Flow characteristics of the two tandem wavy cylinders and drag reduction phenomenon

This paper presents an extensive numerical study of 3-D laminar flow around two wavy cylinders in the tandem arrangement for spacing ratios (L/Dm ) ranging from 1.5 to 5.5 at a low Reynolds number of 1...     

Numerical simulation of flow past twin near-wall circular cylinders in tandem arrangement at low Reynolds number

Fluid flow past twin circular cylinders in a tandem arrangement placed near a plane wall was investigated by means of numerical simulations. The two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations were solved with a three-step finite element method at a relatively low Reynolds number of Re = 200 for various dimensionless ratios of 0.25 ≤ G/D ≤ 2.0 and 1.0 ≤ L/D ≤ 4.0, where D is the cylinder diameter, L is the center-to-center distance between the two cylinders, and G is the gap between the lowest surface of the twin cylinders and the plane wall. The influences of G/D and L/D on the hydrodynamic force coefficients, Strouhal numbers, and vortex shedding modes were examined. Three different vortex shedding modes of the near wake were identified according to the numerical results. It was found that the hydrodynamic force coefficients and vortex shedding modes are quite different with respect to various combinations of G/D and L/D. For very small values of G/D, the vortex shedding is completely suppressed, resulting in the root mean square (RMS) values of drag and lift coefficients of both cylinders and the Strouhal number for the downstream cylinder being almost zero. The mean drag coefficient of the upstream cylinder is larger than that of the downstream cylinder for the same combination of G/D and L/D. It is also observed that change in the vortex shedding modes leads to a significant increase in the RMS values of drag and lift coefficients.     

Large-eddy simulation of the flow past both finite and infinite circular cylinders at Re =3900

The flow past a finite circular cylinder with a height-to-diameter ratio of 1.5 and an infinite circular cylinder of the same diameter at a Reynolds number Re= 3 900 is investigated using the large eddy simulation(LES). The objective of the present study is to explore the differences of the flow mechanisms between the finite and infinite circular cylinders. It is shown that the free end of the finite circular cylinders affects the wake region significantly. The mean drag coefficient and the fluctuating lift coefficient of the finite circular cylinder are smaller than those of the infinite circular cylinder. The three-dimensional separation and the separated shear layer instability of the finite circular cylinder can obviously be observed. The existence of an arch vortex in the average flow downstream of the free end is demonstrated.     

SOME OBSERVATIONS OF TWO INTERFERING VIV CIRCULAR CYLINDERS OF UNEQUAL DIAMETERS IN TANDEM

Analysis of model test results was carried out to investigate the hydrodynamic interaction between a pair of elastically-supported rigid cylinders of dissimilar diameters in a water flume.The two cylinders are placed in tandem with one situated in the wake of the other.The diameter of the upstream cylinder is twice as large as that of the downstream cylinder.The spacing between the two cylinders ranges from 1 to 10 times the larger cylinder diameter.The Reynolds numbers are within the sub-critical range.The cylinders are free to oscillate in both the in-line and the cross-flow directions.The reduced velocity ranges from 1 to 10 and the low damping ratio of the model test set-up at 0.006 gives a combined mass-damping parameter of 0.02.It is found that the lift on and the cross-flow motion of the downstream cylinder have the frequency components derived from the upstream cylinder’s vortex shedding as well as from its own vortex shedding,and the relative importance of the two sources of excitation is influenced by the spacing between the two cylinders.The downstream cylinder’s VIV response appears to be largely dependent upon the actual reduced velocity of the cylinder.     

串列条件下静止圆柱对振动圆柱的流致振动影响试验研究

利用圆柱群的流致振动进行海洋能发电是当前可再生能源研究的热点之一。由于多柱体绕流存在强烈的相互干扰作用,其流致振动与单圆柱有着明显的区别且运行过程中必然存在某些柱体损坏或停机的现象,对相邻圆柱产生巨大的影响。利用自循环水槽对串列条件下静止圆柱对振动圆柱的流致振动影响进行试验研究。考虑两种工况:(1)上游圆柱固定,下游圆柱可沿横流向自由振动;(2)下游圆柱固定,上游圆柱可沿横流向自由振动。结果表明:对于工况(1),当2.0≤L/D≤4.0时,固定上游圆柱对下游圆柱的振动响应起增强作用,当5.0≤L/D≤7.0时,固定上游圆柱对下游圆柱的振动响应起抑制作用;对于工况(2),当2.0≤L/D≤3.0时,固定下游圆柱对上游圆柱的振动响应起增强作用,当L/D=4.0时,固定下游圆柱对上游圆柱的振动响应起抑制作用。随着间距比的增大,振动圆柱的涡激振动(vortex induced vibration,VIV)上端分支范围逐渐减小。相比于工况(1),工况(2)中上游圆柱的振动响应对间距比更为敏感。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE FLOW FIELD CHARACTERISTICS IN THE MIXING REGION OF TWIN JETS

Twin jets flow, generated by two identical parallel axisymmetric nozzles, has been experimentally investigated. The dimensionless spacing (B) between two nozzles were set at 1.89, 1.75 and 1.5. Measurements have been carried out at several free-stream velocities ranging from 10 m/s to 25 m/s or Reynolds numbers (based on the nozzle diameter of 44 mm) ranging from 3.33×104 to 8.33×104. The results show that the twin jets attract each other. With the increasing Reynolds number, the turbulence energy grows, which indicates that the twin jets attract acutely. The jet flow field and the merging process of two jets vary with B. The width of the twin jets flow spreads linearly downstream and grows with B. The merging between two jets occurs at the location closer to the nozzle exit for the cases with smaller spacing between nozzles and higher Reynolds number.     

淹没垂直圆柱周围水流结构及紊流特性试验研究

淹没垂直圆柱虽在各工程领域中均有广泛的实际应用,但还没有关于其绕流场内水流结构及紊流特性的系统研究。通过室内变坡水槽试验对淹没垂直圆柱周围的瞬时流速场进行了精细测量,分析了淹没率对垂直圆柱上下游竖直对称面内三维流速、紊动强度等水力参数垂线分布的影响程度,研究了向下水流、马蹄形旋涡和尾流旋涡等典型水流结构的冲刷力随淹没率的变化规律,揭示了淹没率影响垂直圆柱周围清水局部冲刷的机理。研究结果表明:增大淹没率能够减小垂直圆柱出露于水体中的有效长度,使得垂直圆柱对水体的阻流和扰动作用减弱,也使得垂直圆柱上游迎水面处向下水流、柱周马蹄形旋涡和下游尾流旋涡的冲刷能力被有效削弱,降低了垂直圆柱周围床面泥沙被旋涡体系卷起后顺水流失的概率。     

特征线算子分裂有限元的圆柱绕流大涡模拟

为研究圆柱绕流流场特性,将大涡模拟与特征线算子分裂有限元相结合,建立了大涡模拟特征线算子分裂有限元模型,对单圆柱和串列双圆柱绕流问题进行了数值模拟,所得结果与现有研究结果吻合较好。模拟结果表明:对单圆柱绕流,随着雷诺数的增大,圆柱近尾流区上下交替的涡旋逐渐靠近通过圆柱几何中心的水平线,且涡脱落位置逐渐靠近圆柱。对Re=1 000的串列双圆柱绕流,临界间距在圆柱直径的2.25~2.5倍之间;当两圆柱间距小于临界间距时,上游圆柱后方无明显涡旋脱落,间隙处压力较稳定;大于临界间距时,有涡旋脱落,上游圆柱尾流区上下表面交替出现强负压区。     

低雷诺数下并列双波浪柱尾迹干扰效应数值模拟

该文针对雷诺数Re=100下不同波长参数(/mλD=2、4、6和8)、不同间距比(1.5/3.5m≤L D≤)的并列双波浪柱后尾迹复杂的三维流动结构及干扰效应进行了数值研究。研究表明:三维并列双波浪柱在较小的间距比/1.5mL D=时,波峰对波谷排列的并列波浪柱后尾迹呈现明显偏置双稳流动结构,而波峰对波峰排列工况下基本呈现单一波浪型钝体后尾迹流动结构(尤其是在大波长/mλD=6和8时);当间距比/3mL D≥时,随着波长/mλD的增大,上下波浪柱各自呈现单波浪柱后尾迹流动结构;较大波长的三维波浪形状更好地组织了后尾迹三维流动结构,减少了并列双波浪柱后尾迹的相互干扰,从而减阻减振明显,最高减阻可达14.5%,脉动升力系数上下游波浪柱均趋于0.1。该研究可为近海工程的多立管结构及悬索桥的拉索振动抑制等提供理论支持。     

明渠柱体上游马蹄涡的运动学特征研究

马蹄涡是水下柱体结构周围床面冲刷的主要动力。为掌握马蹄涡的运动学特征,引入了基于旋转强度的马蹄涡识别方法,提出了基于椭圆涡拟合的马蹄涡特征提取方法,其中,椭圆涡由Oseen涡和倾斜单向剪切流叠加而成。基于上述方法,通过开展明渠圆柱绕流PIV实验,对柱体上游对称面时均流场中马蹄涡的运动学特征进行了研究。结果表明,在柱体雷诺数大于104的紊流柱体绕流中,马蹄涡上游的流动分离点随柱体雷诺数的增大而缓慢向下游移动,但马蹄涡的位置保持不变,涡中心距柱体中轴约0.67D(D为柱体直径或宽度),距床面约0.06D;随着柱体雷诺数的增大,马蹄涡的半径不变而强度增加,使得马蹄涡作用于床面的剪切应力增大。研究结果建立了客观提取马蹄涡运动学特征的数学方法,得到了流动分离点、马蹄涡位置等运动学特征随水流条件的变化规律,揭示了明渠柱体绕流与其它流动中柱体绕流的差异,初步构建了马蹄涡的动力作用概念模型。     

大直径圆筒筒内填料抗倾机理

根据试验结果及分析，圆筒内填料抗倾模式随筒径的增大而变化。筒径由小到大，筒内填料抗倾模式由重力式逐渐向过渡式、平面挡土墙式变化。大圆筒的抗倾能力，除应考虑筒内壁与填料间的摩擦力，还应计及作用在筒壁上填料侧压力所起的抗倾作用。     

不等直径串列圆柱绕流大涡模拟

为研究背负式海底管线中增设的小直径附属管线对主管线的水动力影响,将大涡模拟中经典Smagorinsky亚格子模型与特征线算子分裂有限元法结合,并引入出口对流边界条件,完善了基于特征线算子分裂有限元的大涡模拟方法。通过自编程序数值模拟Re=1 000的单圆柱绕流,计算结果与相关文献吻合较好,验证了该算法计算圆柱绕流的有效性,并分析了Re=1 000时不同直径比、间距比情况下的串列双圆柱绕流,根据流场的不同涡脱落形态及两圆柱平均阻力系数、升力系数随直径比、间距比变化的规律得到了不同直径比条件下的临界间距范围。达到临界间距后,流场由单一涡脱落状态转变为双涡旋脱落状态。最后分析了两圆柱平均阻力系数及升力系数在临界间距后急剧增加的原因,为背负式海底管线的布局优化提供了理论依据。     

圆柱墩群上波浪力计算

根据平面波与圆柱群相互作用理论，计算了柱群由4个同径柱分别分布在正方形和矩形角点上，4个异径柱分布在矩形角点上和9个同径柱等间距分布的柱列等4种情况的柱上波浪力。     

Drag Forces on Large Cylinders

Introducing large woody debris into streams is a common practice in restoration projects. Beyond the complexity of flow patterns and sediment movements in streams where woody debris are found or placed, it seems that our understanding of the basic hydraulics of large roughness elements in small channels remains limited. Underestimating the drag force affecting large roughness elements can compromise the success of stream restoration projects. Results from a simple experimental setting confirm that drag force estimates based on approaches developed for small cylinders are not valid when applied to large cylinders. Indeed, the classic drag force equation that uses an empirical drag coefficient is found to significantly underestimate measured drag forces, even when corrected for the ‘blockage ratio’. In contrast, application of specific momentum can yield good estimates of the drag force. A dimensionless depth is defined in a 1D context as a function of the flow depth, critical flow depth and cylinder diameter. A cylinder is considered to be ‘large’ when this dimensionless depth is smaller than 2. In this instance, a relationship is established to estimate the upstream flow depth and the drag force acting on the cylinder. This research bridges the small roughness element theory widely recognized in hydraulic engineering with the theory applicable to large, flow controlling structures such as weirs. From a practical perspective, this research can be used to assist in the design of engineered large woody debris structures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近壁圆柱绕流的壁面积沙现象机理分析

针对近壁圆柱绕流过程中出现的在平板壁面积沙现象用数值模拟方法进行了机理分析。应用标准k-ε湍流模型和流函数-涡量法分析了不同间隙比（圆柱与壁面间的距离对圆柱直径之比）下的尾流特性，得到圆柱表面升阻力和平板壁面压强脉动。结合流动显示的染色粒子图方法，进行了详细的分析并提出近壁圆柱绕流过程中在圆柱下游平板壁面形成沙粒线的可能机理。     

三方柱绕流的大涡模拟及频谱分析

高雷诺数条件下,无论来流是均匀还是非均匀,多方柱绕流情况下方柱受力及尾流的相互干扰都是相当复杂的。为了研究方柱受力及下游尾流的相互干扰,基于大涡模拟紊流模型对后品字等边布置的三方柱绕流进行了数值模拟,数值模拟结果表明,上游两个方柱的阻力系数要明显小于下游方柱,而上游两方柱升力系数远大于下游方柱,且下游方柱的升力系数基本上在零左右振荡,通过频谱分析发现了它们之间的区别。方柱的尾流存在着强烈的非对称相互干扰,且涡有明显的三维性。     

WALL EFFECTS ON FLOWS PAST TWO TANDEM CYLINDERS OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS

Flows past two tandem cylinders of different diameters placed centrally in a channel with fixed centre-to-centre spacing 6D and diameter ratio are simulated based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM).In all the simulations,the diameter of the smaller cylinder is chosen as the characteristic length.The Reynolds number based on the average inflow velocity is 20-120 and studies are over the range of blockage ratio 2-8.In both Small-Big Arrangement(SBA)and Big-Small Arrangement(BSA),the effects of the channel width and Reynolds number on the flow structures and force coefficients are studied.Results show that the flows in BSA are more regular than those in SBA for the same flow fields.In BSA with and,the force coefficients all fluctuate with constant amplitudes and a coupled frequency,the coupled frequency becomes small as the blockage ratio decreases and by an exact test we give out the relation of the blockage ratio and Strouhal number.As the blockage ratio decreases to 2,there exist pitchfork bifurcations in both SBA and BSA,and results show that the critical Reynolds numbers of pitchfork bifurcations for SBA and BSA are both between 60 and 80.In SBA with,the flow structure has a static asymmetric mode.It is found that the channel width has also an effect on the critical spacing where the flow changes from single body mode into co-shedding mode.By an accurate survey on flows past two cylinders with equal diameters placed inside a channel with the width,the relation between channel width and the critical spacing is given and results show that the critical spacing increases as the channel width increases.     

Vortex shedding in the flow around two side-by-side circular cylinders of different diameters

In this paper,the 3-D turbulent flow around two side-by-side circular cylinders of different diameters,at sub-critical Reynolds number(Re=3 900),is numerically simulated by the large eddy simulation(LES).The spacing ratios(T/D)between the two cylinders are considered in four cases(T/D=1.2,1.5,1.8 and 2.7)to study the vortex shedding and turbulent properties in the flow field.The main results are focused on the drag and lift coefficients,the vortex shedding frequency,the coherent structure,and the scale properties.It is shown that when T/D is equal to 1.2,the vortex shedding of the main cylinder is strongly suppressed by the small cylinder,the drag and lift coefficients of the main cylinder are smaller than those in other three cases.While T/D is equal to 1.5,the vortex shedding of the main cylinder can be improved,the drag and lift coefficients of the main cylinder are larger than those in other three cases.The empirical mode decomposition(EMD)method is applied to decompose the velocity signals traced by the LES.It is shown that there is a linear relationship between the mean period and the mode in the semi-log coordinates.The vortex shedding period of the main cylinder is consistent with the period of the restructured coherent structures quantitatively.     

Numerical investigation of the concentric annulus flow around a cylindrical body with contrasted effecting factors

This paper studies the wall-bounded flow around a cylindrical at a high Reynolds numbers body in a determined computational domain, with simulations of the 3-D, turbulent concentric annulus flow in a straight pipe. Numerical results show that a reversing zone, appearing as a tongue zone with nested velocities higher than the surrounding area, exists behind the cylindrical body. The annulus space is a region of high velocity and low pressure. The zero velocity, of combined the X- velocity and the Y- velocity, exists in the cross sections and no vortex shedding is formed behind the attaching cylinders. Among all investigated effecting factors, the diameters of the attaching and the main cylinders affect the wake feature behind the cylindrical body while the main cylinder length does not affect the distribution tendency of the flow field. The diameters of the main cylinder and the pipe affect the pressure values and the distribution tendencies on the main cylinder surface. Obviously, the increase of the pipe diameter reduces the drag coefficient of the cylindrical body and the increase of the diameter of the main cylinder increases the drag coefficient greatly. The numerical investigation of the concentric annulus flow provides foundations for further improvements of the intricate flow studies.     

FLOW PAST TWO ROTATING CIRCULAR CYLINDERS IN A SIDE-BY-SIDE ARRANGEMENT

Measurements were performed using Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) to analyze the modification of flow by the combined effects of the rotation and the Reynolds number on the flow past two rotating circular cylinders in a side-by-side-arrangement at a range of 425 ≤ Re≤ 1130,0 ≤α≤ 4(α is the rotational speed) at one gap spacing of T / d =1.11(T and d are the distance between the centers of two cylinders and the cylinder diameter,respectively).A new Immersed-Lattice Boltzmann Method(ILBM) scheme was used to st...