The performance of depressed-cladding single-mode fibers withdifferent b/a ratios

Depressed-cladding single-mode fibers with a first cladding-to-core ratio (b/a) ranging from seven to one and relative refractive-index differences of the core from 0.25 to 0.35% and of the cladding from 0 to -0.2% are investigated experimentally with respect to the LP₁₁ mode cutoff properties, the mode-field diameter, the dispersion, and the bending attenuation. Numerical calculations based on actual profile parameters of the bend loss and the mode-field diameter agree well with experiment. It is demonstrated that low attenuation and bend losses independent of b/a can be obtained if the cutoff wavelength is kept constant by adjusting the core radius, the core index or the index of the first cladding     

Tolerance Requirements for Dispersion Free Single-Mode Fiber Design: Influence of Geometrical Parameters, Dopant Diffusion, and Axial Dip

The dispersion sensitivity to small changes in index-differences, radius, and wavelength is investigated in the case of dispersion free single-mode fibers. If a minimum bandwidth is required, tolerances on the various parameters can then be deduced: singly- and doubly-clad structures are compared. Constant reference is made to the HE/sub 11/ mode spot-size to relate dispersion properties and attenuation. A nonzero fundamental mode cutoff is shown to induce an enhanced sensitivity to a change in fiber geometrical characteristics. The effect of dopant diffusion and axial dip on dispersion is then considered and conclusions are drawn concerning the use of profiles measured on preforms to predict fiber propagation properties.     

Suppression of cladding-mode coupling loss in fiber Bragg gratings by independent control of refractive index and photosensitive profiles in a single-mode optical fiber

A new method to suppress the cladding-mode coupling loss in fiber Bragg gratings, by independent control of the core refractive index profile and the photosensitive profile, is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Across the core and the inner cladding, a uniform step photosensitive profile was introduced by co-doping GeO/sub 2/ and B/sub 2/O/sub 3/. The core refractive index was selectively raised by further doping Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ in the core that has negligible photosensitivity at 244 nm. For strong Bragg gratings inscribed on the fiber, the cladding-mode coupling loss was suppressed below 0.3 dB.     

负折射率及零折射率光纤的光学特性

研究了芯层折射率为正,包层折射率为负的光纤导模光学特性,通过色散曲线分析比较了与常规光纤的不同,表现为低阶的简并的模式更少,单模存在的区域更多。进而分析了当包层折射率趋于零时的光学特性,发现与前两种光纤的光学特性都不同。分析发现当包层的介电常数和磁导率有一个为零时,在较小的区域各自出现了一条单模,与常规光纤的HE11模特性有很大不同,其色散曲线偏离方式与常规光纤相反,且出现了无模式存在的区域。     

Excitation and Scattering of Modes on a Dielectric or Optical Fiber

A technique similar to that of Kirchhoff is used to obtain an analytic expression for mode Iaunching on a semi-infinite rod. The approximation is quasi-optical and only valid for small angles of incidence /spl theta/. When /spl theta/ = 0 only HE/sub 1M/ modes are excited; however, for /spl theta/<<1 many modes can be launched. The effect on HE/sub 11/ mode propagation of small imperfections in a dielectric waveguide is analyzed. At the frequency of interest for optical communication (cutoff for the TM/sub 01/ mode) the radiated power is 160 times larger than that scattered into the HE/sub 11/ mode.     

Analysis of mode quality factors and mode reflectivities for nanowire cavity by FDTD technique

The mode frequency and the quality factor of nanowire cavities are calculated from the intensity spectrum obtained by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique and the Pade/spl acute/ approximation. In a free-standing nanowire cavity with dielectric constant /spl epsiv/=6.0 and a length of 5 /spl mu/m, quality factors of 130, 159, and 151 are obtained for the HE/sub 11/ modes with a wavelength around 375 nm, at cavity radius of 60, 75, and 90 nm, respectively. The corresponding quality factors reduce to 78, 94, and 86 for a nanowire cavity standing on a sapphire substrate with a refractive index of 1.8. The mode quality factors are also calculated for the TE/sub 01/ and TM/sub 01/ modes, and the mode reflectivities are calculated from the mode quality factors.     

微结构光子晶体光纤中的TE模传输

通过光子能带带隙和传输模式的数值模拟分析,研究了空芯和实芯微结构光子晶体光纤中,横电模TE作为基模传输的可能性,得出了TE模作为基模传输的基本条件为：只有当光纤包层第二禁带部分落在纤芯折射率分界线以上时,才能保证将光束缚在纤芯中传输,同时其传输的基模才是横电模TE;若在包层第一禁带,其传输的将是混合模HE11。     

New class of nonlinear systematic error detecting codes

A code C detects error e with probability 1-Q(e),ifQ(e) is a fraction of codewords y such that y, y+e/spl isin/C. We present a class of optimal nonlinear q-ary systematic (n, q/sup k/)-codes (robust codes) minimizing over all (n, q/sup k/)-codes the maximum of Q(e) for nonzero e. We also show that any linear (n, q/sup k/)-code V with n /spl les/2k can be modified into a nonlinear (n, q/sup k/)-code C/sub v/ with simple encoding and decoding procedures, such that the set E={e|Q(e)=1} of undetected errors for C/sub v/ is a (k-r)-dimensional subspace of V (|E|=q/sup k-r/ instead of q/sup k/ for V). For the remaining q/sup n/-q/sup k-r/ nonzero errors, Q(e)/spl les/q/sup -r/for q/spl ges/3 and Q(e)/spl les/ 2/sup -r+1/ for q=2.     

Design Considerations of Broadband Dual-Mode Optical Fibers

We propose and present design data for a new type of graded index fiber which has a profile and radius such that only two mode groups (LP/sub 01/ and LP/sub 11/) propagate and both propagate with virtually identical group velocities. This dual-mode fiber has a core diameter approximately twice that of a conventional step index single-mode fiber. For example, a core diameter of 16.3 mu m is attainable with relative index difference Delta=0.3 percent at 1.25-mu m wavelength. Fabrication tolerances securing a group delay difference below 100 ps/km are given by a power-law profile parameter alpha=4.85/spl plusmn/0.25 and a normalized frequency upsilon=4.45/spl plusmn/0.11. The allowable upsilon-value deviation range to keep the group delay difference within 100 ps/km is about five times as large as that of a step-index fiber, in which group delays of two mode groups are matched. Comparison with a multimode graded-index fiber, with respect to group delay characteristics and bending loss of the dual-mode fiber, are also discussed.     

Finite cladding effects in W-fibres: a new interpretation of leakage losses

According to both experiments and calculations, the HE11 mode in depressed inner-cladding single-mode fibres should not be described beyond cutoff with the leaky mode formalism but with a formalism of coupling between a core mode and discrete, lossy cladding modes.     

Very large effective area singlemode photonic bandgap fibre

A photonic bandgap fibre consisting of a 34 /spl mu/m diameter pure silica core surrounded by a periodic cladding has been modelled and characterised. It guides a robust HE/sub 11/ mode at 1.55 /spl mu/m with a 517 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ effective area and 0.4 dB/m propagation losses.     

Design Consideration on Broad-Band W-Type Two-Mode Optical Fibers

Structural design for broad-band W-type two-mode optical fibers is investigated. The optimum parameters are numerically determined as follows: the operating V-value with zero group delay time difference Delta lambda between the LP/sub 01/ and LP/sub 11/ modes is 6.7, the ratio of core radius to inner cladding radius is 0.6, and the index profile parameter is 2.02. then, the core radius is 12.3 µm for Delta=0.3 percent at the operating wavelength of 1.3 µm. The V-value deviation tolerance from the optimum to maintain Delta lambda less than +-20 ps/km is 21 percent, which is 20 times larger than that of the earlier design made on two-layer index profile.     

Simultaneous observation of photobleaching and photorefractive effects in germanium-doped optical fibers

Photobleaching and photorefractive effects caused by intense pulsed laser irradiation at 532 nm have been observed simultaneously in a germanium-doped monomode fiber. A decrease of up to 4.1*10/sup -4/ in the refractive index of the core at 633 nm was inferred from the change in the radiation pattern of a probe beam and also from the change in the cutoff wavelength of the LP/sub 11/ mode. The effect is attributed to the bleaching of preexisting Ge(1) color centers in the fiber.<>     

Propagation in Doubly Clad Single-Mode Fibers

General propagation properties and universal curves are given for doubly clad single-mode fibers with inner cladding index higher or lower than outer cladding index, using the two parameters inner cladding/core radii ratio and inner cladding/core index differences ratio. LP01, LP11, and LP02 cutoff conditions are examined. It is shown that dispersion properties largely differ from the singly clad single-mode fiber case, leading to large new possibilities for low-loss dispersion-free fibers at any wavelength between 1.3 and 1.7 µm.     

Observation of self-lensing in a 4BCMU-polydiacetylene, thin-film waveguide

Strong self-lensing effects have been observed when propagating 35 ps duration, 1.06 mu m wavelength pulses over 5-10 mm distance through thin-film slab waveguides formed from 4BCMU-polydiacetylene. The results are consistent with a negative nonlinear refractive index coefficient (n/sub 2/) of magnitude 1-2*10/sup -13/ cm/sup 2/ W/sup -1/.<>     

低折射率芯PCF基模损耗的数值模拟与分析

应用多极法理论计算了低折射率芯光子晶体光纤（PCF）基模的损耗并与未掺杂芯PCF进行了比较，发现可以从损耗的角度来理解低折射率芯PCF的截止特性：传输波长靠近短波长时，模式的损耗会突然变大，从而导致基模截止；而处于长波长时，这种光纤的传输特性和普通PCF相类似。通过改变纤芯折射率的大小和包层中空气孔的大小，可以对光纤的截止波长进行调节。     

非线性包层矩形波导基模的均匀芯区场

通过对芯片为线性、介质包层为非线性自聚焦Kerr介质的埋入型矩形波导的理论分析和数值计算表明：当模折射等于芯片折射率时,E00^y模芯区的场呈现等振幅的均匀分布四周包层的场则急剧衰减;在模折射率分别小于和大于芯片折射率时,E00^y模芯区场分布分别成为上凸和下凹的曲面。     

Streak camera study of ultrashort pulse propagation in a weakly multimode optical fibre

A mode-locked dye laser in conjunction with a synchronously operating streak camera has been used to study ultrashort light pulse propagation in a weakly multimode optical fibre. Measurements of the intermodal temporal dispersion allowed the effective core radius a, the refractive index difference ? and the cutoff wavelengths of the LP21 and LP11 mode groups to be determined. The LP21 cutoff wavelength was experimentally verified and the temporal dispersion of the LP01 and LP11 mode groups investigated as a function of the fibre length.     

大模场抗弯曲全固态光纤的结构设计

提出了一种具有对称结构的大模场面积和低弯曲损耗的新型结构光纤,运用全矢量有限元法结合完美匹配层边界条件分析了光纤特性。该光纤由纤芯中的梯形折射率环和包层中的多层下陷层组成,仿真结果显示该光纤具有低弯曲损耗大模场单模传输的特性。对比分析了梯形谐振环、矩形谐振环、三角形谐振环结构光纤的弯曲损耗以及电场模式分布,实验结果显示梯形折射率环更具优越性。多层下陷层结构将模场限制在纤芯中,下陷层的数量大于2时模场面积基本上保持不变。研究结果表明,在波长为1 550 nm、弯曲半径为20 cm时,基模(FM)弯曲损耗只有0.056 868 dB/m,而高阶模(HOMs)损耗为3.58 dB/m,有效模场面积可达2 313.67μm²。该光纤对弯曲方向不敏感,在高功率光纤激光器放大器等光通信器件领域具有广阔的发展前景。     

增益导引和折射率导引在大模场单模光纤设计中的应用

传统的大模场光纤是通过设计光纤结构来获得大模场面积的,可以实现的模场面积只能达到几百平方微米。增益导引和折射率导引相结合是实现大模场单模光纤的一种新方法。通过分析增益因子对折射率以及归一化频率的影响,得到了光纤中各阶模式截止条件与纤芯包层折射率差和增益因子的关系。最后以包层折射率为1.5734,纤芯折射率为1.5689,纤芯半径为50μm,10%(原子数分数)重掺杂钕离子的磷酸盐光纤作为模拟计算对象,当波长为1.064μm时,得到其模场直径大于90μm。对于普通光纤,增益导引和负折射率导引相结合的方法对实现大模场单模传输很有前景。