Anhedonia and perceptual aberration in first-episode psychotic patients and their relatives.

One hundred eighteen psychiatric patients, each experiencing his or her first lifetime episode of psychosis, 125 of their first-degree relatives, and 155 normal subjects were assessed using the physical anhedonia, social anhedonia, and perceptual aberration scales of L. J. Chapman et al (1976; see also PA, Vol 62:3733). We hypothesized that psychotic subjects would obtain higher scores on these scales than their relatives and the controls, and we expected the group of relatives to score more deviantly than the normal controls. The physical anhedonia and social anhedonia scales successfully differentiated the psychiatric patients from the relatives and the latter from the normal subjects. These findings testify to the construct validity of the scales and suggest that they tap a predisposition to psychosis. Unexpectedly, the relatives scored lower on the perceptual aberration scale than did the normal controls, perhaps because the relatives adopted a defensive response set. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Antisaccade performance in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder.

The authors examined psychotic patients with schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar disorder; "normal" participants; and 1st-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia on an antisaccade task in which participants were instructed to move their eyes in the opposite direction of a target that moved unpredictably and abruptly either to the left or right of central fixation. Patients with schizophrenia were found to make significantly more errors than their relatives, and the latter made more errors than the controls. The poor performance of the relatives could not be attributed to their having a psychiatric disorder. Comparison of the 3 patient groups indicated that antisaccade deficits were more pronounced in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Affective and social-behavioral correlates of physical and social anhedonia in schizophrenia.

The association between scales measuring physical and social anhedonia, self-reports of affective response to emotion-eliciting films, and role play measures of social skill was evaluated in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar affective disorder. It was hypothesized that patients with schizophrenia would report significantly greater anhedonia than the bipolar patients and that higher scores on the anhedonia scales (AHSs) would be related to attenuated reports of the experience of positive affect and poorer social skill. Patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder did not differ in ratings of anhedonia, but both groups had higher physical and social AHSs than did bipolar patients. Higher scores on the physical AHS, but not the social AHS, were related to attenuated reports of positive affect following viewing of affect-eliciting films in schizophrenia-schizoaffective disorder patients. Neither AHS was related to role play measures of social skill performance for any patient group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Physical anhedonia and schizophrenia.

Assessed the relation of anhedonia to schizophrenia using 69 schizophrenics and 54 psychiatric control outpatients from 3 mental health centers. In addition to indexes of schizophrenia, each S was given the Physical Anhedonia Scale, a measure of premorbidity, and a vocabulary test. Measures of chronicity and education were also included. ANOVAs indicated no significant differences in anhedonia among 4 diagnostic groups: paranoid schizophrenics, nonparanoid schizophrenics, unipolar affective psychiatric control Ss, and other psychiatric control Ss. Intercorrelations showed that anhedonia was negatively related to premorbid social status, years of education and vocabulary, but it was not significantly related to hospitalization. Data do not support the hypothesis that anhedonia is a consistent sign of schizophrenia but are compatible with the notion that anhedonia is the consequence of such liabilities as psychiatric disturbance, poor premorbid status, low educational level, and low verbal ability. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Diagnostic differences in social anhedonia: A longitudinal study of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder.

This study examined the hypothesis that, in schizophrenia, elevated trait social anhedonia (SA) is a stable individual difference, whereas in depression, increased SA is a reflection of a current clinical state that will diminish with recovery. Differences in trait Negative Affect (NA) and Positive Affect (PA) were also examined. Individuals with schizophrenia (n?=?55) and depression (n?=?34) were evaluated at baseline during hospitalization and compared with nonpsychiatric control participants (n?=?41). Participants were assessed again at a 1-year follow-up. At baseline, compared with control participants, individuals with schizophrenia and depression were both characterized by elevated SA, greater NA, and lower PA. In schizophrenic individuals, elevated SA remained stable over the follow-up. However, in recovered depressed patients, SA declined over the follow-up period. Group differences remained in NA and PA over the 1-year follow-up. These results support the view that elevated SA is enduring in schizophrenia but that elevated SA is transiently related to clinical status in depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MMPI correlates of social and physical anhedonia.

The construct validity of scales measuring social and physical anhedonia (L. J. Chapman et al, 1976) was investigated by performing simple and canonical correlation analyses of clinical, content, and pure scales from the MMPI. Ss were 243 consecutively admitted male veterans (mean age 31.87 yrs) in an inpatient drug dependence treatment program. Results support predictions that anhedonia, defined as a deficiency in the ability to experience pleasure, would be associated with social maladjustment and confused thinking and, further, that anhedonia scales would measure personality characteristics other than depression. Social anhedonia and physical anhedonia were associated with the clinical scales Validity and Social Introversion, the content scales Social Maladjustment and Psychoticism, and Pure Scale 7, which measures characteristics associated with the 278 MMPI profile type and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2nd edition) equivalents of "schizophrenia, latent type." Degree of association was stronger for scales measuring social anhedonia, contrary to the test authors' speculations that the measure of physical anhedonia would be the more promising of the 2 scales. The construct validity of personality assessment suggested that further study is warranted, particularly to determine other aspects of everyday living that may be implicated in measures of social and physical anhedonia. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Body-image aberration in schizophrenia.

A 28-item true–false scale was constructed to measure schizophrenic body-image aberration. The scale was standardized on both 631 male and 718 female college students and 100 male noncollege normal controls (mean age 31.7 yrs). The 74 male schizophrenic Ss reported more body-image aberration than normal nonstudent Ss, but only a portion of the schizophrenics were deviant. 20 male nonpsychotic clinic clients did not have heightened scores. Correlational findings indicate that schizophrenic body-image aberration is an aspect of a broader perceptual aberration. Scores on body-image aberration were negatively correlated with time since first hospitalization. The Body-Image Aberration Scale had essentially no correlation with the Physical Anhedonia Scale (L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, and M. L. Raulin) for schizophrenics. For nonschizophrenics, however, high scores on the 2 scales accompanied one another significantly less often than expected by chance. It is suggested that the 2 scales may identify alternative manifestations of proneness toward the same schizophrenia. (42 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Modal attention asymmetry in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

This cross-sectional study examined modal attention asymmetries in patients with schizophrenia (n?=?47) and bipolar disorder (n?=?42), as contrasted to a matched-sample comparison group of normal participants (n?=?89). A test of continuous auditory and visual attention was the primary measure. The data were analyzed from 2 experimental conditions: simple modal responses (auditory and visual) and modal switching responses (ipsimodal and cross-modal switching). In the simple modal condition, patients with schizophrenia demonstrated a visual over auditory asymmetry; patients with bipolar disorder showed no differences. In modal switching conditions, however, patients with bipolar disorder displayed a significant auditory over visual asymmetry. No main effect was detected between medications and attention functioning. Results are discussed in light of differentiating these 2 populations on the basis of modal specificity of attention functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Depression in people with first-episode schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: Depression has been described in people presenting with first-episode schizophrenia, a group at high relative risk of suicide. METHOD: This was a longitudinal cohort study of 113 people during an acute relapse and 13 having a first episode. Follow-up occurred at three months and at one year. This report compares level of depression in the first episode and in the relapsing group. Levels of depression were assessed using the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). RESULTS: The median CDSS score was statistically significantly higher in the first-episode group both during the acute phase and at three month follow-up. At one year the first-episode group continued to have higher levels of depression than the multiple episode group. CONCLUSIONS: For people with a first episode of schizophrenia, depression is a major problem during the initial acute phase and during the first year of illness. In light of the high risk of suicide in this population, recognition and treatment of depression requires greater attention.     

Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia and affective disorders: Behavioral correlates of diagnostic and demographic variables.

Time sampled observations of objectively defined ward behaviors in 116 schizophrenic, affective, and schizoaffective patients during baseline and medication periods revealed that schizophrenics displayed less scanning, social interaction, participation, and laughing/smiling. S. E. Tureff's (1978) Observational Record of Inpatient Behavior was used. The behavioral measures were relatively insensitive to demographic variables and strongly dependent on environmental context, but the measures did not change greatly over time for the major diagnostic categories, in spite of pharmacological interventions that included therapeutic doses of antipsychotic, antidepressant, and antimanic drugs. However, within diagnostic categories, patient clusters were extracted on the basis of amount and direction of behavior change, and for the affective patients, differential change was predictable from baseline response frequencies. Findings are discussed in terms of their potential usefulness for exploring dose-response and rate-dependence effects of psychotropic drugs in clinical populations and in terms of their potential for contributing to the resolution of the responder–nonresponder controversy in pharmacopsychiatry. (51 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Temporal discounting of rewards in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) often show decision-making deficits in everyday circumstances. A failure to appropriately weigh immediate versus future consequences of choices may contribute to these deficits. We used the delay discounting task in individuals with BD or SZ to investigate their temporal decision making. Twenty-two individuals with BD, 21 individuals with SZ, and 30 healthy individuals completed the delay discounting task along with neuropsychological measures of working memory and cognitive function. Both BD and SZ groups discounted delayed rewards more steeply than did the healthy group even after controlling for current substance use, age, gender, and employment. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that discounting rate was associated with both diagnostic group and working memory or intelligence scores. In each group, working memory or intelligence scores negatively correlated with discounting rate. The results suggest that (a) both BD and SZ groups value smaller, immediate rewards more than larger, delayed rewards compared with the healthy group and (b) working memory or intelligence is related to temporal decision making in individuals with BD or SZ as well as in healthy individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Anhedonia, perceptual aberration, and the Rorschach.

26 college students who scored deviantly high on a scale of physical anhedonia and 27 who scored high on a scale of perceptual aberration were compared with 26 normal control Ss on the Rorschach scored for the delta index of thought disorder and the alpha index of deviancy. The anhedonic Ss and perceptual aberration Ss gave more schizophrenic-like Rorschach responses than the control Ss. This finding indicates the importance of follow-up studies to determine whether Ss who score deviantly high on these scales are at high risk for schizophrenia and/or other psychosis. (42 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Systematic screening for mutations in the human serotonin 1F receptor gene in patients with bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia

We determined the relative minimal inhibitory and minimal amoebicidal concentrations of chlorhexidine digluconate and polyhexamethylene biguanide for four species of Acanthamoeba. The amoebae were grown in peptone-glucose-yeast extract broth for 72 h in tissue culture flasks. Either washed trophozoites (approximately 10(5)) or cysts (approximately 10(5)) were incubated in the enrichment broth in 96 well microtiter trays. Antimicrobial concentrations of the biguanides were determined from microscopic examinations of methylene blue uptake and from subcultures. In general, killing was time dependent. Minimal amoebicidal concentrations at 24 h ranged from 50 to 100 mg/ml and to as low as 25 mg/ml by 72 h. Trophozoites were killed more rapidly than cysts. Both biguanides had similar levels of activity. A synergistic combination of chlorhexidine and polyhexamethylene biguanide (total concentration 25 mg/ml) was most evident for A. castellanii and A. polyphaga. Cysts of A. culbertsoni and A. hatchetti stained more rapidly after exposure to the combination of biguanides than to the single biguanides, but there were no statistically significant differences in the final numbers of dead or stained cysts after exposure to the combination or to the single biguanides.     

Psychometric detection of schizotypy: Perceptual aberration and physical anhedonia in relatives of schizophrenics.

Administered scales of Perceptual Aberration (PERAB) and Physical Anhedonia (PHYSAN), traits that may be related to risk for schizophrenia, to 54 schizophrenics, 146 of their 1st-degree relatives (evaluated for schizophrenia-related disorders), and 178 normal Ss (screened for psychotic disorders in them or their relatives). For both scales, there was a significant effect of group membership. For the PERAB scale, the schizophrenics had higher scores than the normal Ss, who had higher scores than the relatives. For the PHYSAN scale, schizophrenics had higher scores than their relatives, who had higher scores than the normal Ss. Patterns of familial correlations also suggested that physical anhedonia, but not perceptual aberration, may be familial among schizophrenics and their relatives. The PHYSAN scale, but not the PERAB one, may be a useful indicator of liability for schizophrenia among the relatives of affected probands. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

齐拉西酮对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

Cibee等研究显示,新型抗精神病药齐拉西酮对慢性精神分裂症患者的认知功能有影响,该研究以氯丙嗪为对照,进一步探讨齐拉西酮对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响.     

Neutralization of affective concepts in schizophrenia.

Reports experimental data from schizophrenic and nonpsychotic Ss which provide reasonably strong support for the hypothesis that invalidation of affective judgments of schizophrenics leads them to neutralize their judgments. Data suggest that neutralization may be an important phenomenon in schizophrenic conceptual processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Premorbid adjustment and affective expression in schizophrenia.

Randomly selected 2 samples composed of 25 process and 25 reactive schizophrenics. There were no significant differences among the groups either in mean age or education. Mmpi deviation scores were obtained for each s by subtracting s's mean clinical scale score from each of the 9 mmpi clinical scales. Reactive ss had significantly (p     

Changes in perceptual asymmetries with clinical improvement of depression and schizophrenia.

16 depressed patients, 16 schizophrenic patients, and 16 normal controls (20–50 yrs old) were given 2 dichotic listening tests and 2 cognitive tests at intervals ranging from patients' initial hospitalization to recovery. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that severely depressed Ss failed to obtain normal ear-superiority in either dichotic test; however, normal superiorities emerged with recovery from depression. Schizophrenic Ss initially failed to show normal right-ear superiority on a dichotic-words test but did obtain the expected left-ear advantage on a dichotic-chords test. Following treatment, schizophrenics shifted from a left-ear to a right-ear advantage in dichotic chords and also increased (although not significantly) their right-ear advantage in dichotic words. Both patient groups showed normal word-fluency but impaired spatial ability, which did not improve with recovery. Results suggest that both depression and schizophrenia are associated with a breakdown in the process of interhemispheric inhibition that mediates perceptual asymmetry. In depression, treatment returned Ss' normal patterns of asymmetry, whereas in schizophrenia, treatment created an abnormal pattern of asymmetry that may have reflected the allocation of both verbal and nonverbal material to the left hemisphere. (42 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship between anhedonia, affective dependency and autonomy in health subjects

OBJECTIVE: Medical mass spectrometers are configured to detect and measure specific respiratory and anesthetic gases. Unrecognized gases entering these systems may cause erroneous readings. We determined how the Advantage 1100 (Perkin-Elmer, now Marquette Gas Systems, Milwaukee, WI) and PPG-SARA (PPG Biomedical Systems, Lenexa, KS) systems that were not configured to measure desflurane or sevoflurane respond to increasing concentrations of these new potent volatile anesthetic agents. METHODS: Desflurane 0% to 18% in 3% increments or sevoflurane 0% to 7% in 1% increments in 5-L/min oxygen was delivered to the Advantage and PPG-SARA mass spectrometry systems. For each concentration of each agent, the displayed gas analysis readings and uncompensated collector plate voltages were recorded. RESULTS: The Advantage 1100 system read both desflurane and sevoflurane mainly as enflurane and, to a lesser extent, as carbon dioxide and isoflurane. For enflurane(E) readings < 9.9%, the approximate relationships are: %Desflurane = 1.6E; %Sevoflurane = 0.3E. These formulas do not apply if E > 9.9% because of saturation of the summation bus. PPG-SARA read desflurane mainly as isoflurane(I) and, to a lesser extent, as nitrous oxide. PPG-SARA read sevoflurane mainly as enflurane(E) and, to a lesser extent, as nitrous oxide and halothane. The approximate relationships are: %Desflurane = 1.11 (for I < 9%); %Sevoflurane = 2.1E. CONCLUSIONS: Advantage 1100 and PPG-SARA systems not configured for desflurane or sevoflurane display erroneous anesthetic agent readings when these new agents are sampled. Advantage 1100 also displays falsely elevated carbon dioxide readings when desflurane is sampled.