金刚石基燃料电池催化剂的研究进展

金刚石是由共价键方式连接的sp³杂化碳原子组成, 具有极强的稳定性。含硼金刚石(BDD)薄膜、BDD颗粒、非掺杂纳米金刚石(ND)等新型金刚石又兼具一定的导电性, 因此成为高稳定性燃料电池催化剂的理想载体材料。研究者进一步发现通过对上述新型金刚石进行适当功能化处理, 可以进一步提高催化剂的催化活性和稳定性。对金刚石进行掺杂处理, 既包括向金刚石晶格中掺杂, 也包括向金刚石衍生的石墨结构中进行掺杂, 能够得到新型高稳定性燃料电池非铂催化剂, 且金刚石sp³结构在提高非铂催化剂稳定性方面作用独特。本文总结介绍了相关研究成果, 希望能为后续研究提供参考借鉴。     

Effect of uncoated and coated diamond on the compressive properties of porous aluminium composites

Porous aluminium composites are structural and functional materials that have vast potential, due to their lightweight and high energy absorption capacity, especially in automotive and aerospace applications. In this study, the effect of varying content of uncoated and titanium coated diamond particles on the compressive properties of porous aluminium composite was investigated. The composites were developed using powder metallurgy technique and porosity was attained by using polymethylmethacrylate (30 wt.%) as space holder material. The morphology of the pores was found to replicate the shape and size of polymethylmethacrylate particles, that were uniformly distributed in the composites. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed formation of aluminium carbide in uncoated diamond-based aluminium composites while negligible amount was present in titanium coated porous composites during sintering. The porosities of composites decreased with an increase in diamond content due to the incomplete decomposition of polymethylmethacrylate particles. Moreover, the maximum plateau stress and energy absorption capacity of 9.96 MPa and 1.7 Mj/m³ were obtained for the composites with 8 wt.% of titanium coated diamond particles. Thus, coating inhibits the formation of undesirable compounds and contributes to better interfacial bonding between matrix and reinforcement.     

金刚石材料的摩擦及磨损

研究了金刚石单晶，以钴和碳化硅作粘结剂的金刚石聚晶及ＣＶＤ金刚石薄膜被软磨头摩擦和磨损的行为。在正压力和摩擦产生的拉应力聚合作用下，单道次摩擦时，ＴｉＢ２磨头可以使金刚石单昌表面产生“人字形”裂纹，我道次摩擦时，裂纹搭接及碎块脱落使金刚石表面产生磨痕。类似的磨痕也产生在聚晶金刚石表面。铝合金及中碳钢磨头可以较显著地磨损ＣＶＤ金刚石薄膜。     

Wakefield radiation generated in a dielectric-filled rectangular accelerating structure

The Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation generated by a relativistic electron bunch that propagates in the vacuum channel of a rectangular dielectric-filled wakefield accelerating structure is analytically described. The approach is based on the expansion of wake fields in terms of the eigenfunctions of operators of the transverse electric and magnetic field components. Expressions for the wake fields generated by a Gaussian electron bunch are obtained. Using the proposed formalism, parameters of a diamond-based accelerating structure admitting the generation of potential gradients above 100 MV/m have been calculated for a typical electron bunch of the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator.     

Infrared emission from selected areas in ion-beam-irradiated diamond

The infrared emission properties of an electrically heated single resistive element produced by ion implantation of diamond is reported. It is found that good contrast can be obtained between the implanted and unimplanted regions of the diamond mainly because of the increased emissivity following implantation. The infrared output is stronger if the diamond is viewed with the implanted surface facing away from the detector. The possible utilization of diamond-based pixels in infrared scene generation is discussed.     

氘化硼掺杂金刚石n型电导的研究

室温下缺少浅施主中心,已经成为金刚石材料制造电子器件的主要障碍之一。最近报道显示硼掺杂p型同质外延金刚石暴露在氘离子束中能形成浅施主态的n型电导,这是在外延金刚石材料中首次测出的浅施主能级。本文分析研究了目前p型金刚石出现导电类型转换这一新现象的最新研究进展。     

Synthetic single crystal diamond dosimeters for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy applications

A synthetic single crystal diamond Schottky diode, in a p-type/intrinsic/metal structure, deposited by Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) and operating in photovoltaic regime, with no external bias voltage applied, was tested as a dosimeter for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) applications. The device response was compared with dose measurements from two commercial ionization chambers and a 2D diode array in an IMRT prostate cancer treatment plan. The obtained results indicate that CVD synthetic single crystal diamond-based dosimeters can successfully be used for highly conformed radiotherapy and IMRT dosimetry, due to their small size and high sensitivity per unit volume.     

Theoretical analysis of SAW propagation characteristics in (100) oriented AlN/diamond structure

In this study, the finite element method is employed to calculate SAW characteristics in (100) AlN/diamond based structures with different electrical interfaces; i.e., IDT/ AlN/diamond, AlN/IDT/diamond, IDT/AlN/thin metal film/ diamond, and thin metal film/AlN/IDT/diamond. The effects of Cu and Al electrodes as well as the thickness of electrode on phase velocity, coupling coefficient, and reflectivity of SAWs are illustrated. Propagation characteristics of SAWs in (002) AlN/diamond-based structures are also presented for comparison. Simulation results show that to retain a large reflectivity for the design of RF filters and duplexers, the Cu IDT/(100) AlN/diamond structure possesses the highest phase velocity and largest coupling coefficient at the smallest AlN film thickness- to-wavelength ratio.     

Inside Front Cover: A Supramolecular Approach to Optically Anisotropic Materials: Photosensitive Ionic Self‐Assembly Complexes (Adv. Mater. 16/2006)

Application of the supramolecular synthesis strategy ionic self‐assembly for the facile production of low‐molecular‐weight photosensitive materials is presented on p. 2133 by Stumpe, Faul, and Zakrevskyy. The materials so synthesized possess good film‐forming properties, are capable of undergoing light‐induced generation of optical anisotropy, and possess dichroic ratios of approximately 50.     

An integrated robust replenishment/production/distribution policy under inventory inaccuracy

In this paper, a centralised production/distribution system is studied, in which the manufacturer controls the processes of raw material ordering, production and final goods distribution. The inventory records of raw materials, work-in-process, final goods in the manufacturer and the retailers are inaccurate. The objective of this research is to develop an integrated policy that can hedge against the negative impact of inventory inaccuracy at all stages of a supply chain. To achieve this aim, a backward recursive integrated robust policy is constructed. First, the time, quantity and vehicle route of the next distribution are forecasted by a distribution sub-policy; then the forecasted distribution time and quantity are used as the objective of the production process control, which is implemented by a production control sub-policy. Raw materials are ordered by a replenishment sub-policy according to the forecasted raw materials consumption in the production process. Numerical experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility and robustness of the proposed policy, which shows that besides of deploying radio frequency identification (RFID) devices in inventory management systems for raw materials, WIPs, final goods of the manufacturer and the retailers, integrated robust policies also can be employed to hedge against the impact of inventory inaccuracy.     

Investigation of the joining zone of laser welded and cross wedge rolled hybrid parts

Most of today’s technical parts and components are made of monolithic materials. These mono-material components produced in established production processes reach their limits due to their respective material characteristics. Thus, a significant increase in production quality and efficiency can only be achieved by combining different materials in one part. Bulk forming of previously joined semi-finished products to net shape hybrid components that consist of two different materials is a promising method to produce parts with locally optimized characteristics. This new production process chain offers a number of advantages compared to conventional manufacturing technologies. Examples are the production of specific load-adapted forged parts with a high level of material utilization and an impact on the joining zone caused by the following forming process. This paper describes the production process of serially arranged hybrid steel parts, produced by combining a laser welding process with a subsequent cross wedge rolling process. The presented results are only a first approach in order to get first insights in the forming behaviour of laser welded and cross wedge rolled parts. The investigated material combination is C22 (1.0402) and 20MnCr5 (1.7147). This innovative process chain enables the production of hybrid parts. To evaluate the developed process chain, the weld and the joining zone is analysed before and after cross wedge rolling. Main results are that the joining process using laser welding enables a strong bonding between the two materials with a higher hardness in the joining zone than for the individual materials. After the forming process, the bonding of the joining zone is still present, while the hardness decreased but remains higher than of the materials themselves.     

Designing a performance measurement system to support materials management in engineer-to-order:a case study

There are many different production situations that can be employed to meet demand.In the engineer-toorder(ETO)production situation,products are manufactured to meet specific customer needs by unique engineering or significant customization.In such an environment,failing to supply the required materials in the right quantities and at the right time increases the risk of breaching due date agreements and thereby losing customer satisfaction.As such,materials management is one of the most important and critical processes within production planning and control in ETO.To bring attention and improvement to this area,ETO companies may benefit from a performance measurement system(PMS)that systematically monitors how well materials management is carded out.The design of a company's PMS varies with its production situation.Within the large body of literature on performance management and measurement,limited literature specifically addressing performance measurement in ETO has been identified.After being approached by a Norwegian ETO company requesting a PMS for materials management,the authors therefore set out to design the PMS from scratch,using literature on ETO,materials management and performance management and measurement as a starting point.The paper presents the proposed PMS.It provides a basis for further studies on the topic,and could be used by managers in ETO companies to assess and improve their materials management practice.     

从矿物直接提取技术的工业化看资源材料一体化的发展前景

如何尽可能地充分开发利用有限的矿物资源？文章提出了资源材料一体化的概念，论述了从资源开采后到金属材料、无机非金属材料的生产，采用流程短、污染小、效率高、产品品质高的短流程生产工艺的可行性和必要性，并就我国资源的现状及资源材料一体化的发展做了简要论述。     

Diamond-structured photonic crystals

Certain periodic dielectric structures can prohibit the propagation of light for all directions within a frequency range. These 'photonic crystals' allow researchers to modify the interaction between electromagnetic fields and dielectric media from radio to optical wavelengths. Their technological potential, such as the inhibition of spontaneous emission, enhancement of semiconductor lasers, and integration and miniaturization of optical components, makes the search for an easy-to-craft photonic crystal with a large bandgap a major field of study. This progress article surveys a collection of robust complete three-dimensional dielectric photonic-bandgap structures for the visible and near-infrared regimes based on the diamond morphology together with their specific fabrication techniques. The basic origin of the complete photonic bandgap for the 'champion' diamond morphology is described in terms of dielectric modulations along principal directions. Progress in three-dimensional interference lithography for fabrication of near-champion diamond-based structures is also discussed.     

Some Problems in the U.K. With the Provision of New Drug Dosage Forms for Pre-Marketing Tests in Man

Provision of dosage forms for studies in man calls for the highest standards of Good Manufacturing Practice. Problems with supply of such materials are classed as scientific/technological, logistic, ethical and legal, and examples are discussed. The role of the formulation pharmacist as an influence on harmonizing the nature of dosage forms used in multi-centre trials on an international basis, and as a person involved in ensuring smooth transition of products from clinical trial status to production for marketing purposes is highlighted.     

PLLA/Flax Mat/Balsa Bio-Sandwich—Environmental Impact and Simplified Life Cycle Analysis

In the present paper the environmental impact of biocomposites and bio-sandwich materials production are evaluated, using simplified Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) following the procedure recommended in the ISO 14044 standard. The materials are dimensioned and evaluated by comparing with reference materials, glass mat reinforced unsatured polyester and glass mat/unsatured polyester/balsa sandwich. The results indicate that bio-sandwich materials are very attractive in terms environmental impact. However further improvements in biocomposite and bio-sandwich mechanical strength are necessary if they are to be used in transport application compared to glass/polyester and glass/polyester/balsa sandwich.     

探寻统一乳化炸药油相材料的研究

油相材料是乳化炸药生产中不可少的重要原料。文中介绍了ＭＦ系列乳化炸药专用复合蜡在乳化炸药中的应用试验。结果表明,该复合蜡可完全替代石蜡,地蜡,机油和凡士林等,可明显改善乳化炸药药态,并提高乳化炸药爆炸性能和储存稳定性,为选择合适的乳化炸药油相材料作了一些探索。     

Genetic Logic Gates Enable Patterning of Amyloid Nanofibers

Distinct spatial patterning of naturally produced materials is observed in many cellular structures and even among communities of microorganisms. Reoccurrence of spatially organized materials in all branches of life is clear proof that organization is beneficial for survival. Indeed, organisms can trick the evolutionary process by using organized materials in ways that can help the organism to avoid unexpected conditions. To expand the toolbox for synthesizing patterned living materials, Boolean type “AND” and “OR” control of curli fibers expression is demonstrated using recombinases. Logic gates are designed to activate the production of curli fibers. The gates can be used to record the presence of input molecules and give output as CsgA expression. Two different curli fibers (CsgA and CsgA‐His‐tag) production are then selectively activated to explore distribution of monomers upon coexpression. To keep track of the composition of fibers, CsgA‐His‐tag proteins are labeled with nickel–nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni–NTA‐) conjugated gold nanoparticles. It is observed that an organized living material can be obtained upon inducing the coexpression of different CsgA fibers. It is foreseen that living materials with user‐defined curli composition hold great potential for the development of living materials for many biomedical applications.     

Shallow donors with high n-type electrical conductivity in homoepitaxial deuterated boron-doped diamond layers

Diamond is a unique semiconductor for the fabrication of electronic and opto-electronic devices because of its exceptional physical and chemical properties. However, a serious obstacle to the realization of diamond-based devices is the lack of n-type diamond with satisfactory electrical properties. Here we show that high-conductivity n-type diamond can be achieved by deuteration of particularly selected homo-epitaxially grown (100) boron-doped diamond layers. Deuterium diffusion through the entire boron-doped layer leads to the passivation of the boron acceptors and to the conversion from highly p-type to n-type conductivity due to the formation of shallow donors with ionization energy of 0.23 eV. Electrical conductivities as high as 2omega(-1) x cm(-1) with electron mobilities of the order of a few hundred cm2 x V(-1) x s(-1) are measured at 300 K for samples with electron concentrations of several 10(16) x cm(-3). The formation and break-up of deuterium-related complexes, due to some excess deuterium in the deuterated layer, seem to be responsible for the reversible p- to n-type conversion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such an effect has been observed in an elemental semiconductor.     

Materials substitution in the mass produced automobile

This paper examines the hypothesis that appropriate materials substitution in the UK motor industry could reduce the Nations dependance on imported raw materials. It is believed that most of the findings apply to all Western European countries involved in the mass production of automobiles and also Japan. Current trends in materials substitution in the typical mass produced automobile are governed by legislation and cost and have resulted in some replacement of steel by plastics. This trend is expected to continue but only at an evolutionary pace. Hence although plastics are derived from indigenous raw materials (crude oil) and metals must be imported or obtained from secondary sources, the impact on the balance of imported to indigenous materials will be small.If greater fuel economy were to become mandatory the need to reduce weight in vehicles would increase the attraction of plastics based materials for large body parts. However with existing plastics processing technology production rates would be slower and vehicles consequently much more expensive.