Physical attributes and chemical composition of organic strawberry fruit (Fragaria x ananassa Duch, Cv. Albion) at six stages of ripening

Organic strawberry fruits (Cv. ‘Albion’) were harvested at six different ripening stages and evaluated for physical and chemical parameters. Biometrical characteristics and moisture content did not change significantly during ripening. Total soluble solids, pH and colour development increased while titratable acidity and fruit firmness decreased 14.7% and 91%, respectively. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose followed similar tendencies. Final contents of these sugars were 2323.4, 1988.5, and 1578.4 mg/100 g. Citric, malic, and ascorbic acids followed a descending, irregular, and increasing tendency during ripening, respectively. Final contents of these acids were 822.8, 245.8, and 78.1 mg/100 g. Total anthocyanins content (TAC) increased during ripening, while the opposite was observed for total phenolic content (TPC). TAC and TPC in ripe fruit were 56.4 mg/100 g and 196 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g. Twenty eight phenolic compounds, mainly glycosides, were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD–MS analysis. The concentration of these compounds was ripening dependent.     

A COMPARISON OF FRUIT OF HIGHBUSH AND RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY CULTIVARS1

In 1986, 1988 and 1989, fruit from highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., cvs Collins, Bluecrop, and Herbert) and rabbiteye blueberry (V. ashei Reade, cvs Climax, Tifblue, and Menditoo) grown at the same location were compared for size, raw product quality, storage, and sensory attributes. Compared with rabbiteye blueberry fruit, fruit of highbush cvs were generally larger in size, volume, and surface area and higher in titratable acidity, higher Hunter color attributes of ‘L’, ‘a’, ‘b’, and chroma, protein, P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, B (dry wt. basis), and higher in decay and water loss after 3 weeks storage at 7 C. Rabbiteye fruit, compared with highbush fruit, were generally higher in pulp pH, percent soluble solids, percent dry matter, seed weight per fruit, weight per seed, fruit height/width ratio, periderm dry weight per fruit, periderm wt. per surface area (in mg/cm²), sugar:acid ratio, firmness (as shear), and in sensory seediness. Fruit soluble solids, dry matter, hue, titratable acidity, pulp pH, and firmness of both species were influenced by weather (years).     

富含黄酮的山楂果酒发酵条件优化

该试验研究发酵条件对提高山楂果酒发酵过程中总黄酮含量的影响。首先通过单因素试验初步研究发酵温度、酵母接种量、初始糖度及发酵液pH值4个发酵条件对发酵后果酒中总黄酮含量的影响,然后以发酵后山楂果酒中总黄酮含量为响应值通过响应面法确定最优发酵条件。结果表明,优化发酵条件为发酵温度26.6 ℃,酵母接种量0.40 g/L,初始糖度15.2%,pH 3.2,最终果酒总黄酮含量为10.75 mg/100 mL,总糖（以葡萄糖计）含量为10.6 g/L,酒精度（20 ℃）为7.5%vol,酒质澄清透明,无明显悬浮物,色泽呈桔红色,具有较明显的山楂果香,酸甜协调。     

Analysis of Phenolic Composition of Noble Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) by HPLC‐MS and the Relationship to Its Antioxidant Capacity

Abstract: Phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in muscadines have attracted much attention due to their diverse biological activities. With bioassays of antioxidant activities in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), total procyanidin content (TPA), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of different parts of the Noble muscadine, the butanol (BuOH) extract of the muscadine skin showed the highest TPC (317.91 ± 1.83 mg GAE/100 g FW), which might be ascribed to its high TAC of 227.06 ± 1.29 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW). The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of the muscadine seed contained the highest TPA (55.30 ± 0.63 mg CE/100 g FW). Correlation analyses demonstrated a significant linear relationship of TPC and TAC compared to their ORAC and FRAP values within the range of R² from 0.9283 to 0.9936, which suggested that phenolics and anthocyanins in the extracts contributed significantly to their antioxidant potential. Nineteen individual phenolics and 5 anthocyanins were identified by HPLC‐MS, which indicated different chemical profiles of anthocyanins and other phenolics in the muscadine extracts. Practical Application: The paper has provided rich information of bioactive phytochemical profiles in different solvent extracts and their correlation with the antioxidant activity in the muscadine that is a very special regional fruit in U.S. Its high content of phenolic compounds demonstrates that muscadine could be beneficial to human health.     

Phenolic Profiles,Antioxidant Activities,and Neuroprotective Properties of Mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) Fruit Extracts from Different Ripening Stages

The present work investigated the phenolic profiles (including nonanthocyanin and anthocyanin phenolics), antioxidant activities, and neuroprotective potential of mulberry fruit (MF) (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) grown in China at different ripening stages. High‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method (HPLC‐MS/MS) was used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds. The antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total monomeric anthocyanin content (TAC) were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The neuroprotective effects of MFs at different ripening stages were investigated using Aβ_25‐35‐treated PC12 cells as the cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. Of the 19 phenolic compounds characterized from the MF extracts, the contents of rutin and anthocyanins increased and that of chlorogenic acid decreased significantly with maturity. At the fully ripened stage, MF extracts showed the highest amounts of TPC (11.23 mg gallic acid equivalents/g fresh weight), TFC (15.1 mg rutin equivalents/g fresh weight), and TAC (1177 mg cyanidin 3‐O‐glucoside equivalents/100 g fresh weight). Meanwhile, antioxidant activity of MF extracts at this stage was highest according to ABTS (an IC50 value of 4.11 μg/mL) and DPPH (an IC50 value of 10.08 μg/mL) assays. Cellular assays revealed increased cell viability in cells treated with the ripe MF extracts; compared with the control groups, the ripening fruits also increased the antioxidant enzyme levels in PC12 cells. Together, these results suggest that the antioxidant activities and neuroprotective properties of ripening MFs are related to the contents and types of phenolic compounds that are present in the fruits.     

Main quality attributes and antioxidants in Hungarian sour cherries: identification of genotypes with enhanced functional properties

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cultivars native to Hungary and some of them grown worldwide, display great phenotypic variability. Eleven sour cherry cultivars were analysed for their main quality attributes including fruit weight, soluble solid content, acidity, pH, specific sugars (glucose and fructose), antioxidant capacity as well as total polyphenolic (TPC), total anthocyanin (TMAC) and vitamin C contents. Results showed wide variation in both fruit quality and antioxidant parameters of Hungarian sour cherries. The anthocyanin contents varied from 11.3 to 93.5 mg/100 g. An amarelle‐type cultivar, ‘Pipacs 1’ showed the highest antioxidant capacity (21.85 mmol AA L^?1), TPC (49.04 mg GA L^?1) and vitamin C (8.98 mg/100 g) content. Key enzymes in anthocyanin biosynthesis were expressed in both yellow‐coloured flesh and red skin of ‘Pipacs 1’ fruits at all ripening stages. The detected diversity presents a choice that can satisfy different consumer preferences, and meet specific nutritional requirements.     

Antioxidant Activity,Total Phenolic Content and Selected Physicochemical Properties of White Mulberry (Morus Alba L.) Fruits

In this study, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, mineral content and selected physicochemical properties of three white mulberry phenotypes (Morus alba L.) grown in Turkey were measured. Moisture, total soluble solids, total sugar, sucrose, reducing sugar, protein, ash, pH, titratable acidity, color (L, a, b), vitamin C, total phenolic, antioxidant activity of fruits were determined between 72.85–79.75 g/100 g fresh fruit, 21.25–28.50 g/100 g fresh fruit, 12.18–17.02 g/100 g fresh fruit, 1.57–4.36 g/100 g fresh fruit, 9.42–15.46 g/100 g fresh fruit, 0.82–0.89 g/100 g fresh fruit, 2.20–2.65 g/100 g fresh fruit, 5.70–5.86, 0.25–0.28 g/100 g fresh fruit, 31.24–68.69, ?2.46 to 15.68, 4.58–21.74, 10.15–21.50 mg/100 g fresh fruit, 18.16–19.24 μg gallic acid equivalent/mg of sample, and 33.96–38.96%, of sample respectively. Fruits were generally found high in P and low in Ca.     

Variability and the genotypic effect on antioxidant activity,total phenolics,carotenoids and ascorbic acid content in seventeen natural population of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) from trans-Himalaya

Seventeen natural population of Seabuckthorn (SBT), which comprised 187 plants from trans-Himalaya, were studied to find out variability and genotypic effect on total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ascorbic acid and carotenoids content in fruit pulp. The fruits were found to be rich in TPC ranging from 964 to 10,704 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g. The free radical-scavenging activity in terms of inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) ranged from 0.7 to 9.1 mg/ml and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) from 180 to 1355 FeSO₄·7H₂O μg/ml. The ascorbic acid and carotenoids content ranged from 56 to 3909 mg/100 g and 0.1–14.4 mg/100 g, respectively. A variation of 1–11 fold in TPC, 1–14 folds in IC₅₀ by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and 1–8 fold in ferric reducing antioxidant potential, 1–70 fold in ascorbic acid content and 1–206 fold in carotenoid content among the examined fruit across 17 populations underlines the important role played by genetic background and the geographical location for determining the health promoting compounds. Significant correlation was observed between TPC, IC₅₀, FRAP, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, fruit lightness (L*) and plant height. Among the 20 morphological traits studied, fruit colour and plant height showed positive correlation with the health promoting compounds.     

不同品种彩色马铃薯总花色苷含量与总抗氧化活性

以10 个彩色马铃薯品种为实验材料,采用pH示差法测量其总花色苷含量、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）法分析其总抗氧化活性,比较不同品种的彩色马铃薯的总花色苷含量和总抗氧化活性。结果表明：不同品种的彩色马铃薯的表皮、薯肉、整薯总花色苷含量的变化范围分别为59.67～293.57 mg/100 g、0～56.11 mg/100 g、1.34～63.32 mg/100 g;表皮、薯肉、整薯抗坏血酸当量（ascorbic acidequivalent antioxidant capacity,AEAC）的变化范围分别为2.74～6.43 mg/g、0.50～1.39 mg/g、0.65～1.50 mg/g。其中,紫云1号的总花色苷含量和总抗氧化活性均为最高;S05-603的总花色苷含量最低;S03-2677的总抗氧化活性最低。此外,整薯总花色苷含量与总抗氧化活性的正相关性极显著（P＜0.01）。     

Variations in the vitamin C content of imported tomatoes

An analysis was made of the vitamin C content of late winter tomatoes. A range of 6·8 to 31·2 mg reduced ascorbic acid per 100 g of fruit was observed in the batches of fruit examined in mid-March 1969. The mean value was 12·6 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g of fruit. It is emphasised that this mean figure was considerably lower than the 20 mg per 100 g given in McCance & Widdowson's (1967) ‘Tables of the Composition of Foods’ which are widely used in dietary surveys.     

Histamine production by bacilli bacteria, acetic bacteria and yeast isolated from fruit wines

Eleven red wines imported from foreign country and 40 domestic fruit wines, including 15 red wines, 4 white wines, 7 plum wines, and 14 other fruit wines, sold in the supermarkets in Taiwan were purchased and tested to determine the occurrence of biogenic amines and histamine-forming bacteria. The levels of pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), reducing sugar (RS), total sugar (TS), sulphites, methanol (milligram per liter of pure ethanol), ethanol and Pb in all samples ranged from 3.0 to 4.1, 6.8 to 24.4 °Brix, 0.3 to 1.7 g/100 mL, 0.2 to 17.6 g/100 mL, 1.6 to 28.4 g/100 mL, <2 to 260.5 mg/L, <1 to 2559 mg/L, 5.0 to 15.6 g/100 mL and <1 to 46.2 μg/L, respectively. The levels of TSS, TA, RS, and TS in plum wine samples were significantly higher than those of the other wines samples, whereas the pH value in plum wine samples was lower than that of the other wines samples. The average content for each of the nine biogenic amines in all samples was less than 5.2 mg/L. However, higher levels of histamine and spermine were detected in domestic fruit wine samples than the imported red wine samples. Five histamine-forming isolates isolated from domestic red wine and jackfruit wine, capable of producing 13.0 mg/L to 69.1 mg/L of histamine in trypticase soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 2 g/100 mL l-histidine (TSBH) or MRS broth supplemented with 2 g/100 mL l-histidine (MRSH), were identified as Bacillus pumilus (one strain), Bacillus sp. (two strains) and Acetobacter pasteurianus (one strain) by 16S rDNA sequencing with PCR amplification, and Zygoascus hellenicus var. hellenicus (one strain) by internal transcribed spacer sequencing with PCR amplification. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the occurrence of histamine-forming bacilli bacteria, acetic bacteria and yeast in fruit wine.     

玫瑰香橙果酒主发酵工艺研究

以玫瑰香橙为原料,通过单因素试验及Box-Benhnken的中心组合设计,对主发酵工艺优化。结果表明,最佳主发酵工艺为SO2添加量100 mg/L、酵母接种量0.12 g/L、果汁pH值4.0、发酵温度20 ℃、初始糖度19%、主发酵时间7 d。在此最佳条件下,主发酵后酒体较丰满、果酒为橙黄色、果香较好、苦味不明显,果酒感官评分为90.4分,酒精度为9.45%vol。     

Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruits

Eight major mulberry cultivars [Nakhonratchasima 60 (NS 60), Buriram 60 (BR 60), Chumphon (CP), Wavee (WV), Chaingmai (CM), Pikultong (PT), Kamphaengsaen (KS) and Kamnanchul (KJ)] cultivated in Thailand were assessed for their flavonoid and phenolic acid composition using HPLC and tested for antioxidant potential using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assay. The total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 104.78 to 213.53 mg GAE/100 g DW, and total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 69.58 to 211.01 mg CE/100 g DW. The major flavonoid compounds in mulberry fruit cultivars were (+)‐catechin (309.26–750.01 mg/100 g DW), procyanidin B1 (62.59–224.41 mg/100 g DW), quercetin (5.36–58.42 mg/100 g DW), rutin (18.73–26.90 mg/100 g DW) and (?)‐epicatechin (8.47–29.21 mg/100 g DW). Gallic acid, cinnamic acid and p‐hydroxybenzoic acid were found to be the major phenolic acids in mulberry fruit cultivars. The gallic acid and cinnamic acid contents ranged from 7.33 to 23.90 mg/100 g DW and from 11.64 to 15.05 mg/100 g DW, respectively. p‐Hydroxybenzoic acid content ranged from 1.77 mg/100 g DW (PT) to 7.13 mg/100 g DW (KJ). DPPH‐scavenging ability was excellent for ethanolic extract of NS 60, and EC₅₀ value of NS 60 (241.83 μg mL^?1) was significantly lower than those of the others (P < 0.05). TPC and TFC of the mulberry fruit were positively correlated with the DPPH‐scavenging ability.     

芒果胡萝卜复合果酒发酵工艺的研究

以芒果和胡萝卜为原料酿造复合果酒,并对其发酵工艺进行研究。采用单因素实验和响应面优化试验,分析原料比、SO₂添加量、初始糖度、初始pH、酵母添加量对复合果酒发酵的影响,并得到最优发酵条件。结果表明,最佳发酵条件为:芒果与胡萝卜原料比例为2:1(V/V)、SO₂添加量为55 mg/L、初始糖度为24%、初始pH为3.5、酵母接种量为0.12%。在此最优条件下,芒果胡萝卜复合果酒酒精度为13.62% vol、残糖4.6 g/L、总酸8.8 g/L、干浸出物23.0 g/L、甲醇98 mg/L。酒体色泽橙黄饱满、透明清亮,有浓郁的果香和酒香,口感甘甜醇厚。     

果酒发酵过程影响甲醇含量的因素模拟分析

采用气相色谱法测定模拟果汁主要成分的发酵液中甲醇含量,并运用单因素试验研究不同发酵条件对发酵液中甲醇含量的影响,采用正交试验确定控制甲醇生成的最佳条件.结果 显示:酿酒酵母发酵过程中影响甲醇产生的主要因素包括酿酒酵母种类、可利用磷元素、可利用氮元素、发酵液pH值、亚硝酸盐、甜菜碱.其中,亚硝酸盐、pH值、甜菜碱可导致发...     

Determination of hydroxymethylfurfural in commercial jams and in fruit-based infant foods

Fifty six commercial samples, 38 jams with several fruit and sugar contents and 18 fruit-based infant foods, were analysed for pH, dry matter and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content. Samples of jams had pH and dry matter values similar to those reported in the literature. Fruit-based infant foods presented higher values of pH and lower dry matter than jam samples. HMF was found in all samples of jams, regardless of the pH, sugar or dry matter, from traces to 7.17 mg/100 g product (mean value close to 1.35 mg/100 g product). Three samples of fruit-based infant foods did not show appreciable amounts of HMF and the average value for the rest of samples was 0.29 mg/100 g product. The difference between the values of HMF in jams and in fruit-based infant foods may be in part due to the lower fruit concentration in the latter. In general terms, the considerable variations of HMF content found in the analysed samples may be an indication of differences in the processing conditions.     

Anthocyanin profiles of major red grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties cultivated in Greece and their relationship with in vitro antioxidant characteristics

A range of fourty‐six red grape (Vitis vinifera spp.) samples, originating from six widely cultivated varieties and covering major parts of the Hellenic vineyard, were assayed for their content in six principal anthocyanin pigments. Representative in vitro antioxidant parameters were also determined, including antiradical activity (A_AR), reducing power (P_R) and hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity (SA_HFR). Quantitative determination using high performance liquid chromatography showed that the prevalent pigment was malvidin 3‐O‐glucoside (average content 82.53 mg per 100 g fresh berry weight), followed by its coumarate derivative (29.26 mg per 100 g), paeonidin 3‐O‐glucoside (10.84 mg per 100 g), petunidin 3‐O‐glucoside (7.80 mg per 100 g) cyanidin 3‐O‐glucoside (5.67 mg per 100 g) and delphinidin 3‐O‐glucoside (1.28 mg per 100 g). The richest variety was Syrah, with total average anthocyanin content of 186.02 mg per 100 g, whereas the Hellenic native variety Xinomavro had the lowest average anthocyanin level (38.70 mg per 100 g). The establishment of correlations of individual and total anthocyanin contents with the values from the antioxidant test was accomplished with linear regression. The links of total anthocyanins were significant with all antioxidant parameters (P < 0.001), but more importantly with SA_HFR (R² = 0.740). Malvidin 3‐O‐glucoside content had the higher correlation with SA_HFR compared with all other anthocyanins (R² = 0.698, P < 0.001).     

枸杞果酒发酵工艺优化及营养功能成分分析

该研究以新鲜枸杞为原料制备果酒,并对枸杞果酒营养功能成分进行分析。以初始糖度、酵母接种量、发酵温度和初始pH值为自变量,以感官评分为响应值,通过单因素和响应面试验优化枸杞果酒发酵工艺条件。结果表明,枸杞果酒的最佳发酵工艺条件为初始糖度27 °Bx,酵母接种量0.20%,发酵温度22 ℃,初始pH值5.0。在此优化条件下,枸杞果酒酒精度为12.24%vol,感官评分为91.80分。枸杞果酒中的营养成分总糖、蛋白质、氨基酸的含量分别为（2.27±0.16） g/100 mL、（0.62±0.04） g/100 mL、（588.12±10.23） mg/100 mL;功能成分总多酚、总黄酮、多糖和甜菜碱的含量分别为（1.88±0.06） mg没食子酸当量（GAE）/mL、（1.63±0.03） mg 芦丁当量（RE）/mL、（7.17±0.01） mg/mL和（2.55±0.04） mg/mL。     

五种寒地果树果实的多酚含量、抗氧化活性及抗α-淀粉酶活性分析

为了探究寒地果树资源果实中的营养价值及体外活性,本试验测定了软枣猕猴桃、黑果腺肋花楸、草原樱桃、白穗醋栗和蔓越莓五种果实的总酚、总花色苷含量,比较了其抗氧化及抗α-淀粉酶活性,并进行了相关性分析,结果表明:不同寒地果实的总酚、总花色苷含量之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。总酚含量为13.21~66.43 mg GAE/100 g,其中黑果腺肋花楸含量最高,白穗醋栗次之;总花色苷含量为0.15~46.45 mg C3G/100 g,黑果腺肋花楸含量最高,草原樱桃次之。另外5种果实的抗氧化能力也有所差异。用DPPH法、ABTS法、ORAC法、FRAP法测得白穗醋栗的抗氧化活性最强。用高通量淀粉浊度法测得白穗醋栗的抗α-淀粉酶活性最强,IC₅₀为0.122 mg/mL,高于阿卡波糖(0.16 mg/mL),其AE值为2034.18 mmol AE/g,高于阿卡波糖(1550 mmoL AE/g),且是其他果实的42~127倍。相关性分析发现五种寒地果实的总酚、总花色苷含量和抗氧化活性之间存在极显著正相关(P<0.01),而与抗α-淀粉酶活性之间无显著性相关关系。