融合社交网络信息的协同过滤推荐算法*

在推荐系统中,协同过滤推荐算法往往面临数据集的高度稀疏性和推荐精度有限的问题.为了解决上述问题,在基于物品的协同过滤推荐框架下,分别在物品相似度的计算和用户对物品的评分预测阶段,利用社交网络中朋友关系信息选择性地填充评分矩阵中的缺失值,最大化利用评分矩阵中的已有信息,提出融合社交网络信息的协同过滤推荐算法.最后,在Epinions数据集上的实验表明,文中算法在一定程度上缓解数据稀疏性问题,同时在评分误差和分类准确率两个指标上优于其它协同过滤算法.     

融合社交网络特征的协同过滤推荐算法

为了解决传统协同过滤算法中存在的严峻的数据稀疏性问题,提出了一种融合社交网络特征的协同过滤推荐算法。该算法在传统矩阵分解模型基础上,通过融合社交网络特征与用户评分偏好程度得到信任和被信任特征矩阵,然后利用社交特征矩阵、商品特征矩阵和用户评分偏好相似性共同预测用户对商品的评分值。为了验证该算法的可靠性,使用Epinions公开数据集对算法性能进行对比分析。实验结果显示,相比现有的社交推荐算法,所提算法有更小的平均绝对误差和均方根误差,同时算法的时间复杂度与数据集的数量之间为线性关系。因此,该算法可以有效缓解数据稀疏性对推荐结果的影响,并提高推荐准确率。在现实推荐中,该算法可以考虑作为大规模数据集进行商品推荐的一个选择方式。     

基于社交网络能量扩散的协同过滤推荐算法

针对数据稀疏导致推荐系统精确度较低的问题,结合社交网络中丰富的社会化信息及能量扩散在数据稀疏问题上的优良表现,文中提出基于社交网络能量扩散的协同过滤推荐算法.首先利用用户-物品评分矩阵和信任关系具有的传递性计算用户之间信任强度值.再利用社交网络结合用户-物品二分网络,得到物品资源值.最后利用协同过滤方法进行预测评分.在真实数据集上的实验表明,文中算法缓解数据稀疏性,可解决推荐精确度较低的问题.     

一种基于空间变换的协同过滤推荐算法

传统的协同过滤推荐算法在实际应用中往往面临着计算可扩展性的问题。为解决此问题,文中在基于物品的协同过滤推荐的框架下,通过融合社交关系信息,提出了一种基于空间变换的协同过滤推荐算法。首先,根据用户社交网络信息,运用社区发现算法将用户划分为不同的类;其次,基于评分信息,根据用户和物品之间的对应关系找到各个用户类所对应的物品类;最后,通过各个物品对每一物品类的隶属关系,将稀疏的高维评分信息矩阵转换为一个低维稠密的物品隶属度矩阵,进而基于该矩阵进行相似度计算并进行协同过滤推荐。在公开数据集上将所提方法与其他算法进行了对比实验分析,结果表明,所提算法能够在保证推荐准确性的同时明显提升计算效率。     

融合隐含信任度和项目关联度的矩阵分解推荐算法

随着社交网络的发展,融合社交信息的推荐系统在一定程度上解决了协同过滤推荐系统的冷启动和数据稀疏等问题,但是在信任数据稀疏情况下,仍会造成推荐精度降低等问题。为此,提出了一种融合隐含信任度和项目关联度的矩阵分解推荐算法。首先,利用矩阵分解模型将信任数据进行分解,得到用户的潜在被信任矩阵,在此基础上引入用户的影响力,从而提出了基于隐含信任度的推荐模型;然后,为了更好的利用项目间的关联信息,反映项目间的有向性,提出了基于项目关联度的推荐模型;最后,综合两种推荐模型并构建了一种推荐算法TCRMF。实验结果表明,所提算法在评分数据和信任数据稀疏的情况下仍然可以有效地提高推荐算法的精度,具有良好的应用前景。     

一种优化聚类的协同过滤推荐算法

针对传统的协同过滤推荐算法存在评分数据稀疏和推荐准确率偏低的问题,提出了一种优化聚类的协同过滤推荐算法。根据用户的评分差异对原始评分矩阵进行预处理,再将得到的用户项目评分矩阵以及项目类型矩阵构造用户类别偏好矩阵,更好反映用户的兴趣偏好,缓解数据的稀疏性。在该矩阵上利用花朵授粉优化的模糊聚类算法对用户聚类,增强用户的聚类效果,并将项目偏好信息的相似度与项目评分矩阵的相似度进行加权求和,得到多个最近邻居。融合时间因素对目标用户进行项目评分预测,改善用户兴趣变化对推荐效果的影响。通过在MovieLens 100k数据集上实验结果表明,提出的算法缓解了数据的稀疏性问题,提高了推荐的准确性。     

一种融合聚类与用户兴趣偏好的协同过滤推荐算法

协同过滤推荐算法可以根据已知用户的偏好预测其可能感兴趣的项目,是现今最为成功、应用最广泛的推荐技术。然而,传统的协同过滤推荐算法受限于数据稀疏性问题,推荐结果较差。目前的协同过滤推荐算法大多只针对用户-项目评分矩阵进行数据分析,忽视了项目属性特征及用户对项目属性特征的偏好。针对上述问题,提出了一种融合聚类和用户兴趣偏好的协同过滤推荐算法。首先根据用户评分矩阵与项目类型信息,构建用户针对项目类型的用户兴趣偏好矩阵;然后利用K-Means算法对项目集进行聚类,并基于用户兴趣偏好矩阵查找待估值项所对应的近邻用户;在此基础上,通过结合项目相似度的加权Slope One算法在每一个项目类簇中对稀疏矩阵进行填充,以缓解数据稀疏性问题;进而基于用户兴趣偏好矩阵对用户进行聚类;最后,面向填充后的评分矩阵,在每一个用户类簇中使用基于用户的协同过滤算法对项目评分进行预测。实验结果表明,所提算法能够有效缓解原始评分矩阵的稀疏性问题,提升算法的推荐质量。     

融合本体语义与用户属性的协同过滤算法

传统协同过滤推荐算法在处理海量数据时存在数据稀疏性和项目长尾效应,导致推荐精度较低。针对该问题,结合本体语义和用户属性,提出一种改进的协同过滤算法。利用本体计算项目之间的语义相似度,构建项目相似度矩阵,同时引入用户属性计算用户相似度矩阵。通过融合本体语义和用户属性形成用户-项目评分矩阵,并对该矩阵的预测评分进行加权处理,生成TOP-N推荐结果。实验结果表明,相比传统皮尔逊相似度计算协同过滤算法、基于本体语义的协同过滤算法和基于评分矩阵填充与用户兴趣的协同过滤算法,该算法的平均绝对误差较低,准确率较高,综合性能及新颖度较优。     

基于GEP-RBF的协同过滤数据稀疏性问题研究

针对传统协同过滤推荐算法的数据稀疏性问题,提出了基于GEP-RBF的协同过滤推荐算法.该算法对目标用户偏好的分类范畴进行了分析,构建了局部用户-项目评分矩阵,同时利用GEP优化RBF神经网络,预测局部用户-项目评分矩阵的缺失评分,平滑评分矩阵,并给出了用户评分项目交集阈值修正相似度的方法,提高用户相似度计算的准确性.实验结果表明,该算法能有效地缓解数据稀疏性问题,从而提高了协同过滤推荐系统的推荐质量.     

一种基于Sigmoid函数的改进协同过滤推荐算法

随着电子商务和社交网络的蓬勃发展, 推荐系统逐渐成为数据挖掘领域的重要研究方向。推荐系统能够从海量信息中定位用户兴趣点, 提供个性化服务。协同过滤算法能够有效分析用户偏好, 提供合适的推荐服务。针对评分矩阵稀疏时传统协同过滤算法性能很差的问题, 提出一种基于Sigmoid函数的改进推荐系统算法。利用Sigmoid函数对不同项目进行建模, 得到项目的平均受欢迎程度; 利用Sigmoid函数对不同用户进行建模, 将评分映射为用户对项目的喜好程度; 根据用户对项目喜好程度应该与项目平均受欢迎程度贴近的原则进行评分预测。在两组真实数据集合上的实验结果表明, 该算法较好地解决了数据稀疏性问题, 能够有效提高传统算法的预测准确性。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).