Effect of aging on the morphology of bitumen by atomic force microscopy

Effect of aging on the morphology of bitumen was investigated. Two bitumens were aged according to the thin film oven test (TFOT), pressure aging vessel (PAV) test and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, respectively. The morphology of the binders before and after aging was characterized by atomic force microscopy. The physical properties and chemical compositions of the binders were also measured. The results showed that aging affected the bitumen morphology significantly. Aging increased the overall surface stiffness of the bitumen and made the bitumen surface more solid-like. The extent of these changes was dependent on aging conditions. TFOT decreased the contrast between the dispersed domains and the matrix, which contributed to the single-phase trend of the binders. The effect of PAV aging on morphology of the binders was dependent on the base bitumen. In one case, it further accelerated the single-phase trend of bitumen in comparison with that after TFOT. In the other case, it caused the phase separation of bitumen. In both cases, PAV aging increased the surface roughness of the binders obviously. As a result of UV aging, the contrast between the matrix phase and dispersed phase was increased due to the difference in sensitivity to UV radiation of the bitumen molecules, which caused or further promoted the phase separation in the binders. Regardless of the aging procedure carried out, a strong correlation was observed between the changes in morphology and physical properties as well as chemical compositions of the binders before and after aging.     

纤维增强橡胶基密封材料的热氧老化损伤研究(Ⅱ)--老化损伤因子与垫片主要性能的关系

试验研究了热氧老化对纤维增强橡胶基密封垫片主要性能的影响,结果表明垫片性能随老化而衰减。建立了标准试验条件下老化损伤因子与压缩同弹性能、应力松弛性能以及密封性能之间的关系,以反映材料老化对垫片性能的劣化。研究结果可为纤维增强橡胶基密封材料的性能评价和研究开发提供有益的参考。     

Evolution of the microstructure of unmodified and polymer modified asphalt binders with aging in an accelerated weathering tester

This paper presents findings on the evolution of the surface microstructure of two asphalt binders, one unmodified and one polymer modified, directly exposed to aging agents with increasing durations. The aging is performed using an accelerated weathering tester, where ultraviolet radiation, oxygen and an increased temperature are applied to the asphalt binder surface. Ultraviolet and dark cycles, which simulated the succession of day and night, alternated during the aging process, and also the temperature varied, which corresponded to typical summer day and night temperatures registered in the state of Qatar. Direct aging of an exposed binder surface is more effective in showing microstructural modifications than previously applied protocols, which involved the heat treatment of binders previously aged with standardized methods. With the new protocol, any molecular rearrangements in the binder surface after aging induced by the heat treatment is prevented. Optical photos show the rippling and degradation of the binder surface due to aging. Microstructure images obtained by means of atomic force microscopy show gradual alteration of the surface due to aging. The original relatively flat microstructure was substituted with a profoundly different microstructure, which significantly protrudes from the surface, and is characterized by various shapes, such as rods, round structures and finally ‘flower’ or ‘leaf’ structures.     

关于飞机液压控制附件密封问题的研究

液压系统及其附件是飞机机械系统的重要组成,本文针对军用飞机典型液压控制附件常用的密封方式及存在问题进行了探讨。控制附件的密封部位不同,选用的密封方式也不同,常用密封方式有密封圈密封、接触式压紧密封和移动式间隙密封等。在使用和维护过程中,任何一种密封方式都是相对密封,都存在失效泄漏问题,如密封圈被切伤、氧化及老化等常见问题,接触式压紧密封主要是配合解决面损伤引起泄漏的问题,移动式间隙密封主要是配合解决由于尺寸公差引起的间隙不符及阀芯划伤等问题。针对不同密封方式的泄漏提出相应的预防及改进措施,为飞机各类附件的密封提供参考。     

基于流固耦合的橡胶O形圈老化对密封性能的影响研究

橡胶O形圈在高温受压的环境下易发生老化并产生泄漏,而最大接触压力和永久压缩变形不足以判定密封系统的密封性能。为了更加精准研究橡胶O形圈在高温受压情况下的老化对密封性能的影响,通过实验获取橡胶O形圈老化后的泄漏率和性能数据,构建有限元仿真模型,获取不同老化时间下的密封面接触压力,结合流固耦合模型计算出理论泄漏率。通过对比不同老化时间后的橡胶O形圈的实验泄漏率和密封面接触压力评估其密封性能。对比数值模型得到的结果和实验结果,发现理论模型与实际情况一致性较好,验证了该理论模型可为橡胶O形圈的老化行为分析、预测提供指导。     

聚氨酯涂层老化机理的研究进展

分析了引起聚氨酯涂层老化的各种因素,总结了温度、紫外线光照、氧气和水对聚氨酯老化的影响。聚氨酯涂层的老化主要是涂层中聚氨酯树脂的老化。聚氨酯的老化性能除了受自身化学结构和合成工艺的影响外,外界环境对其性能的影响也比较大,在不同条件下的老化机理也不尽相同。本文在总结聚氨酯老化机理研究进展的基础上,阐述了聚氨酯的热降解、光降解和氧化降解的机理,指出聚氨酯涂层稳定化的途径,并对经常使用的传统有机稳定剂作了简单介绍。     

Effect of two medium chain triglycerides‐supplemented diets on synaptic morphology in the cerebellar cortex of late‐adult rats

Ketogenic diets (KDs) have shown beneficial effects in experimental models of neurodegeneration, designating aged individuals as possible recipients. However, few studies have investigated their consequences on aging brain. Here, late‐adult rats (19 months of age) were fed for 8 weeks with two medium chain triglycerides‐supplemented diets (MCT‐SDs) and the average area (S), numeric density (Nv_s), and surface density (S_v) of synapses, as well as the average volume (V), numeric density (Nv_m), and volume density (V_v) of synaptic mitochondria were evaluated in granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex (GCL‐CCx) by computer‐assisted morphometric methods. MCT content was 10 or 20%. About 10%MCT‐SD induced the early appearance of senescent patterns (decreased Nv_s and Nv_m; increased V), whereas 20%MCT‐SD caused no changes. Recently, we have shown that both MCT‐SDs accelerate aging in the stratum moleculare of CA1 (SM CA1), but are “antiaging” in the outer molecular layer of dentate gyrus (OML DG). Since GCL‐CCx is more vulnerable to age than OML DG but less than SM CA1, present and previous results suggest that the effects of MCT‐SDs in the aging brain critically depend on neuronal vulnerability to age, besides MCT percentage. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Tribological Properties of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>/CuCrZr Composites

Al₂O₃ particles reinforced Cu–Cr–Zr alloy matrix composite was fabricated through a powder metallurgy plus hot extrusion process by using the water atomization Cu–Cr–Zr powder as raw material. The effect of aging treatment on the tribological behavior of the composite was investigated. Experimental results show that tiny coherent precipitated phases were formed in the matrix after proper aging treatment and therefore good combination properties could be obtained. The wear rates of the Al₂O₃/CuCrZr composite and its matrix alloy were obviously influenced by the aging treatment, wherein the best wear resistance was reached at the aging temperature corresponding to the highest Vickers hardness. The major reason was that the depth of plastic deformation in the subsurface region was dramatically decreased due to the improvement of mechanical properties of the matrix, and therefore adhesion induced surface materials loss could be markedly alleviated. By comparing with the SiC20 vol%/Cu composite, it is indicated that the Al₂O₃/CuCrZr composite exhibited much better wear resistance as well as higher electrical conductivity.     

Cryogenic fracture toughness evaluation for austenitic stainless steels by means of unloading compliance method

Most research to date concerning the cryogenic toughness of austenitic stainless steels has concentrated on the base metal and weld metal in weldments. The most severe problem faced on the conventional austenitic stainless steel is the thermal aging degradation such as sensitization and carbide induced embrittlement. In this paper, we investigate the cryogenic toughness degradation which can be occurred for austenitic stainless in welding. The test materials are austenitic stainless JN1, JJ1 and JK2 steels, which are materials recently developed for use in nuclear fusion apparatus at cryogenic temperature. The small punch (SP) test was conducted to detect similar isothermally aging condition with material degradation occurred in service welding. The single-specimen unloading compliance method was used to determine toughness degradation caused by thermal aging for austenitic stainless steels. In addition, we have investigated size effect on fracture toughness by using 20% side-grooved 0.5TCT specimens.     

Some single-machine scheduling problems with the extended sum-of-processing-time-based aging effect

In this paper, we analyze some single machine scheduling problems with the aging effect. We extend the sum-of-processing-time-based aging model such that the fatigue caused by each job to the machine is equal to a non-increasing function dependent on the normal processing time of a job and the aging effect is job dependent. Although the proposed model is more general and describes more precisely the real-life settings, we show that the special cases of the maximum completion time and the maximum lateness minimization problems with this model are still polynomially solvable. However, we prove the maximum completion time minimization problem with the sum-of-processing-time-based aging model is strongly NP-hard if some jobs have deadlines and constant processing times. On this basis, we show that the maximum lateness minimization problem with this aging model is also strongly NP-hard.     

A study on fracture surface of aged turbine rotor steel by fractal dimension

Since fracture surface presents clear evidence to describe the circumstances of material failure event, analysis of fracture surface should provide plenty of useful information for failure prevention. Thus if we extract proper information from the fracture surface, the safety evaluation for plant component could be more accurate. In general, the chaotic morphology of fracture surface is determined by the degree of material degradation as well as by other factors such as type of load, geometry of specimen, notch condition, microstructure of material and environment. In this research, we developed a fractal analysis technology for the fracture surface of aged turbine rotor steel based on the slit-island technique using an image analyzer. Moreover the correlation between the fractal dimension and the aging time was studied.     

A study on tensile and fatigue properties of aged NAS 254N stainless steel at elevated temperatures

The effects of aging on tensile properties and fatigue crack growth behaviors of NAS 254N stainless steel was studied. Yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the aged specimens were almost the same as the as-received (as-rec.). The fracture strain, however, was decreased significantly by the aging, and the fracture surface of the aged at room temperature (RT) test was intergranular. As test temperature increased, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation decreased. And a type of serration was observed at 550-650°C As strain rate decreased, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decreased, but elongation increased. It was observed that tensile strength and strain had a sudden change at one point. And this critical temperatureT _cr was 550°C. The effect of aging time on the tensile strength and strain was also investigated. Tensile strength and strain decreased significantly beyond 100hrs. Fatigue crack growth rate at RT was enhanced by the aging at high stress intensity factor range. This is due to the occurrence of the intergranular fracture in the aged specimen. At 650°C, the fatigue crack growth behavior was almost the same without intergranular fracture.     

Effects of sodium hypochlorite as dentin deproteinizing agent and aging media on bond strength of two conventional adhesives

This study evaluated the effect of 10% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as deproteinizing agent and storage media on bond strength (BS) of two etch‐and‐rinse adhesive systems to dentin. Twenty‐eight sound extracted human third molars were divided in four groups (n = 7), according to dentin treatment (conventional etching or etching followed by 10% NaOCl application) and adhesive systems (GB—Gluma 2Bond and OS—One‐Step). After dentin treatments and adhesive application, a composite block was built‐up on dentin surface and teeth were serially sectioned to obtain bonded sticks specimens. The sticks were submitted to three aging conditions: (24H) 24 hr in water (immediate), (SH) 3 hr of NaOCl accelerated‐aging or (1Y) 1 year of water storage. Afterward, submitted to microtensile bond strength test (μTBS), failure modes and adhesive interfaces analyzes. Data were analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (α = .05). Dentin deproteinization before bonding significantly reduced μTBS for GB‐treated group (p < .05), regardless the aging conditions. Water storage for 1 year (1Y) and NaOCl accelerated‐aging (SH) decreased μTBS for both adhesives. Yet, the groups stored in NaOCl (SH) exhibited the lowest BS results (p < .05). Bond strength of deproteinized dentin was dependent on the adhesive system composition and NaOCl accelerated‐aging promoted decreased bond strength and further degradation than water storage for 1 year.     

激光强化参数对40Cr钢表面组织及摩擦性能影响的研究

采用CO2横流式激光器对40Cr材料进行表面强化处理研究;使用S-360型扫描电镜观察激光硬化区金相组织及成分并观察金属表面磨损形貌;采用CHX-1超显微硬度计测量激光强化区断面的显微硬度;然后在MPX-2000盘销式摩擦磨损实验机上进行干摩擦和油润滑实验。结果表明:激光参数对表面硬度和硬化层深度有很大影响,较大的功率可使奥氏体转变充分而获得更多的马氏体,激光扫描速度越快,功率越大,显微硬度越高,硬化层越深;少量针状马氏体组织化引起表层强化,经激光硬化的表面其耐磨性可大大提高;40Cr在干摩擦条件下的平均磨损量是润滑时的5倍,40Cr和20MnSiV的磨损主要以磨粒磨损为主,同时也有粘着磨损。     

Analyzing the surface layer after WEDM depending on the parameters of a machine for the 16MnCr5 steel

The efficient wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) technology is a trade-off between the cutting speed and the resulting surface quality. A typical morphology of a surface machined using WEDM contains a large number of craters caused by the electric sparks generated in the cutting process. The paper analyzes the influence of the cutting speed on the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the craters formed on the surface of a workpiece made of the 16MnCr5 steel. Applying metallography to cross-section microscopic slides, diffusion subsurface damages were studied caused by the cutting. The diffusion processes taking place between the electrode and the material machined were studied using a local point EDX microanalysis applied both to the machined surfaces and to the cross sections. A detailed study was also carried out of the brass electrode to measure its wear rate caused by the cutting process as well as its degradation in terms of the quality of its morphology and the chemical composition of surface.     

海水对油品混合物老化及其摩擦学性能的影响*

为探究海水对油品混合物老化及其摩擦学性能的影响，使用烘箱对含盐水（模拟海水）油品混合物进行老化测试，分析含典型基础油及极压抗磨剂的油品混合物在老化过程中的物理化学性能；使用光学显微镜表征油品混合物老化过程中对滚子表面形貌的影响，采用球盘试验机研究老化后油品混合物的摩擦学行为，并利用X射线电子光谱仪（XPS）对摩擦试验后的摩擦副表面进行化学分析。结果表明：添加盐水的油品混合物中老化后，其黏度和总酸值不会发生明显变化（酯基系列油品混合物除外），但其润滑下的磨损会高于没有添加盐水的油品混合物；随着老化时间的增加油品混合物润滑下的磨损会降低，原因在于老化后摩擦副表面磨痕上氧（氧化物）含量降低，在磨合期间能给摩擦副表面提供的保护较少。     

Tribological behaviour of an elastomer aged in different oils

This paper presents the influence of aging the nitrile rubber, the most popular seal material, in various base fluids on sliding friction and abrasive wear. The lubricants used are synthetic esters, natural esters, different types of mineral base oils, poly-α-olefins and very high viscosity index oils. Friction has been studied for two directions of motion with respect to lay on the elastomer sample by using the SRV Optimol test machine. These findings show that as compared to all other lubricant formulations, ageing the elastomer in polyol ester leads to the maximum reduction of friction coefficient especially in perpendicular sliding to the initial lay on the surface. The abrasive wear studies were carried out by using a two-body abrasive wear tester against dry and lubricated elastomer. It was interesting to note that two-body abrasive wear of elastomeric material was higher during rubbing in presence of the fluids as compared to that in dry condition. Further, aging the elastomer in these base fluids especially in ester base fluids, results in more abrasive wear.     

涉水工程装备用聚合物摩擦副材料改性技术研究进展

聚合物作为摩擦副材料在涉水工程装备上应用前景广阔,然而与金属材料相比,聚合物材料存在强度低、蠕变、老化以及吸水等固有缺陷,并且在低速重载工况下难以形成完整的润滑水膜而导致零部件出现严重的磨损与振动问题,随着涉水工程装备运动副所面临复杂多样的极端环境和苛刻工况,极大地限制了聚合物材料作为摩擦副部件在涉水工程装备领域的应用。分析了聚合物材料在涉水极端环境中的主要摩擦学问题和面临的挑战,并从辐照与等离子体表面改性技术、填料共混复合改性技术、织构化表面调控技术,以及功能化水润滑表面调控技术4个方面,综述目前国内外关于涉水工程装备用聚合物摩擦副材料改性技术的研究进展,最后对涉水工程装备用聚合物摩擦副材料的制备技术和摩擦学研究方向进行总结和展望。     

基于长大坡道持续制动的新型制动盘研究

随着我国中西部地区高速铁路的建设,由于长大坡道线路带来的问题日益凸显。在长大坡道行驶时如果电制动出现故障,将采用纯空气制动,长大坡道造成的持续制动会导致制动盘的热负荷急剧上升。由于散热的时效较慢从而导致制动盘温度过高,同时产生较大的温度梯度,从而导致制动盘热疲劳裂纹产生。为了解决长大坡道工况下制动盘的换热效率提升和降温问题,基于兰新线的长大坡道工况,通过设计新型的铝嵌钢结构制动盘,采用有限元分析软件对铝嵌钢结构制动盘和全钢制动盘进行仿真计算,得到温度场和热应力分布。结果表明,在长大坡道采用纯空气制动时,铝嵌钢制动盘可以在实现轻量化的同时明显降低制动盘面的温度和温度梯度,缓解长大坡道制动带来的制动盘热疲劳问题。     

The antioxidant trolox inhibits aging and enhances prostaglandin E-2 secretion in mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used in regenerative medicine and clinical therapy due to their capabilities of proliferation, differentiation, and immune regulation. However, during in vitro expansion, MSCs are prone to aging, which largely limits their application. Prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2) is a key effector secreted by MSCs to exert immunomodulatory effects. By screening the compound library for PGE-2 secretion, the antioxidant trolox was verified as a stimulator of MSCs to secrete PGE-2. The effect of antioxidant trolox on biological characteristics of MSCS, including aging, proliferation, and gene expression, was examined. The results demonstrated that trolox can resist aging, promote proliferation, and enhance PGE-2 secretion of MSCs without affecting their surface marker expression. Furthermore, trolox treatment up-regulates miR-17-92 clusters in MSCs and may contribute to its anti-aging effects. Thus, trolox addition might be beneficial for MSCs expansion and their application.