常减压蒸馏装置高温部位的腐蚀与防护

阐述了常减压蒸馏装置高温部位的腐蚀机理，介绍了高温防腐蚀的三种方法：正确选材、高温缓蚀剂技术及喷涂渗铝技术，建议在类似的石化装置推广使用。     

高酸原油加工用常压塔顶循环回流系统的腐蚀原因

针对某厂石化常压塔顶循环回流(简称常顶循)系统加工高酸原油过程中出现的腐蚀加重现象,对常压塔顶循油和塔顶冷凝水中的腐蚀介质进行了分析,同时利用X射线衍射及X射线能谱分析了常顶循换热器、过滤器釜头侧等部位的腐蚀产物。结果表明:氯化氢、硫化氢是引起常顶循系统腐蚀的主要原因,高温下环烷酸分解生成二氧化碳、常顶循油具有弱酸性及小分子羧酸的存在也是造成常顶循腐蚀的重要因素。     

含硫污水汽提装置腐蚀分析

洛阳石化分公司含硫污水汽提装置腐蚀的主要部位是进料部位、塔顶分凝系统、侧线抽出的分一液相系统等。文章具体分析了以上各个部位腐蚀的原因，认为最重要的腐蚀形式是湿硫化氢应力腐蚀。指出介质的浓度、流速及溶液的pH值与上述腐蚀有关，并提出具体的防护措施。     

某石化厂循环水冷凝器管束腐蚀穿孔原因与建议

通过对天津石化分公司某石化厂循环水冷凝器管束腐蚀部位检查,腐蚀部位的垢样组成,循环水中微生物分析等项目测试分析,对该厂循环水冷凝器管束腐蚀穿孔原因进行了分析,并提出了有针对性的腐蚀控制建议.     

燃油电厂部分设备腐蚀与防护的初探

燃油电厂的主要燃料是重油,腐蚀介质为高温烟气。燃机、烟道、烟囱等设施发生腐蚀的类型主要有高温氧化、高温气流、SO2和SO3及其衍生物的腐蚀和硫酸露点腐蚀。就轮机叶片、烟道,余热锅炉内壁、烟囱等部位的防腐蚀措施进行了初步探讨。     

SW—206超低碳高钼奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性能的研究

论述新研制的高钼超低碳奥氏体不锈钢ＳＷ－２０６钢的优异耐蚀性，及其在石化、化纤工业中一些主要腐蚀介质维纶醛化液，高温含要醋酸，海水中的腐蚀试验与应用。     

压力容器和管道早期氢腐蚀的超声波检测

高温氢损伤即氢腐蚀的早期检测,是石化企业实现设备长周期运行所急需解决的问题之一。针对压力容器和管道高温氢损伤的早期检测问题制作了带有氢腐蚀的标准试块;通过超声波检测技术,测量并分析了超声波声学参量与氢腐蚀程度的相关性;结合金相检验和硬度测试对氢腐蚀的程度进行表征和评价;为建立早期氢腐蚀的快速诊断检测方法积累数据。     

碳钢水冷器防腐涂料在辽化公司的开发与应用

碳钢水冷器防腐涂料在辽化公司的开发与应用刘振宏（辽阳石油化纤公司设备处机研所防腐室）一、概况石化生产具有连续性强、危险性大、高温、高压、易燃、易爆、易腐蚀的特点。在石化设备中，冷换设备所占比例较大，约占石化企业建厂投资费用的１／５，占工艺设备总重量的...     

钢制原油储罐的腐蚀检测与防护

钢制原油储罐的腐蚀在石化企业中比较普遍,依据国内外文献中对储罐腐蚀的研究与常年腐蚀防护工作经验,分析了储罐各部位发生腐蚀的原因,总结了目前针对储罐不同部位采取的防腐措施,综述了目前使用的监测、检测手段及国标对储罐腐蚀防护的要求,总结了国内外研究的现状并指出了目前国内储罐腐蚀防护存在的某些问题。     

垃圾焚烧发电锅炉高温腐蚀治理的研究进展

垃圾焚烧发电锅炉水冷壁和过热器管壁的高温腐蚀防护是影响垃圾焚烧炉稳定运行的重要因素。 为提高垃圾焚烧炉运行的安全性,研究者从基材选择、施加表面涂层和温度控制等多方面给出了解决方案,以增加受热面金属管道的使用寿命。 在简介了锅炉高温腐蚀原理的基础上,分别评述了余热锅炉水冷壁和过热器高温腐蚀治理方案的研究进展。 在水冷壁高温腐蚀提治理方法中,敷设浇注料往往会造成烟温后移,恶化尾部烟道腐蚀,而在表面涂层防护技术中,感应重熔技术因其涂层缺陷少、结合强度高、稀释率低,表现出了良好的防腐蚀效果。 余热锅炉过热器受到显著的液相熔盐腐蚀,对于该部位的高温腐蚀治理除了提升材料等级外,应当严格控制入口烟温,适当调节燃烧气氛。     

Die wirtschaftliche Verwendung von hitzebeständigen Werkstoffen in Prozeßöfen der Petrochemie

Rational utilisation high temperature materials in petrochemical furnaces While tubular furnaces in petrochemical industries were originally manufactured of cast materials, advantage is being taken now increasingly from wrought materials processed by hot deformation. These materials are characterized by a high degree of homogeneity and enable long tubular material to be obtained without transverse weld seams; in addition, they allow the use of additional specific alloying elements. In the EDC furnaces (ethylene-dichloroethylene) for the manufacture of vinyl chloride use is made of the high corrosion resistance of nickel alloys; these materials possess a remarkable resistance in chlorinated media, in particular at temperatures exceeding 600°C. Another property of importance in such conditions is the resistance to stress corrosion cracking produced by the formation of hydrogen chloride and chlorides. In the enthylene production furnaces operating at temperatures above 800°C steels are used with 32.5% Ni and 21% Cr; they resist carburazation and are creep resistant. These materials are also used for reforming furnaces and in particular for the catalyst tubes where high resistance to creep cracking is indispensable.     

腐蚀机理研究中的逻辑应用

本文应用逻辑归纳和演绎推理的手段分析了石油化工设备腐蚀机理研究的三个实例，强调了避免逻辑错误对于保证分析结论正确的重要性。     

酸性介质环境中温度对Ti–Mo合金耐蚀性的影响

目的 研究Ti–Mo合金在不同温度的20% HCl溶液中的腐蚀行为和腐蚀规律,并探究其环境腐蚀机理。方法 采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、电化学工作站以及X射线光电子能谱等对Ti–Mo合金的微观组织结构和不同介质环境中的耐蚀性进行了探究。结果 溶液介质温度对Ti–Mo合金的腐蚀行为具有显著影响。当温度从20 ℃上升到70 ℃时,腐蚀电位从?548.9 mV(vs. Ag/AgCl)降低到?593.3 mV(vs. Ag/AgCl),且腐蚀电流密度在20 ℃时最低,为36.925 μA/cm²,维钝电流密度也随温度升高而增加。此外,温度升高不会改变氧化膜的成分,但会使膜内载流子密度升高,导致氧化膜的半导体特性发生n–p型转变。当溶液温度为20、30、50、70 ℃时,腐蚀速率分别为1.138 3、2.931 7、35.217、39.838 6 mm/a,且腐蚀速率随着温度升高而增加。结论 溶液温度升高会使Ti–Mo合金氧化膜内缺陷增多,氧化膜的稳定性和耐蚀性降低。在腐蚀过程中α相与β相会形成微原电池,α相作为阳极更容易发生优先腐蚀,这是由于β相中Mo元素含量较高所致。     

EVALUATION OF THE TIME DEPENDENT FAILURE ASSESSMENT CURVES FOR 10CrMo910 AND 316 SS AT 550℃

10CrMo910 and 316 stainless steel are widely adopted in high temperature structures of power generations, chemical processing plants and petroleum refineries. In this work, a total of 10000 hour tensile creep test on 16 specimens of such two materials was conducted at 550℃. On the basis of the experimental results, the isochronous stress-strain curves and time-dependent failure assessment curves of the two materials were given. Finally, the formulae of time dependent failure assessment curve for 10CrMo910 and 316 stainless steel corresponding to long-term creep cases, which could be utilized in the high temperature defects assessment, were established. The procedure for defining the time-dependent failure assessment curves was also presented.     

EVALUATION OF THE TIME DEPENDENT FAILURE ASSESSMENT CURVES FOR 10CrMo910 AND 316 SS AT 550℃

10CrMo910 and 316 stainless steel are widely adopted in high temperature structures of power generations, chemical processing plants and petroleum refineries. In this work, a total of 10000 hour tensile creep test on 16 specimens of such two materials was conducted at 550℃. On the basis of the experimental results, the isochronous stress-strain curves and time-dependent failure assessment curves of the two materials were given. Finally, the formulae of time dependent failure assessment curve for 10CrMo910 and 316 stainless steel corresponding to long-term creep cases, which could be utilized in the high temperature defects assessment, were established. The procedure for defining the time-dependent failure assessment curves was also presented.     

Current and future corrosion challenges for a reliable and sustainable development of the chemical,refinery, and petrochemical industries

The chemical, refinery, and petrochemical industries are facing new challenges in order to develop more environment friendly processes and to manufacture “green” products. Corrosion management is an essential element for the development of a sustainable industrial society, including issues such as the selection and development of corrosion resistant materials, coatings, and environment friendly inhibitors. In this paper, some specific challenges will be discussed. In the chemical industry, the replacement of volatile and toxic solvents by green ones such as supercritical water processes, ionic liquid, or the use of carbon dioxide as an alternative solvent, requires specific corrosion management policies. Another issue for the refinery industry concerns new feedstocks such as opportunity crudes containing corrosive naphthenic acids or the transformation of biomass feed into bio‐oils and biomaterials. Synthetic gas is also becoming a crucial intermediate in natural gas, coal or biomass to hydrocarbon liquids (XTL) processes. Other environmental aspects are the limitation of green house gas (GHG) release from the plants by implementation of CO₂ capture processes and the environment friendly management of water including more restrictive steps concerning its disposal. The implementation of advanced inspection and corrosion control management is also a major element of progress for a sustainable development of the chemical, refinery, and petrochemical industries.     

Research on corrosivity of narrow distillate oil of crude oil with naphthenic acid and sulfur

The present study is focused on corrosion of crude oil containing naphthenic acid (NA) and sulfur to provide effective anticorrosion measures for the process units of oil refineries. Corrosion laws of distillate oils from crude oil with NA and sulfur can be studied through the impact of temperature, flow velocity, sulfur content, and acid value on corrosion changes of sulfur and NA before and after the experiments.     

ADVANCED NICKEL-BASED AND NICKEL-IRON-BASED SUPERALLOYS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

The use of high-temperature materials is especially important in power station construction, heating systems engineering, furnace industry, chemical and petrochemical industry, waste incineration plants, coal gasification plants and for flying gas turbines in civil and military aircrafts and helicopters. Particularly in recent years, the development of new processes and the drive to improve the economics of existing processes have increased the requirements significantly so that it is necessary to change from well-proven materials to new alloys. Hitherto, heat resistant ferritic steels sufficed in conventional power station constructions for temperatures up to 550℃ newly developed ferritic/martensitic steels provide sufficient strength up to about 600 - 620℃. In new processes, e.g. fluidized-bed combustion of coal, process temperatures up to 900℃ occur. However, this is not the upper limit, since in combustion engines, e.g. gas turbines. Material temperatures up to 1100℃ are reached locally. Similar development trends can also be identified in the petrochemical industry and in the heat treatment and furnace engineering. The advance to ever higher material temperatures now not only has the consequence of having to use materials with enhanced high-strength properties, considerable attention now also has to be given to their chemical stability in corrosive media. Therefore not only examples of the use of high-temperature alloys for practical applications will be given but also be contributed to some general rules for material selection with regard to their high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance.     

循环水高硬度条件下氯离子的腐蚀控制

随着浓缩倍数的不断上升,循环水中氯离子的增加引起人们对不锈钢设备腐蚀的关注。针对循环水中氯离子的腐蚀进行了实验,实验结果和现场数据说明循环水中硬度在1200mg/L~1500mg/L左右时,氯离子带来的腐蚀是可以控制的。     

Development of thermal sprayed layers for high temperature areas in waste incineration plants

Corrosion and wear in the hot gas area of thermal energy plants are severe problems, which often cause premature damage of components. In general, the most components of plants are made of materials, which are not stable under corrosive conditions. For corrosion protection (and also wear protection) and lifetime extension of these components, coatings with more resistant materials are applied. Because of the high concentration of corrosive species and the alternating composition of the atmosphere near to the components, the waste incineration plant is the “worst case” of high temperature corrosion. Nowadays, the most usual coating process to protect pipes in the waste incineration plants is cladding. In the last few years, alternative processes are under investigation because cladding is very cost‐intensive. The specific costs of thermal spraying are much lower than those of cladding. In addition, the coating by thermal spraying reduces the risk of the dilution of substrate and coating material, different materials can be combined (e.g. metal alloys, ceramics) and the thickness of the layer for an acceptable resistance according to corrosion and wear can be drastically reduced. Thermal spraying has the potential to create cost‐efficient coatings to protect components in the critical zones of incineration plants. Since many years, ATZ Entwicklungszentrum is involved in the development and/or advancement of materials, technologies and applications of thermal spraying for corrosion and/or wear protection in thermal energy plants. The main focuses of the investigations are layers for components in high temperature areas of waste incineration plants. On the basis of the present results, different coatings (metal alloys, ceramics) and different spray technologies (e.g. HVOF, APS) have been tested by different strategies (corrosion tests under laboratory scale, air cooled material probes inside the hot gas area of an incineration plant and coated pipes in operation as part of the superheater of incineration plants). This paper will give an overview about the current results of these corrosion tests, in which the focus are the investigations with material probes. First results showed that with the combination of different thermal sprayed layers a significant corrosion protection can be achieved.