三光气合成四溴双酚A聚碳酸酯

以三光气(BTC)和四溴双酚A(TBBPA)为原料,经界面缩聚合成了高分子量四溴双酚A聚碳酸酯。以提高分子量及产率为目的,优化了反应温度、催化剂用量、原料摩尔比等反应条件。用红外光谱和核磁共振谱表征聚合物结构,用黏度法测定产物特性黏数,用凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)分析了产物的分子量构成特性。结果表明:就分子量与产率而言,均有一最佳反应温度;BTC过量14%时得到的分子量最高;催化剂用量为四溴双酚A摩尔量的1.5%时分子量和产率最高。     

光引发合成聚丙烯腈研究

调控聚丙烯腈分子量及其分布一直是炭纤维制备的重要问题.本文以丙烯腈为反应单体,二甲基亚砜为溶剂,采用光引发方式结合溶液聚合方法研究聚丙烯腈的合成.分别用乌氏黏度计和凝胶色谱仪测定了聚合物的分子量和分子量分布,并用红外光谱仪以及核磁共振仪对聚合物的分子结构进行了分析.结果表明,不含化学引发剂的光引发溶液聚合方法所合成的产...     

微支化型高分子量PPS树脂的合成及表征

用硫磺、对二氯苯为原料，在极性有机溶剂中，以１，２，４－三氯苯作共聚反应第三单体，共缩聚制得了微支化型高分子量聚苯硫醚（ＰＰＳ）树脂，在缩聚反应中，第三单体量一定时，一定时间内聚合物对数低切变粘度值与反应时间具有线性关系。聚合物经元素分析，红外光谱分析、Ｘ射线衍射分析、激光拉曼光谱分析以及热分析表明，微量（＜１．０％）三氯苯引入分子链对ＰＰＳ的组成和结构影响不大，产品仍为结晶性高聚物，不含双硫键。由于分子量提高，聚合物的热稳定性得到提高，根据不同需要合成的一定分子量范围的微支化型高分子量ＰＰＳ树脂不经热氧交联处理即可直接挤出造粒，用于注射成型和挤出成型。     

一种新的侧链型液晶高分子的合成及表征

分别用基团转移聚合和自由基聚合的方法，合成了一种新的带联苯－西佛碱液晶基元的无间隔段侧链型液晶高分子。运用＾１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ、ＦＴ－ＩＲ、元素分析、ＤＳＣ、ＧＰＣ、ＰＯＭ等方法对单体和聚合物进行了表征。发现相转变温度随分子量的增大而升高，分子量分布对热行为无明显影响，液晶织构不随分子量及其分布的变化而改变。     

反渗透膜用阻垢剂的研制与应用研究

利用溶液聚合的方法以丙烯酸、丙烯磺酸钠等单体为原料合成了含磺酸基的多元共聚物,并与有机膦酸、低分子量的聚丙烯酸等水处理药剂按一定比例进行复配研制成反渗透阻垢剂TM-1,通过动态实验室阻垢实验和在工业生产反渗透系统中的使用,证明TM-1对CaCO3垢、CaSO4垢,铁盐、硅垢等有很好的阻垢效果.     

逐步减压缩聚法制备高分子量聚乳酸的研究

以L-乳酸单体为原料,用逐步减压缩聚法合成了相对高分子量的聚乳酸.探讨了反应条件如:温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、酯化时间、逐步减压时间等对聚乳酸分子量的影响,并采用FTIR、1H NMR测试手段对聚合物进行了结构表征.结果表明,催化剂用量为0.5wt%,反应温度180℃,先酯化7小时,再逐步减压7小时,然后在高真空度70Pa下反应45小时,可得到重均分子量约为12万的聚乳酸.     

含多芳香环嵌段聚合物PS-b-PAH对碳纳米管的修饰

以芘丁酸为原料通过酯化反应制备了含芘丁单元的苯乙烯基单体,再利用原子转移自由基聚合法（ATRP）合成了分子量可控的嵌段聚合物PS-b-PAH,采用凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）、核磁共振（1H-NMR）等测试手段对产物进行了表征。采用聚合物对碳纳米管表面修饰,比较了聚苯乙烯PS和嵌段聚合物PS-b-PAH修饰碳纳米管后在THF...     

从配位硅出发低温合成脂肪族含硅聚酯及其结构表征

从二氧化硅与乙二醇、氢氧化钾反应生成的高反应活性的五配位硅钾化合物出发,首先以此为原料与2-氯乙醇反应制备双羟基四配位有机硅单体,然后再将其与己二酰氯进行低温溶液缩聚合成脂肪族含硅聚酯。探讨了不同反应条件对聚合物结构和性能的影响,并对合成的聚合物作了红外光谱、热重分析、分子量的测定等结构表征。     

熔融缩聚合成聚L-乳酸的研究

以L-乳酸为原料,通过熔融缩聚法合成了聚乳酸(PLLA).考察了预聚条件、催化剂种类和用量、催化剂溶解程度、聚合温度及时间对聚乳酸分子量的影响.采用FTIR和1H-NMR分析聚合物结构,GPC测定分子量分布.研究表明,等摩尔量的氯化亚锡(SnCl2)和对甲苯磺酸(TSA)组成的复合催化剂效果最好,SnCl2的用量为预聚物(OLLA)的0.4%为宜;预聚过程和催化剂在OLLA中的充分溶解对提高聚合物分子量具有重要意义;合适的聚合温度约为165 ℃;在发生爬杆现象前,随反应时间的增加,聚乳酸分子量增加.在优化的工艺条件下,可以在较短时间(8 h)内获得分子量为65000左右的聚乳酸.     

聚苯硫醚酮酮的合成及其表征

以１，４－二（４’－氟代苯甲酰基）苯和硫化钠为原料，在极性有机溶剂中常压下合成了聚苯硫醚酮酮。用元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振谱、Ｘ射线衍射以及热分析等方法对聚合物进行了表征，并测定了聚合物的溶液粘度。结果表明，聚苯硫醚酮酮是一种高熔点、高热稳定性的结晶性聚合物。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...