Spark框架下利用分布式NBC的大数据文本分类方法

针对现有面向大数据的计算框架在可扩展性机器学习研究中面临的挑战,提出了基于MapReduce和Apache Spark框架的分布式朴素贝叶斯文本分类方法。通过研究MapReduce和Apache Spark框架的适应性来探索朴素贝叶斯分类器（NBC）,并研究了现有面向大数据的计算框架。首先,基于朴素贝叶斯文本分类模型将训练样本数据集分为◢m◣类;进一步在训练阶段中,将前一个MapReduce的输出作为后一个MapReduce的输入,采用四个MapReduce作业得出模型。该设计过程充分利用了MapReduce的并行优势,最后在分类器测试时取出最大值所属的类标签值。在Newgroups数据集进行实验,在所有五类新闻数据组上的分类都取得了99%以上的结果,并且均高于对比算法,证明了提出方法的准确性。     

非独立同分布下数值型数据的KNN算法改进

为挖掘数据的非独立同分布关系并解决传统KNN算法中存在的分类结果不准确的问题,提出一种非独立同分布下数值型数据的KNN改进算法.利用Pearson相关系数公式得出耦合相似度矩阵,通过该耦合相似度矩阵计算样本的类隶属度,通过Relief F算法思想进行特征权重的计算,根据训练样本的类隶属度和特征权重更新类别决策规则,确定待分类样本的类别.对多个UCI数据集的验证结果表明,该算法能够有效提高分类准确率.     

基于Spark框架的高效KNN中文文本分类算法

针对K-最近邻（KNN）分类算法时间复杂度与训练样本数量成正比而导致的计算量大的问题以及当前大数据背景下面临的传统架构处理速度慢的问题,提出了一种基于Spark框架与聚类优化的高效KNN分类算法。该算法首先利用引入收缩因子的优化K-medoids聚类算法对训练集进行两次裁剪;然后在分类过程中迭代K值获得分类结果,并在计算过程中结合Spark计算框架对数据进行分区迭代实现并行化。实验结果表明,在不同数据集中传统K-最近邻算法、基于K-medoids的K-最近邻算法所耗费时间是所提Spark框架下的K-最近邻算法的3.92~31.90倍,所提算法具有较高的计算效率,相较于Hadoop平台有较好的加速比,可有效地对大数据进行分类处理。     

基于FCM的两级集成分类器算法

基于模糊聚类的思想提出了一种新的两级集成分类器算法.将数据集用Fuzzy C-Means算法进行聚类,得到每个实例对应于每个类别的模糊隶属度.一级集成根据Bagging算法获得成员分类器,分类器个数为数据集类别数且每个成员分类器对应一个类别标号,这些成员分类器的采样方式是通过其对应类别的模糊隶属度为每个实例加权后进行随机重采样.二级集成是将一级集成产生的针对类别的成员分类器通过动态加权多数投票法来组合,学习到最终的分类结果.该算法称为EWFuzzyBagging,实验结果表明,该算法与Bagging和AdaBoost相比具有更好的健壮性.     

一种基于Canopy和粗糙集的CRS-KNN文本分类算法

针对KNN算法的分类效率随着训练集规模和特征维数的增加而逐渐降低的问题,提出了一种基于Canopy和粗糙集的CRS-KNN（Canopy Rough Set-KNN）文本分类算法。算法首先将待处理的文本数据通过Canopy进行聚类,然后对得到的每个类簇运用粗糙集理论进行上、下近似分割,对于分割得到的下近似区域无需再进行分类,而通过上、下近似作差所得的边界区域数据需要通过KNN算法确定其最终的类别。实验结果表明,该算法降低了KNN算法的数据计算规模,提高了分类效率。同时与传统的KNN算法和基于聚类改进的KNN文本分类算法相比,准确率、召回率和[F1]值都得到了一定的提高。     

基于最大隶属度原则的基因表达式编程分类

提出了一种基于最大隶属度原则的基因表达式编程(Gene Expression Programming,GEP)分类方法MDM-GEP。引入模糊集合中的隶属度描述分类的模糊性,在训练集上得到逼近各类别隶属函数的GEP分类器。对于待分类实例,计算其在各模糊集中的隶属度,基于最大隶属度的模糊模式识别原则确定最终归属类,并在三个UCI数据集上对该算法进行了实验。实验结果表明,MDM-GEP不仅具有较好的分类性能,而且有效解决了传统的简单GEP分类方法中存在的拒分区域问题。     

基于K-Medoids聚类的改进KNN文本分类算法

为有效提高传统KNN算法(K最近邻算法)在海量数据的分类效率,分析传统KNN算法的分类过程,提出基于K-Medoids聚类的改进KNN算法。利用K-Medoids算法对文本训练集进行聚类,把文本训练集分成相似度较高的簇;根据待分类文本与簇的相对位置,对文本训练集进行裁剪,解决传统KNN算法在文本训练集过大时速度慢的问题。分析与实验结果表明,该裁剪方法能够合理有效地裁剪文本训练集,提高了KNN算法的运行效率和分类能力。     

基于犹豫模糊决策树的非均衡数据分类

为优化针对非均衡数据的分类效果,结合犹豫模糊集理论与决策树算法,提出一种改进的模糊决策树算法。通过SMOTE算法对非均衡数据进行过采样处理,使用K-means聚类方法获得各属性的聚类中心点,利用2种不同的隶属度函数对数据集进行模糊化处理。在此基础上,根据隶属度函数和犹豫模糊集的信息能量求得各属性的犹豫模糊信息增益,选取最大值替代Fuzzy ID3算法中的模糊信息增益作为属性的分裂准则,构建一个用于非均衡数据分类的犹豫模糊决策树模型。实验结果表明,基于犹豫模糊决策树的分类器在AUC评价指标上相对于C4.5、KNN、随机森林等传统分类算法平均提高了12.6%。     

Spark平台下的高效Web文本分类系统的研究

针对KNN分类算法在面对海量Web文本处理情况时在单机上训练和测试效率低下的问题,提出基于Hadoop分布式平台以及Spark并行计算模型的无中间结果输出的改进型Web文本分类系统。同时为了充分利用Spark的迭代计算能力,在文本向量化阶段,在传统TFIDF文本特征加权算法的基础上充分考虑特征项在类内和类间的信息分布,提出一种改进的特征加权算法。实验结果表明,该文本分类系统结合Spark计算模型在提高文本预处理、文本向量化以及KNN文本分类算法的性能上有着优异的表现。     

一种快速的模糊局部C-均值聚类分割算法

针对模糊局部C-均值聚类算法计算复杂度高且对大数据样本集进行聚类时极为耗时的特点,提出了快速的模糊局部C-均值聚类分割算法。该算法将目标像素点与其邻域像素点构成的共生矩阵引入模糊局部C-均值算法,得到新的聚类隶属度和聚类中心表达式。对像素分类时,利用邻域像素隶属度进行滤波处理,进一步改善了算法的抗噪性。实验结果表明,该算法满足了图像分割有效性的需求,相较于模糊局部C-均值聚类算法,该算法具有更好的分割性能和实时性,能更好地满足实际场合图像分割的需要。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.