中文异构百科知识库实体对齐

针对传统实体对齐方法在中文异构网络百科实体对齐任务中效果不够显著的问题,提出一种基于实体属性与上下文主题特征相结合的实体对齐方法。首先,基于百度百科及互动百科数据构造中文异构百科知识库,通过统计方法构造资源描述框架模式（RDFS）词表,对实体属性进行规范化;其次,抽取实体上下文信息,对其进行中文分词后,利用主题模型对上下文建模并通过吉布斯采样法求解模型参数,计算出主题-单词概率矩阵,提取特征词集合及对应特征矩阵;然后,利用最长公共子序列（LCS）算法判定实体属性相似度,当相似度位于下界与上界之间时,进一步结合百科类实体上下文主题特征进行判定;最后,依据标准方法构造了一个异构中文百科实体对齐数据集进行仿真实验。实验结果表明,与经典的属性相似度算法、属性加权算法、上下文词频特征模型及主题模型算法进行比较,所提出的实体对齐算法在人物领域和影视领域的准确率、召回率与综合指标F值分别达到97.8%、88.0%、92.6%和98.6%、73.0%、83.9%,比其他方法均有较大的提高。实验结果验证了在构建中文异构百科知识库场景中,所提算法可以有效提升中文百科实体对齐效果,可应用到具有上下文信息的实体对齐任务中。     

基于半监督协同训练的百科知识库实体对齐

针对传统实体对齐方法中的有监督学习算法依赖大量标注数据,以及特征表示不适用于百科知识库等问题,提出一种基于半监督协同训练的实体对齐方法。将实体对齐建模为一个带约束的二分类问题,充分利用实体名、属性、描述文本及其中的时间、数值等关键信息,组合生成多维特征;将特征划分为2个相对独立的视图,通过2个视图上分类器的协同训练,迭代地从未标注数据中学习同义实体的分布情况。在2个中文百科上的实验结果表明,使用半监督协同训练方法进行实体对齐的F1值达到84.3%,较其他方法效果最优,证明了其有效性和在百科知识库上的实用价值。     

基于双层图注意力网络的邻域信息聚合实体对齐方法

针对知识图谱中存在部分属性信息对实体对齐任务影响程度不一致以及实体的邻域信息重要程度不一致的问题,提出了一种结合双层图注意力网络的邻域信息聚合实体对齐方法（two-layer graph attention network entity alignment,TGAEA）。该方法采用双层图神经网络,首先利用第一层网络对实体属性进行注意力系数计算,降低无用属性对实体对齐的影响;随后,结合第二层网络对实体名称、关系和结构等信息进行特征加权,以区分实体邻域信息的重要性;最后,借助自举方法扩充种子实体对,并结合邻域信息相似度矩阵进行实体距离度量。实验表明,在DWY100K数据集上,TGAEA模型相较于当前基线模型,hit@1、hit@10和MRR指标分别提升了4.18%、4.81%和5%,证明了双层图注意力网络在邻域信息聚合实体对齐方面的显著效果。     

基于图神经网络的多信息优化实体对齐模型

实体对齐是知识融合中的一个关键步骤，旨在发现知识图谱间存在对应关系的实体对。知识图谱融合后可以为下游提供更加广泛而准确的服务。现有的实体对齐模型对实体名称和关系的利用往往不足，在得到实体的向量表示后通过单一的迭代策略或者直接计算得出实体的对齐关系，忽略了部分有用信息，导致实体对齐的结果欠佳。针对上述问题，提出了一种基于图神经网络的多信息优化实体对齐模型。首先，模型的输入融合了实体名称中的单词信息和字符信息，通过注意力机制学习关系的向量表示并利用关系传递信息。在利用实体和关系的预对齐结果修正实体对齐矩阵的基础上，使用延迟接受算法修正部分错误对齐的结果。所提模型在DBP15K的3个子数据集上进行了对比和消融实验。结果表明，相比基线模型，其Hits@1指标分别提高了4.47%,0.82%和0.46%,Hits@10和MRR指标也取得了良好的结果。通过消融实验进一步验证了所提模型的有效性，总体上可以获得更加准确的实体对齐结果。     

多信息加权融合实体对齐算法

针对已有实体相似度计算方法在实体对齐任务上准确率较低的问题,提出一种多信息加权融合实体对齐算法.分别采用动态规划求解最小编辑距离及Doc2 vec模型训练文本获取包含语义信息的特征向量等方法,对实体的结构化属性及非结构化文本进行相似度求解;通过加权平均获取实体综合相似度,完成实体对齐任务.对比实验表明,所提出算法有效提高了实体对齐的准确率,并具有更好的算法迁移性.     

基于双向GCN和CVm的实体对齐模型研究

实体对齐旨在发现并链接不同知识图谱中指向现实世界的相同实体对象.针对基于图卷积网络的实体对齐通常作用于单一关系类型的无向图,容易导致对应实体学习的嵌入结果不一致问题,构建了一种基于双向图卷积网络和变异系数法的实体对齐模型.该模型通过拆分非对称邻接权重矩阵构建双向图卷积网络方法,学习实体前后向隐藏特征,实现实体的完整表示;同时通过变异系数法为属性加权,选择最有代表性的实体局部语义信息,有效提高实体对齐精确度.通过在两组大型真实异构数据集上对模型进行验证,实验结果表明,该方法与现有基于嵌入的实体对齐方法相比Hit@1值平均提高了4％,同时保持较高的平均倒数秩,在一定程度上可以提高实体对齐效果.     

基于HowNet义原和Word2vec词向量表示的多特征融合消歧方法

针对目前词向量表示低频词质量差,表示的语义信息容易混淆,以及现有的消歧模型对多义词不能准确区分等问题,提出一种基于词向量融合表示的多特征融合消歧方法。该方法将使用知网（HowNet）义原表示的词向量与Word2vec生成的词向量进行融合来补全词的多义信息以及提高低频词的表示质量。首先计算待消歧实体与候选实体的余弦相似度来获得二者的相似度;其次使用聚类算法和知网知识库来获取实体类别特征相似度;然后利用改进的潜在狄利克雷分布（LDA）主题模型来抽取主题关键词以计算实体主题特征相似度,最后通过加权融合以上三类特征相似度实现多义词词义消歧。在西藏畜牧业领域测试集上进行的实验结果表明,所提方法的准确率（90.1%）比典型的图模型消歧方法提高了7.6个百分点。     

基于双向对齐与属性信息的跨语言实体对齐

实体对齐表示在不同的知识图谱中查找引用相同现实身份的实体。目前主流的基于图嵌入的实体对齐方法中的对齐实体通常具有相似的属性,有效利用属性信息可提升实体对齐效果,同时由于不同知识图谱之间的知识分布差异,仅考虑单个方向的对齐预测会导致预测结果出现偏差。针对上述问题,提出一种改进的跨语言实体对齐方法。利用融合属性信息的双向对齐图卷积网络模型,将前馈神经网络编码实体对应的属性信息与初始的实体嵌入相结合,得到联合属性信息的实体表示,并使用双向对齐机制实现跨语言的实体对齐预测。在3个跨语言数据集上的实验结果表明,该方法通过融合更多的知识图谱信息增强了实体表示能力,并且利用双向对齐机制缓解了数据分布差异问题,相比基于图嵌入的实体对齐方法整体性能更优。     

实体对齐研究综述

实体对齐(Entity Alignment)旨在发现不同知识图谱(Knowledge Graph)中指代相同事物的实体,是知识图谱融合的关键技术,近年来受到了广泛的关注.早期,研究者们使用字符串的各种特征来进行实体对齐工作.近年来,随着知识表示学习(Knowledge Representation Learning)技术的不断发展,研究者们提出了许多基于知识表示学习的实体对齐方法,效果明显优于传统方法.然而,实体对齐的研究仍然存在着许多亟待解决的问题与挑战,比如数据质量、计算效率等.本文从实体对齐的定义、数据集和评价指标出发,详细深入地综述和比较了传统实体对齐方法和基于知识表示学习的实体对齐方法.针对传统方法,分类介绍了基于相似性计算和基于关系推理的实体对齐方法,并深入研究了每类方法对字符特征、属性特征、关系特征的利用,同时深入分析了不同方法之间的优势与不足.针对基于知识表示学习的实体对齐方法,本文进行了重点讨论、分析和对比.首先,本文将该类实体对齐方法抽象为由三个模块(即嵌入模块、交互模块和对齐模块)组成的统一框架,依据三个模块对每个方法进行了详细的综述.进一步地,根据方法所利用的信...     

基于属性嵌入与图注意力网络的实体对齐算法

实体对齐旨在找到位于不同知识图谱中的等效实体,是实现知识融合的重要步骤.当前主流的方法是基于图神经网络的实体对齐方法,这些方法往往过于依赖图的结构信息,导致在特定图结构上训练得到的模型不能拓展应用于其他图结构中.同时,大多数方法未能充分利用辅助信息,例如属性信息.为此,本文提出了一种基于图注意力网络和属性嵌入的实体对齐方法,该方法使用图注意力网络对不同的知识图谱进行编码,引入注意力机制从实体应用到属性,在对齐阶段将结构嵌入和属性嵌入进行结合实现实体对齐效果的提升.在现实世界的3个真实数据集上对本文模型进行了验证,实验结果表明提出的方法在很大程度上优于基准的实体对齐方法.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).