Mineral contents of some Southern Italian wines

Summary Following our study of the mineral contents of some Southern Italian wines, this work reports on the detection of 12 elemental components. The elements were determined using ICP-AES, flame atomic emission or absorption spectroscopy.The values determined for Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Rb, Sr and Ba were within the usual ranges for wines (average values for these elements were: 0.010, 26.2; 94.4; 888; 94.0; 3.30, 0.82 and 0.11 mg/1 respectively).All the wines contained low levels of As, the concentrations of which were always under 0.20 mg/1, the maximum level permitted by E.E.C. standards.The measuring of Co, Ag, and Sb led us to ascertain, in all the wines, concentrations lower than 0.01 mg/l for Co and Ag and below the instrumental detection level for Sb (0.06 mg/1).

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Gehalt an Mineralstoffen in einigen süditalienischen WeinenII. Bestimmung von Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb, Ba

Zusammenfassung In 51 süditalienischen Weinen wurde der Gehalt an verschiedenen Kationen durch ICP-AES, AAS oder AES bestimmt. Die Mittelwerte für Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Rb, Sr und Ba waren 0,01; 26,2; 94,4; 888; 94; 3,3; 0,82 und 0,11 (mg/1) und lagen damit in dem für Wein üblichen Bereich. Alle Weine hatten einen nur geringen As-Gehalt, der in allen Fällen unter dem EG-Grenzwert von 0,2 mg/1 lag. Die Weine enthielten Co und Ag in Mengen von weniger als 0,01 mg/1 und der Gehalt an Sb lag unter 0,06 mg/1 der Nachweisgrenze der Methode.

     

Identification of some Slovakian and European wines origin by the use of factor analysis of elemental data

A model for traceability of Slovakian wines according to affiliation to vineyard regions and differentiation from imported wines was proposed using the elemental markers of origin determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Principal component analysis (PCA) and factoring (PCF) were used for elements variability determination and visualization of data. For the regional segregation of Slovakian wines according the vineyard production areas the Ca, Mg, Rb, Sr, Ba, and V were selected as some crucial specific markers of origin. Principal component factoring using Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Li, Mg, Rb, Sr, and V markers resulted in a very efficient differentiation of Slovakian wines from many European ones. According to this model the European wines differ in content mainly of Ca, Mg, Rb, and Sr and the best discrimination for Portugal, Italian, Spain, and partially for French wines was achieved. For the geographical authentication factor analysis of multielemental composition data was more effective tool than generally used PCA statistics.     

Cadmium,lead and some other trace elements in Larch Bolete mushrooms (Suillus grevillei) (Klotzsch) Sing., collected from the same site over two years

The aim of this study was to examine the status of some trace metals accumulated in the flesh of Suillus grevillei mushrooms collected from the same site over two successive years. Total Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn contents of fruiting bodies were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) with ultrasonic cross-flow nebuliser. A difference (p < 0.05) was found in the contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb and Sr in caps and Fe, Na, P and Rb (p < 0.05) in stipes (Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb were not determined in stipes). Natural fluctuations in trace elements’ content of Suillus grevillei collected from the same site over time is a variable that needs to be considered when assessing minerals’ nutritional status of mushrooms.     

Metallic content of wines from the Canary Islands (Spain). Application of artificial neural networks to the data analysis

Eleven elements, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Sr, Li and Rb, were determined in dry and sweet wines bearing the denominations of origin of El Hierro, La Palma and Lanzarote islands (Canary Islands, Spain). Analyses were performed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, with the exceptions of Li and Rb for which flame atomic emission spectrophotometry was used. The content in copper and iron did not present risks of cases. All samples presented a copper and zinc content below the maximum amount recommended by the Office International de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV) for these elements. Significant differences in the metallic content were found among the different islands. Thus, Lanzarote presented the highest mean content in sodium and lithium and the lowest mean content in rubidium, and La Palma presented the highest mean content in strontium and rubidium. Sweet wines from La Palma, elaborated as naturally sweet with over-ripe grapes, presented mean contents significantly higher with regard to dry wines from the same island in the majority of the analysed elements. Cluster analysis and Kohonen self-organising maps showed differences in wines according to the island of origin and the ripening state of the grapes. Back-propagation artificial neural networks showed better prediction ability than stepwise linear discriminant analysis.     

Toxic and nutrient elements in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis)

Toxic and nutrient elements were investigated in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) from South America. Fifty-four brands of commercialised yerba mate from Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay were analysed for Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Sr, and Zn, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and Li, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Co, As, Se, Rb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, La, Ce, Pb, Bi and U using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Antimony, Se, Ag and Bi were not detected in any sample whereas the limits of detection (LODs) of these elements were 0.19, 0.40, 0.003 and 0.001 μg g^?1, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the concentrations of Cd, Ti, Ni, As, Mo, U, Li and Be in yerba mate were not statistically different with regard to the country of origin, while those of the other investigated elements differed.     

Concentrations and bioconcentration factors of minerals in yellow-cracking bolete (xerocomus subtomentosus) mushroom collected in noteć forest, poland

Abstract: Yellow‐cracking Bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) mushrooms and soil were collected from Note? Forest–a large forested enclave in western part of Poland. Mercury was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy and the other elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. K, P, and Mg were particularly abundant, with mean values of 46000, 8400, and 1100 mg/kg dry weight (dw) in caps followed by Na, Rb, Zn, and Ca with mean concentrations of 580, 350, 200, and 170 mg/kg dw, respectively. In descending order, the mean concentrations of Fe, Al, Cu, and Mn were 52, 49, 46, and 14 mg/kg dw, while the mean for the remaining elements was around 1.0 mg/kg dw or less. The elements such as Ca, Cu, Hg, K, Mg, Na, P, Rb, Zn, Ag, Cd, and Ni were accumulated (with bioconcentration factor (BCF) > 1), while Al, Ba, Fe, Mn, Sr, Co, Cr, and Pb were excluded (BCF < 1) in the fruiting bodies. The Pb and Cd content did not exceed the maximum levels set by the EU for cultivated mushrooms. Mercury in a conventional meal (300 g) portion of Yellow‐cracking Bolete was far below the provisionally tolerable weekly intake of 0.004 mg/kg body weight (bw) as reevaluated recently by WHO. Practical Application: The method presented in this study allows one to determine the content of 20 elements (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn) in caps and stipes of Yellow‐cracking Bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) mushrooms and soil samples collected from Poland. This study has revealed that the total Cd, Hg, and Pb dose provided to human body due to consumption of Yellow‐cracking Bolete does not pose threat to a consumer's health.     

Differentiation of Romanian Wines on Geographical Origin and Wine Variety by Elemental Composition and Phenolic Components

Several wines were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-PDA), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) in order to associate the concentration levels of the chemical parameters with the geographical origin of wines and wine varieties. Thus, the concentrations of 22 elements (Li, Be, Co, Ni, Cs, U, Pb, V, As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Zn, Al, Mn, Rb, Sr, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, and K) and seven phenolic compounds (gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (?)-epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, and resveratrol) were analyzed in 22 wines from two different wine-producing areas of Romania. Among the phenolic compounds, (+)-catechin, (?)-epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and resveratrol concentrations were the most useful markers for wine differentiation by geographical origin and wine variety, whereas Ba, Be, Cr, Cs, Li, Mg, Na, Ni, Sr, U, and Zn were the main inorganic parameters selected. To explore the distribution pattern of the samples, aimed at differentiating the wine samples by geographical region and wine variety, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the obtained data.     

ICP/MS and ICP/AES elemental analysis (38 elements) of edible wild mushrooms growing in Poland

Thirty-eight elements, including toxic cadmium, lead, mercury, silver and thallium, were determined in 18 species of wild edible mushrooms collected from several sites in Pomorskie Voivodeship in northern Poland in 1994. Elements were determined by double focused high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), after wet digestion of the dried samples with concentrated nitric acid in closed PTFE vessels using a microwave oven. K, P and Mg were present at levels of mg/g dry matter; Na, Zn, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mn, Rb, Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cs, Sr, Al and Si were present at µg/g levels, while Tl, In, Bi, Th, U, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, La, Lu and Ba were present at ng/g levels.     

Determination of the Metals by ICP-MS in Wild Mushrooms from Yunnan, China

The elemental contents of Li, Cs, U, Co, As, Sr, Cd, Ba, Pb, Sb in 157 wild-grown mushrooms were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mushrooms including 9 species were collected from 5 counties in Yunnan province, China. Based on the findings for the results from the certified reference materials GBW10014 (cabbage) and GBW10016 (tea), the data from the sample mushrooms were corrected. The contents of investigated trace elements in mushroom samples were determined as μg/g dry weight (dw) in the range of 0.030 to 13 for Li, 0.070 to 8.1 for Cs, 0.0010 to 0.28 for U, 0.040 to 5.4 for Co, 0.070 to 44 for As, 0.28 to 86 for Sr, and 0.15 to 23 for Cd. The maximum contents were 58, 11, and 0.11 for Ba, Pb, and Sb, respectively. The minimum contents of Ba, Pb, and Sb were below the detection limit of the method used. Practical Application: The analysis of 9 species wild-grown edible mushrooms in different regions provides the useful information to evaluate the levels of elements or of the toxic heavy metals, such as Cd, As in wild-grown edible mushrooms which grew in different regions of China for consumers and other interested groups, especially for the regulators.     

Multielemental analysis of purpleback flying squad using high resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HR ICP-MS)

Forty-four elements were analyzed in 21 tissues of purpleback flying squid, Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis, by high resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HR ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES). Greater concentrations of V, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Cd, Pb, and Bi were found in liver, pancreas, and ink sac than in other tissues. Ink sac concentrated remarkable levels of Ca and Sr in addition to the above-mentioned elements. Several alkalis, alkaline earth, and rare earth elements preferentially accumulated in muscle. Among the hard tissues, accumulation of V and U in beak, Ni, Zn, and Cd in gladius and Cr in skin was prominent. K, Rb, Cs, Pb, Bi and some transition elements (V, Co, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the livers of adult than in juvenile squids. Sodium, alkaline earth, and rare earth elements were higher in the livers of juveniles than in adult squids.     

Survey of bottled drinking waters sold in Canada for chlorate, bromide, bromate, lead, cadmium and other trace elements

Mineral, spring and other bottled drinking waters sold in Canada in the winter of 1995-96 were surveyed for chlorate, bromide, bromate, Cr(VI), Li, B, Al, Mn, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, Be, V, Cr, Co, Ni, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Tl, Pb, Na, K, Ca and Mg. Chlorate and bromide were determined by ion chromatography (IC) with conductivity detection, Cr(VI) by IC with colorimetric detection, bromate by solvent extraction and gas chromatography (GC), trace elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), and Na, K, Ca and Mg by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAA). Most chemicals in the 199 samples analysed were well within national and international drinking water guidelines. World Health Organization and/or Canadian drinking water guidelines were exceeded for B (22 samples), Al (9), Cr (1), Mn (5), Ni (1), As (10), Se (24) and Pb (1). Bromate levels are reported for information purposes and are considered as the maximum concentrations in the samples. In three distilled water products, unexpectedly high concentrations of Cu (88-147 µg l^-1) and Ni (16-35 µg l^-1) were found, and a comparison of distilled and non-distilled waters from two of the brands suggested the likely cause to be contamination during the distillation process. Li concentration in one sample was at a therapeutic dose and could pose an overdose risk to individuals on Li medication.     

金属元素在汾酒中的作用及应用研究

采用火焰原子吸收法测Na、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Li、Pb、Cd 和Cr 含量;石墨炉原子吸收法测Mo、Sr、Ba、Co、Ti、Al 和Sn 含量;原子荧光光度法测Hg、As、Se 和Sb 含量,对汾酒不同生产用水、不同贮存容器所贮新酒中24 种金属元素进行了定量分析,并初步探讨了酒中金属元素的作用机制。结果显示,汾酒中金属元素的种类和含量与生产用水及贮存容器的使用密切相关,因此用不同的水源和容器,酒中金属元素的种类和含量不同,从而影响汾酒的口感和老熟。在此基础上,对汾酒生产中合理使用水源和容器也做出了科学合理的指导。     

Element fingerprinting of Okanagan Valley wines using ICP-MS: Relationships between wine composition, vineyard and wine colour

Analysis of elements in wines by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) may help protect prestigious wineries from counterfeit wines and permit source confirmation for government certification. Thirty-three elements were determined in 17 white and 10 red wines from 13 Okanagan Valley (B.C, Canada) wineries. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) shows that red wines are similar to red wines and white wines similar to white wines. Apparently processing (contact between must and skins during fermentation) affects Li, Zn, Mo, Mg, Ba, Ca and P. However, wines from grapes from the same vineyard tend to be most similar, regardless of the vintage, grape variety or winery that processed the grapes. This implies that wine element 'fingerprints' are relict soil signatures that survive metabolic and winery processing. Elements in wines behave according to geochemical water solubility principals indicating that soil Eh, pH and complexion agents affect element uptake. There is no clear relationship between vintage year or grape variety and wine element composition. However, discriminant analysis indicates that combinations of elements (˜6) from several geochemical groups can accurately classify the wines according to vineyard. Twenty-five elements (Cu, Ni, Ca, Fe, B, Mg, As, Sb, Mn, Sn, P, Al, Zn, U, Sr, Cr, S, Co, Ba, La, Mo, Ti, Pb, Ce and V), determined with high precision by ICP-MS, correlate strongly with vineyard of origin. The limited number of wines available for study requires that conclusions be confirmed with future testing.     

Arsenic and other trace elements in wines of eastern Croatia

Levels of arsenic and other trace elements (Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, U, V and Zn) in nine brands of wine from Slavonia (eastern Croatia) were investigated. Wines from two other viticulture areas, Istria (western Croatia) and Vojvodina (northern Serbia), were used for comparison. Elemental concentrations were determined by high resolution ICP-MS. Statistical methods were applied for the interpretation of obtained data. Regional differences were identified based on a set of geogenic elements (Al, Li, Be, Ti). Elements As and Pb were found to be of predominantly natural origin. Significant differences between the obtained values for As in wines from Slavonia and Vojvodina, compared to wines from Istria indicate that the geochemical arsenic anomalies present in these regions contribute to some extent to higher As content in analysed wines. The Cd, Ni, Zn, Fe and Cr in wine were found to be primarily of anthropogenic origin.     

Mineral contents of some southern Italian wines I. Determination of B, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Pb by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)

Summary Using a new analytical technique, the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), 51 red and rose wines from D.O.C. areas of Southern Italy were measured for the following 14 elements: B, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Pb.Among these elements the most abundant were Si with an average value of 19.60 mg/l, Fe 5.87 mg/l, B 5.19 mg/l, Al 2.13 mg/l and Mn 1.40 mg/l; Cu, Zn and Sn were present in average quantities between 0.10 and 1.00 mg/l; the remaining elements had average concentrations below 0.10 mg/l.

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Gehalt an Spurenelementen in einigen D.O.C.-Weinen aus Süditalien I. Quantitative Bestimmung von B, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Pb durch ICP Atomemissions-Spektrometrie

Zusammeufassung Unter Anwendung emer neuen analytischen Methode, ICP Atomemissions-Spektrometrie, wurden in 51 Rot- und Rosé-D.O.C.-Weinen aus Süditalien, die folgenden 14 Elemente bestimmt: B, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Pb.Unter diesen Elementen sind Si mit einem Mittelwert von 19,60 mg/l, Fe mit 5,87 mg/l, B mit 5,19 mg/l, Al mit 2,13 mg/l und Mn mit 1,40 mg/1 die häufigsten. Die mittleren Konzentrationswerte für Cu, Zn und Sn liegen zwischen 0,10 und 1,00 mg/l; während die der restlichen Elemente unter 0,10 mg/l sind.

     

Trace elements in Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivated on chemithermomechanical pulp for bio-bleaching

Some trace elements were analyzed in Pleurotus Sajor-caju mushroom cultivated on chemithermomechanical pulp. In this experiment, phytohormones, such as 2.4-D and PS A6, were studied at concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 mg/100 ml, mixed into the pulp. Determination of mineral elements was done by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer model 1100 B). Sixteen mineral elements were determined in all samples. Cu, Mg, Pb, Na, Ag, Bi, Mn, Ni, Li, Co, Sb, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cr and Al contents of mushrooms, grown on treated pulp, were near control values. K was not present.     

基于无机多元素分析鉴别我国主要进口大米产地

目的利用大米中无机多元素分析数据建立判别模型,实现对4个我国进口大米主要产地的鉴别。方法采用ICP-MS和ICP-OES分析技术,测定了泰国、巴基斯坦、柬埔寨、缅甸4个产地的76份大米样本中磷、钾、镁、钙、锌、钠、锰、铁、铷、铜、硼、铝、钼、镍、钡、锶、砷、钛、硒、铬、钴、铯、铅、镉、锂、钒、银、锑、铍、铊、镧、铈、镨、钕、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、钪、钇等46种无机元素含量。通过对检测数据进行单因素方差分析、Fisher判别分析,建立了产地判别模型。结果4个产地大米的部分元素存在显著性差异,产地判别模型的原始校验准确率100%,交叉验证准确率96.1%。结论所建方法和判别模型对泰国、巴基斯坦、柬埔寨、缅甸所产大米具有很好产地鉴别能力。     

Determination of metals in wine with atomic spectroscopy (flame-AAS, GF-AAS and ICP-AES); a review

Metals in wine occur at the mg l 1 level or less and, though not directly related to the taste of the final product, their content should be determined because excess is undesirable, and in some cases prohibited, due to potential toxicity. Lead content in wine, for example, is restricted in several states by legislation to guarantee consumer health protection. Of several methods for metal determination, techniques of atomic spectroscopy are the most sensitive and rapid. Most of the elements present in wine can be determined with these techniques, at concentrations ranging from the mg l -1 to the μg l -1 level. Here, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (flame-AAS) and graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) are compared for their characteristics as employed in metal determination in wine.     

基于矿质元素分析的河北鸭梨产地溯源

目的 建立一种基于电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)的河北鸭梨产地溯源模型。方法 对鸭梨中40种矿质元素(Ag、As、Al、Au、Ba、Cr、Cd、Ce、Co、Cs、Dy、Er、Eu、Gd、Ge、Ho、Lu、Li、La、Mo、Ni、Nd、Pb、Pd、Pt、Pr、Rb、Sc、Sn、Sb、Sm、Sr、Tm、Tl、Tb、Ti、V、W、Yb、Y)进行分析。通过方差分析、相关性分析、聚类分析和判别分析等数据统计方法,确定不同产地鸭梨中元素的差异性,建立了依据Ba、Ge、Ni、Pb、Pd、Ti 6种元素的溯源模型。结果 通过建立的模型可以成功地对鸭梨产地进行判别,判别正确率达到97%。结论 本研究建立的基于矿质元素分析溯源模型能够对河北鸭梨进行快速、有效的产地溯源,为产品打假提供了强有力的技术支撑。     

Elemental Content and Total Antioxidant Activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvia fruticosa</Emphasis>

The determination of 18 elements (V, Cr, Cu, Co, Se, Sr, Sn, Sb, Ba, Bi, Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Mn, Fe, Mg and Zn) in leaves, flowers and the infusion from Salvia fruticosa, a sage grown in Greece, is described. For this purpose, flame atomic absorption spectrometry has been used for the determination of Fe, Mg, Zn and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry has been used for the determination of V, Cr, Cu, Co, Se, Sr, Sn, Sb, Ba, Bi, Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Mn using ⁴⁵Sc ⁷²Ge, ¹¹⁵In and ²³²Th as internal standards. The elemental content was found to be in the range of 0.01 (Bi)-30.8 (Mn) mg/Kg (leaves), 0.30 (Bi)-39.1 (Mn) mg/Kg (flowers), 0.003 (Sb)-20.4 (Mn) mg/Kg (infusion) for V, Cr, Cu, Co, Se, Sr, Sn, Sb, Ba, Bi, Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Mn and in the range of 0.07 (Zn)-3.21 (Mg) g/kg (leaves) for Fe, Mg and Zn. The majority of the samples were collected from six sites in the island Crete and transplanted and grown in a model farm. Chemometric techniques were used to investigate the original site classification according to their elemental content, and it was proved that the initial cultivation sites were characterized by only five elements (Sb, V, Zn, Cd and Cr). The application of factor analysis revealed significant correlation between certain elements, denoting their common sources. In addition, the total antioxidant activity of the herbal preparation was determined by measuring the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was used to extract total antioxidants and the effect of temperature, time and solvent in the extraction efficiency was investigated. The determination of the antioxidant activity was based on the % inhibition of the absorbance signal of the radical DPPH at 515 nm, after the addition of herbal’s extract. The IC₅₀ values were found to be in the range of 10.6–40.1 mg/L.