ASTER Level-1 data processing algorithm

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is an advanced multispectral imager with high spatial, spectral, and radiometric performance built for the EOS-AM1 polar orbiting spacecraft. ASTER covers a wide spectral region from visible to thermal infrared with 14 spectral bands. To meet this wide spectral coverage, ASTER has three optical-sensing subsystems: visible and near-infrared (VNIR), shortwave infrared (SWIR), and thermal infrared (TIR). In addition, the VNIR subsystem has two telescopes (nadir and backward telescopes) for stereo data acquisition. This ASTER instrument configuration with multitelescopes requires highly refined ground processing for the generation of Level-1 data products that are radiometrically calibrated and geometrically corrected. The algorithm developed for the ASTER Level-1 data processing is described     

Design and preflight performance of ASTER instrument protoflightmodel

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is an advanced multispectral imager with high spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution, built to fly on the EOS-AM1 spacecraft along with four other instruments, which will be launched in 1998. The ASTER instrument covers a wide spectral region, from visible to thermal infrared with 14 spectral bands. To meet the wide spectral coverage, optical sensing units of ASTER are separated into three subsystems: visible and near-infrared (VNIR) subsystem, shortwave infrared (SWIR) subsystem, and thermal infrared (TIR) subsystem. ASTER also has an along-track stereoscopic viewing capability using one of the near-infrared bands. To acquire the stereo data, the VNIR subsystem has two telescopes, one for nadir and another for backward viewing. Several new technologies are adopted as design challenges to realize high performance. Excellent observational performances are obtained by a pushbroom VNIR radiometer with a high spatial resolution of 15 m, a pushbroom SWIR radiometer with high spectral resolution, and a whiskbroom-type TIR radiometer with high spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolutions. The preflight performance is evaluated through a protoflight model (PFM)     

Accuracy, reliability, and depuration of SPOT HRV and Terra ASTER digital elevation models

Studies the accuracy and reliability of digital elevation models (DEMs) generated from two different satellite sources, the Terra Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and the Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) High Resolution Visible (HRV) stereoscopic images, using three different photogrammetric softwares. The main reason for the study is the heterogeneity and absence of agreement found in previous research concerning several significant aspects of DEM generation methods. A set of 91 DEMs were generated from SPOT data and 55 DEMs from ASTER data. Error control was performed with 315 check points determined by differential global positioning systems. Results of Terra ASTER DEMs show that elevation RMSE (root mean square error) equals 13.0 m. The corresponding RMSE value for SPOT HRV DEM is 7.3 m. In both cases, the error is less than the pixel size. Furthermore, this communication proposes a technique to improve DEM structure, based on an objective criterion to cleanse redundancy in DEMs without a significant loss of accuracy. This criterion is based on removing all points with a correlation value below a threshold value.     

ASTER as a source for topographic data in the late 1990s

Topography is a fundamental Earth characteristic that can be measured for studies of the land surface. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) onboard the EOS-AM1 platform will acquire along-track stereo data for topographic mapping. ASTER is capable of recording 771 digital stereo pairs per day, each covering 60×60 km on the ground, at 15-m resolution, with a base-to-height ratio of 0.6. According to present plans, approximately 30 digital elevation models (DEMs), accurate to within ±7 to ±50 m (RMSE_z) will be produced daily by processing facilities in Japan and the United States. The Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP-DAAC) at the United States Geological Survey's (USGS's) EROS Data Center (EDC) will emphasize the use of automated stereocorrelation procedures to produce absolute DEMs tied to ground control. During the six-year mission, ASTER has the potential to provide a coherent, digital stereo data set covering all of the Earth's land surface. At minimum, ASTER DEMs will augment topographic data from other sources. Results of simulations of ASTER stereo data using existing satellite and aircraft data over validation sites in Huntsville, AL, and Iguala, Mexico, illustrate the value of high-resolution ASTER DEMs and how actual ASTER DEMs will be validated     

Three-dimensional topographic mapping with ASTER stereo data in rugged topography

Digital elevation models (DEMs) were generated from a stereo pair using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) backward and nadir images with 27.7/spl deg/ intersection angles (B/H = 0.6) over a high relief area of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Fifteen ground control points were a good compromise to compute the stereo-bundle adjustment when they are only 25-30 m precise to avoid their error propagation in the modeling. It enabled to keep accuracy on the order of one pixel (15 m). DEM accuracy was then evaluated along the full process and as a function of different parameters. Applying the calibration of charge-coupled devices in order to reduce the striping effects improves the DEM accuracy by a factor of 10%. The major problems in the image matching were the clouds, snow, lakes, and occluded/shadowed areas, which generated mismatched areas and "artificial" relief in the lakes (1000-2000 m) during the correlation process and the automatic interpolation method. Postprocessing the DEM with semiautomatic three-dimensional tools improved its accuracy by a factor of 10%. The final results (LE68 and LE90 of 28 and 51 m, respectively) were obtained with the interactive correction of lake elevations, but without taking into account the large mismatched areas, which were specific to this challenging mountainous study site.     

ASTER geometric performance

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) system acquires multispectral images ranging from the visible to thermal infrared region. The ASTER system consists of three subsystems: visible and near-infrared (VNIR), short-wave infrared (SWIR) and thermal infrared (TIR) radiometers. The VNIR subsystem has a backward-viewing telescope as well as a nadir one. To deliver data products of high quality from the viewpoint of geolocation and band-to-band registration performance, a fundamental program, called Level-1 data processing, has been developed for images obtained using four telescopes with a cross-track pointing function. In this work, the methodology of the geometric validation is first described. Next, the image quality of ASTER data products is evaluated in view of the geometric performance over a period of four years. The band-to-band registration accuracy in the subsystem is better than 0.1 pixels and that between subsystems is better than 0.2 pixels. This means that the geometric database is determined accurately and the image matching method based on a cross-correlation function is effective in the operational usage.     

Performance of Stereoradargrammetric Methods Applied to Spaceborne Monostatic–Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar

This paper aims to investigate the performance of stereoradargrammetric methods applied to spaceborne monostatic–bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for digital elevation model (DEM) generation. Stereoradargrammetric techniques for robust DEM generation were successfully experienced on monostatic repeat-pass SIR-A, SIR-B, SIR-C/X-SAR, ERS1/2, JERS-1, and Radarsat data. However, novel configurations achievable by modern spacecraft flying in formation will allow for the attainment of very large baselines between the antennas in a single-pass bistatic geometry so that the height determination accuracy can benefit from both stereo effect and simultaneous acquisition. Five models for relief reconstruction by monostatic–bistatic SAR stereoradargrammetry are presented, and an error budget is assessed for each of them. Results of the sensitivity analysis exhibit metric accuracy, and therefore, the technique could be applied for height reconstruction as a methodology complementary to SAR interferometry.      

TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X升降轨双基干涉模式获取DEM方法研究

该文基于TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X (TSX/TDX)双基升降轨数据,首先采用非局部干涉(NonLocal Interferometric SAR, NL-InSAR)相位滤波分别得到单航过升轨和降轨模式下的高分辨率DEM。在此基础上,基于NL-InSAR估计得到的较准确相干系数,提出一种升降轨DEM融合方法,恢复SAR侧视成像造成的几何畸变,提高DEM重建精度。该文采用两幅北京地区的TSX/TDX升降轨干涉对进行融合处理,结果表明,在地形复杂地区的叠掩和阴影等无效区域,融合之后的DEM无效点数明显减少。经统计,融合后无效点数比例由升轨、降轨的4.93%和4.52%降低到1.34%。同时,融合DEM的精度相比于升轨的6.74 m提高了8.7%、相比于降轨的6.67 m提高了9.6%,融合后高程精度达到6.09 m。      

Opposite side ERS-1 SAR stereo mapping over rolling topography

Opposite-side radar stereo images have been considered unsuitable for stereo viewing due to illumination differences which limit the ability to identify the same features in the image pair. In some contexts, like a rolling topography (slope less than 10°), the shadow, layover, and foreshortening effects, specific to radar images, will not be overwhelming with an opposite-side stereo pair. This paper reports on some issues of stereo viewing and plotting, as well as on quantitative results of mapping and features extraction from ascending and descending orbit ERS-1 SAR stereo images. Planimetric accuracy of 17 m and altimetric accuracy of 23.9 m have been achieved for lake shorelines and DEM extractions, respectively. Impacts of different parameters on the accuracy are also evaluated     

Terrain elevation mapping results from airborne spotlight-mode coherent cross-track SAR stereo

Coherent cross-track synthetic aperture radar (SAR) stereo is shown to produce high-resolution three-dimensional maps of the Earth surface. This mode utilizes image pairs with common synthetic apertures but different squint angles allowing automated stereo correspondence and disparity estimation using complex correlation calculations. This paper presents two Ku-band, coherent cross-track stereo collects over rolling and rugged terrain. The first collect generates a digital elevation map (DEM) with 1-m posts over rolling terrain using complex SAR imagery with spatial resolution of 0.125 m and a stereo convergence angle of 13.8/spl deg/. The second collect produces multiple DEMs with 3-m posts over rugged terrain utilizing complex SAR imagery with spatial resolutions better than 0.5 m and stereo convergence angles greater than 40/spl deg/. The resulting DEMs are compared to ground-truth DEMs and relative height root-mean-square, linear error 90-percent confidence, and maximum height error are reported.     

资源三号03星激光测高数据处理与复合测绘应用

资源三号03星是自然资源部主持建造的用于1∶50 000立体测图的陆地遥感业务卫星,该星装备了业务化的激光测高仪,主要用于获取高精度高程控制点。论文针对资源三号03星激光测高数据,研究了标准化测绘处理流程和高程控制点提取方法,在内蒙古苏尼特右旗和江苏苏州开展了精度验证,并选择黑龙江和河北两个实验区开展了复合测绘应用验证。精度验证结果表明,资源三号03星激光点在内蒙古苏尼特右旗平坦区域高程精度为(0.051±0.232) m,在江苏苏州城市建成区的激光点总体精度为(0.414±6.213) m,经高程控制点提取和质量标记后的激光点高程误差为(?0.526±0.624) m,能满足1∶50 000测图高程控制需求。复合测绘应用表明,利用资源三号03星激光高程控制点,立体影像高程精度在黑龙江平坦地区能从5.27 m提高到2.58 m,河北太行山区能从11.25 m提高到4.45 m;无论是平地还是山区,资源三号03星激光高程控制点均能有效提高立体影像的高程精度并满足1∶50 000测图需求。     

Evaluation of Geometric Modeling for KOMPSAT‐1 EOC Imagery Using Ephemeris Data

Using stereo images with ephemeris data from the Korea Multi‐Purpose Satellite‐1 electro‐optical camera (KOMPSAT‐1 EOC), we performed geometric modeling for three‐dimensional (3‐D) positioning and evaluated its accuracy. In the geometric modeling procedures, we used ephemeris data included in the image header file to calculate the orbital parameters, sensor attitudes, and satellite position. An inconsistency between the time information of the ephemeris data and that of the center of the image frame was found, which caused a significant offset in satellite position. This time inconsistency was successfully adjusted. We modeled the actual satellite positions of the left and right images using only two ground control points and then achieved 3‐D positioning using the KOMPSAT‐1 EOC stereo images. The results show that the positioning accuracy was about 12‐17 m root mean square error (RMSE) when 6.6 m resolution EOC stereo images were used along with the ephemeris data and only two ground control points (GCPs). If more accurate ephemeris data are provided in the near future, then a more accurate 3‐D positioning will also be realized using only the EOC stereo images with ephemeris data and without the need for any GCPs.     

基于StereoSAR辅助的InSAR DEM重建方法研究

StereoSAR与InSAR是两种利用合成孔径雷达图像重建DEM的关键技术。InSAR利用SAR干涉像对的相位信息重建高程,具有DEM重建精度高的特点,但DEM重建精度受环境、时间等失相干因素影响较大;StereoSAR是利用SAR立体像对的幅度信息重建高程,尽管DEM重建理论精度比InSAR差,但受失相干因素影响小,并且可以在缺乏外部辅助高程信息时获取绝对DEM。在传统的InSAR处理中,干涉条纹密集区域相位解缠难度较大,存在相位解缠错误和错误传播现象,且在没有地面控制点或外部DEM的时难以获得绝对DEM。文中提出了一种迭代式的基于StereoSAR辅助的InSAR高精度DEM重建方法,该方法可以在缺乏外部高程信息时获得绝对DEM,降低干涉条纹密集区域相位解缠的难度,提高DEM重建精度。采用文中所提方法、传统InSAR方法及公开DEM辅助InSAR DEM重建方法,分别在地形复杂与平坦区域进行DEM重建,并用ICESat/GLAS及TanDEM-X DEM进行精度评估。DEM重建结果验证了文中所提方法的有效性,所提方法的DEM重建精度优于传统InSAR方法且与公开DEM辅助InSAR DEM重建方法精度相当。     

A 114-dB 68-mW Chopper-stabilized stereo multibit audio ADC in 5.62 mm/sup 2/

A multibit delta-sigma audio stereo analog-to-digital converter has been developed. It employs a fifth-order single-loop 17-level delta-sigma modulator with an input feedforward gain stage. A second-order mismatch shaping (DEM) circuit is utilized to remove tones and nonlinearities caused by capacitor mismatch of the feedback digital-to-analog converter. The implementation of the DEM block introduces minimum latency into the delta-sigma feedback loop. Chopper stabilization is applied to the first integrator to eliminate the 1/f noise. The converter achieves 114-dB dynamic range and -105-dB total harmonic distortion over the 20-kHz audio band. This single chip includes stereo analog modulators, bandgap reference, serial interface, and a two-stage decimation filter, occupies 5.62-mm/sup 2/ active area in a 0.35-/spl mu/m double-poly, three-metal CMOS process and dissipates only 55-mW power in the analog circuits.     

倾斜影像辅助的无人机载LiDAR高陡边坡形变监测

针对高海拔峡域地形地貌环境下基于轻小型无人机载LiDAR对高陡边坡激光点云扫描数据缺失导致DEM重建及形变分析精度低的问题,优化设计了一种垂直于山脊线、变高飞行的无人机点云/多视影像数据采集,以及影像密集匹配点云辅助下LiDAR三维激光点云的滑坡群DEM重建方案,实现了复杂地形地貌下LiDAR点云数据安全、高效的采集,改善了高陡边坡DEM重建及形变监测的精度和完整性。该方法基于迭代最邻近点算法,将倾斜影像生成的点云数据与同期获取的LiDAR点云数据配准和融合,实现了LiDAR点云数据缺失补偿,进而构建出完整、高精度的DEM,并与往期倾斜影像生成的DEM进行差分,对三个典型滑坡体进行了高程形变分析。以青海龙羊峡水电站的高陡边坡滑坡群为研究区,利用实测的GNSS地面控制点进行实验验证,得出结论：融合后的LiDAR点云精度为0.063 m,比融合前提高了0.018 m;重建的三个典型滑坡体的DEM高程精度为0.08 m,提升了边坡DEM重建的完整性和精度;对三个典型滑坡体2018、2021年两期高程形变分析,表明：滑坡群中多个边坡发生不同程度的土体滑动,高程方向的形变高达50多米,滑坡群形变...     

ASTER preflight and inflight calibration and the validation ofLevel 2 products

Describes the preflight and inflight calibration approaches used for the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). The system is a multispectral, high-spatial resolution sensor on the Earth Observing System's EOS-AM1 platform. Preflight calibration of ASTER uses well-characterized sources to provide calibration and preflight round-robin exercises to understand biases between the calibration sources of ASTER and other EOS sensors. These round-robins rely on well-characterized, ultra-stable radiometers. An experiment field in Yokohama, Japan, showed that the output from the source used for the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) subsystem of ASTER may be underestimated by 1.5%, but this is still within the 4% specification for the absolute, radiometric calibration of these bands. Inflight calibration will rely on vicarious techniques and onboard blackbodies and lamps. Vicarious techniques include ground-reference methods using desert and water sites. A recent joint field campaign gives confidence that these methods currently provide absolute calibration to better than 5%, and indications are that uncertainties less than the required 4% should be achievable at launch. The EOS-AM1 platform will also provide a spacecraft maneuver that will allow ASTER to see the Moon, allowing further characterization of the sensor. A method for combining the results of these independent calibration results is presented. The paper also describes the plans for validating the Level 2 data products from ASTER. These plans rely heavily upon field campaigns using methods similar to those used for the ground-reference, vicarious calibration methods     

Vicarious calibration of ASTER thermal infrared bands

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on the Terra satellite has five bands in the thermal infrared (TIR) spectral region between 8-12 /spl mu/m. The TIR bands have been regularly validated in-flight using ground validation targets. Validation results are presented from 79 experiments conducted under clear sky conditions. Validation involved predicting the at-sensor radiance for each band using a radiative transfer model, driven by surface and atmospheric measurements from each experiment, and then comparing the predicted radiance with the ASTER measured radiance. The results indicate the average difference between the predicted and the ASTER measured radiances was no more than 0.5% or 0.4 K in any TIR band, demonstrating that the TIR bands have exceeded the preflight design accuracy of <1 K for an at-sensor brightness temperature range of 270-340 K. The predicted and the ASTER measured radiances were then used to assess how well the onboard calibration accounted for any changes in both the instrument gain and offset over time. The results indicate that the gain and offset were correctly determined using the onboard blackbody, and indicate a responsivity decline over the first 1400 days of the Terra mission.     

ASTER GDEM格式地形数据在Radio Mobile仿真软件中的应用探索

结合地理信息技术(Geographic Information Sciences,GIS)的计算机仿真,已经成为无线电传播信道分析的重要手段之一。仿真软件“移动无线电”(Radio Mobile)可以对指定地形下的无线电波传播过程进行数值模拟,直接识别并导入多种地形数据,但并不包括当今精度最高且国内广为流行的免费地形数据——先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪全球数字高程模型(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model,ASTER GDEM),其精度可达30 m。因此,介绍一种如何将ASTER GDEM的数据读入Radio Mobile的处理方法。首先,利用GIS软件Global Mapper将ASTER GDEM压缩包数据转换为按照经纬度排列的DTED数据;其次,将DTED数据整理到以经度命名的文件夹内,每个文件按照纬度命名;最后,在Radio Mapper的地图属性设置中输入待仿真地域的经纬度,完成地形数据的导入。在此基础上,针对某一指定经纬度导入地形场景,利用Radio Mobile对电磁波的路径损耗做了初步的数值仿真。     

Simulated Aster data for geologic studies

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER) is a high spatial resolution imaging instrument, scheduled to be launched on NASA's Earth Observing System AM-1 satellite platform in 1988, ASTER acquires data in 14 bands, spanning the visible, near-infrared, short-wavelength infrared, and thermal infrared spectral regions, with spatial resolution varying from 15-90 m, depending on wavelength. In order to evaluate the authors ability to use ASTER data for geological mapping, they created a simulated 14-band ASTER data set for Cuprite, Nevada. The study site has sparse vegetation and exposes a wide range of unaltered and hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks. The wide range of wavelengths covered by ASTER allowed them to distinguish iron oxide minerals, clay-bearing minerals, sulfate minerals, ammonia minerals, siliceous rocks, and carbonates. Based on interpretation of the ASTER data, and in conjunction with laboratory and field spectral measurements, they produced an alteration map showing the distribution of argillized rocks, opalized rocks with alunite, silicified rocks, and areas dominated by kaolinite and buddingtonite. The map was as accurate as published maps made by traditional field methods. ASTER should be an improvement over existing satellite systems for geologic mapping     

Verification of AIRS boresight accuracy using coastline detection

The longitude and latitude of the centroids of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) infrared spectrometer footprints are calculated by the Level 1a calibration software based on transformations of scan angles, instrument alignment angles relative to the Earth Observing System Aqua spacecraft, and the spacecraft ephemeris. The detection of coastline crossings is used to determine the accuracy of these coordinates. Tests using simulated AIRS data derived from real Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra satellite 10-/spl mu/m window data indicate that an accuracy of 1.7 km is easily achievable with modest amounts of data, such as should be available from AIRS by launch +90 days. This accuracy is a small fraction of the 13.5-km AIRS footprint and is consistent with the accuracy required by the Level 2 software. Preliminary results from actual AIRS data indicate that the algorithm works as predicted. For combined use of the AIRS 13.5-km footprints with MODIS 1-km footprints, accuracy of the order of 0.5 km is desirable. This accuracy may be achievable with several months of data, but depends on the accuracy of the reference map and whether a sufficient number of large clear homogeneous surface scenes can be found.