment. Negative schizophrenic symptoms were more strongly associated with current work dysfunction than were indices of other psychopathology. At 1 yr, significantly fewer Ss participating in BFT had evidenced psychotic exacerbations. However, vocational adjustment in both groups was still poor, with few benefits of BFT on work functioning noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Thinking disorders in parents of young psychotic children.

Tested 17 parents of young psychotic children on the Object Sorting Test. 2 control groups were used. The sample differed from the replicated studies in that parents of adult schizophrenics were tested. Since childhood psychosis has substantial differences from adult schizophrenia, it was anticipated that parents of psychotic children would not show the same extent of thought impairment found in parents of adult schizophrenics. The Ss, however, showed more thought impairment than parents of normal children. Mothers showed more impairment than fathers. Findings were interpreted to suggest circumscribed test anxiety in association with a psychotic child rather than representing a formal thought disorder. (20 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Electrodermal activity in euthymic patients with affective disorders: One-year retest stability and the effects of stimulus intensity and significance.

Examined the effects of stimulus intensity and meaningfulness on the electrodermal activity (EDA) of patients with remitted major affective disorders in 22 unipolar (mean age 41 yrs), 22 bipolar (mean age 38.5 yrs), and 26 normal control (mean age 41.5 yrs) Ss. 29 of the affective disorder patients and 23 of the control Ss participated in a study of EDA conducted 1 yr earlier by the 1st author and colleagues (1983). Ss blew up a balloon until it burst and were exposed to 8 86-db tones, 12 105-db tones and 8 familiar sounds that reached a peak intensity of 105 db. Skin conductance was recorded bilaterally and averaged over hands. Results indicate that, compared to the control Ss, the affective disorder patients responded significantly less to the balloon task, the 105-db tones, and the familiar sounds. The affective-disorder groups had lower tonic levels than did the controls. Several measures of EDA displayed moderately high 1-yr retest stability. The pattern of findings is consistent with the hypothesis that depressed EDA may be a trait characterizing those who are prone to major affective disorder. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Expressed emotion, social skill, and response to negative affect in schizophrenia.

Examined social skills and social perception of 48 schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder patients (aged 18–55 yrs) in response to negative affect as a function of family expressed emotion (EE). Ss participated in a role-play test, a social perception test, and a problem-solving discussion with a family member and were assessed on several measures of symptomatology. EE of family members was evaluated with the Camberwell Family Interview. On the role-play test, Ss with less critical relatives became more assertive in response to increased negative affect from a confederate portraying either a family member or friend, but Ss with highly critical relatives did not. Ss with highly critical relatives were also less assertive when confronted with negative affect from a confederate portraying a family member rather than a friend. The behaviors of both relatives and Ss during a family problem-solving interaction were related to the EE dimensions of criticism, emotional overinvolvement, and warmth. Patient gender was also related to family problem solving but was independent of EE. S's ratings of affect on a videotaped social perception task were not related to family EE, and there were few differences in psychopathology between Ss with high and low EE relatives.… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inhibition de la symbolisation, fonction contenante et identification projective chez des enfants psychotiques et leurs professeurs.

Tested hypotheses derived from the psychoanalytic theory of the containing function which holds that psychotic children have an inhibition of the symbolic function and are therefore obliged to use someone else (e.g., a teacher) as a container to perform this function for them. Human Ss: 11 male Canadian school-aged children (aged 7–12 yrs) (special education students) (mixed psychotic disorders) (frequent psychotic crises) (target group). 11 male Canadian school-aged children (aged 7–22 yrs) (special education students) (mixed psychotic disorders) (infrequent psychotic crises) (control group). The main hypothesis was that failure of the containing function in the student–teacher relationship results in frequent psychotic crises. Target group Ss were paired with same-age control group Ss who had the same diagnosis and the same special education teacher. All Ss completed questionnaires and projective techniques assessing the symbolization function and alexithymia. Ss' teachers completed questionnaires, projective techniques, and interviews assessing their capacity for empathy, personal efficacy in relation to each S, and selected aspects of their relationship with each S (e.g., identification, splitting, projection, and idealization). Results from the target group and the control group were compared. Tests used: Several instruments, including the TAT and the Alexithymia Provoked Response Questionnaire (L. Brunet, 1993). (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)