不确定GM-CFSFDP聚类算法在滑坡危险性预测中的应用

针对滑坡危险性预测中降雨等不确定诱发因素难以有效处理,CFSFDP算法需要人工尝试设置密度阈值以及对大规模数据集无法进行准确聚类等问题,为了提高滑坡危险性预测准确度,提出一种基于网格与类合并的不确定CFSFDP （简称不确定GM-CFSFDP）聚类算法.该算法首先引入不确定数据处理方法,设计了E-ML距离公式,有效刻画降雨不确定因素;其次通过网格划分的思想把大规模数据集划分到多个网格空间中,实现大规模数据有效编码;计算网格平均密度,建立网格密度阈值分布模型,动态获得网格密度阈值;最后利用层次聚类思想对关联性较高的类进行合并,构建不确定GM-CFSFDP算法模型,在延安宝塔区进行滑坡实例验证.实验结果表明不确定GM-CFSFDP聚类算法获得较高的预测精度,从而验证了该算法在滑坡危险性预测中的可行性和先进性.     

不确定PAHT聚类算法在滑坡危险性预测上的应用

针对滑坡预测聚类研究中由于难以确定传统聚类算法需要预先设置的簇个数和无法精准衡量不确定因素降雨量导致预测效果欠佳的问题,提出一种新的聚类算法—不确定PAHT（partition algorithm on the hierarchical thinking）算法,该算法引入一种不确定数据模型——M-D距离,其有效刻画了不确定的雨量数据;并结合层次聚类思想,通过找出最佳阙值p*自动确定k值。以延安宝塔区为实例进行对比实验,实验结果验证了不确定M-D距离和PAHT算法的有效性及不确定PAHT算法在滑坡危险性预测上的可行性。     

不确定近似骨架蚁群聚类算法在滑坡危险性预测中的研究与应用

受不确定因素降雨难以准确处理的制约以及蚁群聚类算法在搜索空间容易陷入局部最优解和搜索速度慢的特征影响,为了提高滑坡危险性预测的精度,提出一种不确定近似骨架蚁群聚类算法。首先采用Gauss点概率模型来描述不确定数据,对不确定数据进行相似性度量;其次引入信息素重分配和自适应动态变量实现蚁群聚类算法局部信息素和全局信息素更新,提高蚁群聚类算法搜索速度,加载遗传算法避免蚁群聚类算法过早陷入局部最优;最后结合近似骨架理论,构建不确定近似骨架蚁群聚类算法模型,缩减迭代次数,快速搜索出聚类结果。在UCI真实数据集和延安宝塔区滑坡实验数据集上的实验结果显示,不确定近似骨架蚁群聚类 算法具有较高的聚类质量,预测精度达到93.3%,验证了算法在滑坡危险性预测中的可行性。     

基于密度峰值的混合型数据聚类算法设计

针对k-prototypes算法无法自动识别簇数以及无法发现任意形状的簇的问题,提出一种针对混合型数据的新方法：寻找密度峰值的聚类算法。首先,把CFSFDP（Clustering by Fast Search and Find of Density Peaks）聚类算法扩展到混合型数据集,定义混合型数据对象之间的距离后利用CFSFDP算法确定出簇中心,这样也就自动确定了簇的个数,然后其余的点按照密度从大到小的顺序进行分配。其次,研究了该算法中阈值（截断距离）及权值的选取问题：对于密度公式中的阈值,通过计算数据场中的势熵来自动提取;对于距离公式中的权值,利用度量数值型数据集和分类型数据集聚类趋势的统计量来定义。最后通过在三个实际混合型数据集上的测试发现：与传统k-prototypes算法相比,寻找密度峰值的聚类算法能有效提高聚类的精度。     

不确定遗传神经网络在滑坡危险性预测中的研究与应用

针对滑坡危险性预测中降雨等不确定因素难以获取,以及有效处理和标准反向传播算法存在局部极小值和训练速度慢等问题,为提高滑坡危险性的预测精度,提出一种不确定遗传神经网络滑坡预测方法。基于改进遗传算法和反向传播神经网络分类算法,结合滑坡灾害预测相关理论,考虑到与滑坡灾害密切相关的降雨等不确定因素,给出不确定数据分离度的概念,阐述不确定属性数据的处理方法,构建不确定遗传神经网络,建立滑坡灾害预测模型,以延安宝塔区为例进行验证。实验结果显示,该方法的有效精度和总体精度分别为92.1%和86.7%,验证了不确定遗传神经网络算法在滑坡灾害预测中的可行性。     

一种存在级不确定数据流聚类算法

针对不确定数据流聚类算法——EMicro在聚类结果的精确性和聚类中数据的概率相似度方面的不足,提出一种新基于存在级的不确定数据流算法——UDs Stream。该算法通过设置概率阈值,将不确定性高的点和不确定性低的点分开处理,提高聚类结果的准确性和聚类中数据概率相似度。同时引入窗口和密度的方法,设置动态密度阈值,能够动态掌握数据流的分布特征,使聚类过程有更好的灵活性。实验结果证明,与EMicro相比,UDs Stream算法聚类效果更好。     

基于相对密度的不确定数据聚类算法

传统的基于相对密度的聚类算法有效地解决了密度聚类算法对参数敏感以及不能区分不同密度等级簇的问题。基于相对密度的不确定聚类算法,借用了相对密度算法的思想,根据不确定数据的特征,定义了不确定数据的距离公式、相对密度、核心点、密度可达等相关概念,从而提出了一种能够有效地处理不确定数据的新算法。数据仿真结果表明了该算法的有效性和可用性。     

基于距离和密度的多阶段聚类

随着聚类技术的发展．对不同密度的数据集的聚类需求也越来越迫切。为了解决不同密度数据集的聚类问题,提出一种基于距离和密度的多阶段聚类算法MCDD。该算法主要采用多阶段密度处理技术提取不同密度的聚类,同时使用密度因子提高聚类的精度．最后通过使用距离阈值的方法去除孤立点和噪声数据。实验表明,该算法在扩展性方面表现良好．对任意形状和大小的聚类都可以很好地处理,并能够很好地识别出孤立点或噪声,在处理多密度聚类方面有很好的精度。     

基于不确定决策树分类算法在滑坡危险性预测的应用

滑坡灾害预测受多种因素影响,其中降雨等不确定因素存在难以获取数据及有效处理等难题,为提高滑坡危险性预测的准确率,根据滑坡灾害发生相关理论及决策树分类原理,提出了基于不确定决策树算法在滑坡危险性预测的方法.该方法引入不确定因子降雨,并将不确定因子和其余评价因子一起,根据不确定决策树算法理论构建出不确定决策树,建立滑坡危险性等级预测模型,并用延安市宝塔区的实例进行验证.实验结果表明,该预测方法取得了较高的总体精度和有效精度,达到了滑坡预测的精度标准,且两项预测精度均高于传统C4.5决策树方法.     

基于密度与网格的聚类算法的改进

针对传统基于密度树网格聚类算法中存在人为设置密度阈值、重复查询邻域内对象以及边界点处理不当等问题,提出了一种改进的基于密度与网格的聚类算法。该算法首先将全部网格的平均密度值作为其密度阈值,避免了人为设置密度阈值的偏差;其次采用自适应算法确定密度半径,使其能适用到动态的聚类中;然后采用对邻域外未标记的点作为下一个核心点,依据分类情况进行扩展,对邻域对象的查询不再出现重复;最后对边界点进行了处理,增强了算法的聚类精度。实验结果表明,改进的算法在时间的效率及精度方面均有提高,并且能更好地适应聚类的动态性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.