Predicting the Load-Carrying Capacity and Wear Resistance of Duplex-Coated Low-Strength Alloys for Severe Service Ball Valves

The load-carrying capacity and wear resistance of a duplex-coated 316 stainless steel were determined, and a finite element numerical approach was developed to predict and corroborate experimental observations. Low-strength alloys are generally used for highly demanding valve applications due to their superior chemical stability, galvanic corrosion resistance, and lower susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking failure. Hardfacing (using thermal spraying, laser cladding, or plasma transferred arc welding) is currently the most common solution to protect valve components. Hardfacing provides a thick, hardened case that significantly improves tribological performance. However, hardfaced layers provide lower wear resistance compared to vacuum-deposited hard coatings. One solution to further improve hardfacing performance is a duplex approach, which combines the two processes. This study investigates the following materials: a 316 stainless steel base hardfaced with laser-cladded Co-Cr superalloy and topped with a CVD nanostructured W-WC coating. Tribological properties of three configurations were assessed for their ability to delay initiation of plastic deformation and surface cracking under quasistatic loading and for their resistance to dry reciprocal sliding wear. The results demonstrate that finite element modeling allows numerical prediction and comparison of the load-carrying capacity and wear resistance of duplex-coated AISI 316 stainless steel.     

Cold spray deposition of a WC-25Co cermet onto Al7075-T6 and carbon steel substrates

This work focussed on the deposition of wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant WC-25Co cermet powders on carbon steel and aluminium (Al7075-T6) substrates by cold gas spraying (CGS). The unique combination of mechanical, physical and chemical properties of WC-Co cermets has led to their widespread use for the manufacture of wear-resistant parts. X-ray diffraction tests were run on the powder and coatings to determine possible phase changes during the spraying process. The bonding strength of the coatings was measured by adhesion tests (ASTM C633-08). The sliding (ASTM G99-04) and abrasive (ASTM G65-00) wear resistance of the coatings were also studied. Corrosion resistance was determined by electrochemical measurements and salt fog spray tests (ASTM B117-03). CGS achieved thick, dense and hard WC-25Co coatings on both aluminium alloy Al7075-T6 and carbon steel substrates, with excellent tribological and electrochemical properties. We thus conclude that this method is very competitive compared with conventional thermal spraying techniques, giving thick, dense and hard coatings on both aluminium alloy Al7075-T6 and carbon steel substrates, with excellent tribological and electrochemical properties.     

Effect of arc current on microstructure and wear characteristics of a Ni-based coating deposited by PTA on gray cast iron

The plasma transferred arc (PTA) technique is currently used to coat the edges of moulds for the glass industry with nickel-based hardfacing alloys. However the hardness and wear performance of these coatings are significantly affected by the procedure adopted during the deposition of coatings. The aim of the present investigation is to study the effect of arc current on the microstructure, hardness and wear performance of a nickel-based hardfacing alloy deposited on gray cast iron, currently used in molds for the glass industry. Microstructure, hardness and wear assessments were used to characterize the coatings. Electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) mapping, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDAX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the microstructure of the deposits. The effect of post weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the microstructure and hardness was also studied. The typical microstructure of the coatings consists of dendrites of Ni-Fe, in the FCC solid solution phase, with interdendritic phases rich in Cr-B, Ni-Si and Fe-Mo-C. Increasing the arc current reduces the proportion of porosity and hardness of the coatings and modifies their composition due to the increasing dilution of the cast iron. The partial melted zone (PMZ) had a typical white cast iron plus martensite microstructure, while the heat affected zone (HAZ) had only a martensite structure. The wear tests showed decreasing wear resistance with decreasing hardness of the coatings. PWHT reduces the hardness of the PMZ and HAZ but does not significantly alter the hardness of the bulk coating.     

热喷涂铝青铜涂层的制备与微动磨损行为*

采用大气等离子喷涂和超音速火焰喷涂在不锈钢表面制备铝青铜涂层,并考察涂层的显微组织、相组成以及微动磨损行为。结果表明,在微动初期涂层接触区内发生轻微损伤,表现为犁沟和粘着;随微动循环次数的增加,层状剥离和氧化成为涂层接触区内的主要损伤形式。超音速火焰喷涂涂层具有更高的致密度和硬度,提高了涂层抗粘着及犁削的性能,故在试验初期表现出较小的摩擦因数和磨损体积;但在微动损伤机制随循环次数增大转变为层状剥离和氧化后,大气等离子喷涂涂层具有更小的摩擦因数和磨损体积。这可能是由于大气等离子喷涂涂层具有更高含量的α相,提高了涂层的韧性抑制了脆性断裂。此外,磨痕内形成的致密氧化层和由应变强化得到的致密化组织减缓了涂层的进一步磨损和氧化。     

Abrasion wear resistance of arc-sprayed stainless steel and composite stainless steel coatings

The abrasion wear resistance of stainless steel and composite stainless steel/titanium boride coatings arc sprayed with air and argon was evaluated. Stainless steel coatings arc sprayed with air were found to be slightly more resistant than bulk stainless steel, whereas those sprayed with argon were slightly less resistant. The wear resistance of composite stainless steel/titanium diboride coatings was from two to four times greater than that of bulk stainless steel, depending on the cored wire constitution and the type of gas used for spraying. Microstructural analysis, microhardness measurements, and optical profilometry were used to characterize the coatings and wear damage. By considering both the wire constitution and the spraying conditions, it was possible to fabricate composite stainless steel coatings that showed a 400 % increase in wear resistance over bulk stainless steel.     

Producing hardfacing composite materials for ecologically safe technologies

The application of hardfacing materials for producing high-strength coatings on components working in abrasive wear conditions is one of the important directions of research into increasing the service life of road construction, agricultural and other types of equipment. However, in producing this equipment, the ecological safety requirements are sometimes ignored and this results in negative effects on the environment and the health of personnel. This article describes the results of scientific and research investigations of the team of authors to develop a cladding powder by the method of chemical gas phase deposition of nickel tetracarbonyl on the surface of aluminium oxide particles and application of the powder for producing wear-resistant coatings. The powder materials are deposited in a closed cycle excluding contact of the personnel with toxic substances and emission of contaminants into the atmosphere, resulting in a safe process. Plasma coatings with the required physical–mechanical properties have been produced. This confirms the efficiency of the approaches used in this case and increases the service life of working sections of machines subjected to abrasive wear.     

NiCrSiB Coatings Deposited by Plasma Transferred Arc on Different Steel Substrates

Colmonoy 6 (NiCrSiB) is a Ni-based alloy recognized for its superior mechanical properties, attributed to the presence of a dispersion of hard carbides and borides, which is strongly dependent on processing technique. This work gathered microstructure data from the literature and analyzed Colmonoy 6 coatings deposited by plasma transferred arc hardfacing. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of PTA deposition parameters and substrate chemical composition on NiCrSiB coating characteristics. Coatings were characterized in terms of their hardness, dilution, and microstructure, as well as mass loss during abrasive sliding wear tests. The results showed that coating performance is strongly dependent on the chemical composition of the substrate. Carbon steel substrate yielded coatings with greater wear resistance. Processing parameters also alter the performance of coatings, and the lower current and lower travel speed result in reduced mass loss.     

等离子喷涂纳米硫化亚铁自润滑涂层的分析与摩擦学性能

摩擦磨损是造成零部件失效的重要原因,而摩擦磨损过程主要发生在固体的表面,等离子喷涂纳米硫化亚铁自润滑涂层能够有效地减少摩擦面的磨擦和磨损.本研究利用自制的纳米尺寸的硫化亚铁颗粒作为等离子喷涂的喂料,在钢基体表面制成了纳米硫化亚铁自润滑涂层.等离子喷涂制得的涂层成分以硫化亚铁为主,经过XRD分析结果的计算,涂层是纳米结构的硫化亚铁颗粒构成的.用等离子喷涂纳米硫化亚铁自润滑涂层进行摩擦磨损试验,结果表明该涂层具有明显优于热处理后GCr15钢的摩擦磨损性能,相同试验条件下摩擦系数降低了1/3～1/2,磨损体积减小50%～70%,而且在真空条件下的摩擦磨损性能比在大气压下还要好,摩擦系数降低1/3,磨损量降低了70%.     

Erosive abrasive wear behaviour of stainless steel surface produced by plasma transferred arc hardfacing

Abstract

Erosive abrasive wear is caused by high speed impact of particles entrained in a fluid system on the surfaces of components such as boilers and furnaces. Erosive abrasive wear in boilers results from the impact of hard particles such as ash or clinker entrained in flue gases and can lead to serious damage. The life of boiler and furnace components encountering erosive abrasive wear in service, which are most commonly fabricated from carbon steels, can be improved by hardfacing with a wear resistant material. The effects of wear parameters such as particle size, flux and velocity on the erosive abrasive wear behaviour of a stainless steel surface produced by the plasma transferred arc hardfacing have been investigated using an experimental design approach. The wear resistance of the stainless steel surface was found to be twice that of the carbon steel substrate.     

铁铝混合粉热喷涂及扩散处理组织分析

利用等离子喷涂方法在不锈钢基体上喷涂铁铝混合粉获得了铁铝涂层,并对涂层的组织进行了分析。研究结果表明,Fe粉和Al粉熔化后由喷枪高速喷出,沉积在基体上可发生部分化合反应,生成少量的铁铝金属间化合物,涂层与基体结合良好。600℃扩散处理后,涂层中的铁铝金属间化合物增多。800℃和1000℃扩散处理后,Al全部反应,Fe有剩余,涂层由Fe、铁铝金属间化合物和氧化物组成。     

Properties of alumina-titania coatings prepared by laser-assisted air plasma spraying

Studies have shown that microstructures formed by post-laser remelting of air plasma sprayed coatings exhibit densification but also numerous macrocracks due to the rapid cooling and thermal stresses. In laser-assisted air plasma spraying (LAAPS) process, the laser beam interacts simultaneously with the plasma torch in order to increase the temperature of the coating and possibly remelt the coating at the surface. As a result, the microstructure is partially densified and macrocracks, which are generally produced in the post-laser irradiation treatment, may be inhibited. In this paper, LAAPS was performed to improve the hardness and wear resistance of Al₂O₃-13%TiO₂ coatings. These coatings prepared by air plasma spraying (APS) are widely used to protect components against abrasive wear at low temperatures. The coating microstructure was characterized by SEM and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical characterization was done by hardness measurements, erosive wear tests and abrasion wear tests. Results showed that laser assistance may improve the microstructural and mechanical properties. Phenomena involved in LAAPS of alumina-titania coatings are discussed in this paper.     

Improvement in high stress abrasive wear property of steel by hardfacing

High stress abrasive wear behavior of mild steel, medium carbon steel, and hardfacing alloy has been studied to ascertain the extent of improvement in the wear properties after hardfacing of steel. High stress abrasive wear tests were carried out by sliding the specimen against the abrasive media consisting of silicon carbide particles, rigidly bonded on paper base and mounted on disk. Maximum wear was found in the case of mild steel followed by a medium carbon alloy steel and a hardfacing alloy. Different compositions of steels and constituent phases present led to different wear rates of the specimen. The extent of improvement in wear performance of steel due to hardfacing is quite appreciable (twice compared to mild steel). Microstructural examination of the wear surface has been carried out to understand the wear mechanism.     

Comparative study of WC-cermet coatings sprayed via the HVOF and the HVAF Process

The high velocity air fuel (HVAF) system is a high-velocity combustion process that uses compressed air and kerosene for combustion. Two WC-cermet powders were sprayed by the HVAF and the high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) processes, using an AeroSpray gun (Browning Thermal Systems Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire) and a CDS-100 gun (Sulzer Plasma Technik, Wohlen, Switzerland) respectively. Several techniques, including x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy, were used to characterize the microstructures and phase distribution of the powders and coatings. In addition, mechanical properties such as hardness and wear resistance (pin-on-disk) were investigated. A substantial amount of W₂C was found in the HVOF coatings, as well as a high concentration of tungsten in the binder phase, indicating that oxidation and dissolution processes change the composition and microstructure from powder to coating during spraying. This was in contrast to the HVAF coatings in which composition and microstructure were unchanged from that of the powder. Additionally, the wear resistance of the HVAF coatings was superior to that of the HVOF coatings.     

Development and trends in HVOF spraying technology

Three actual trends in development of HVOF spraying technology are described and discussed. The trends concern application fields as well as gun and feedstock characteristics. At the example of demountable draw bars it is shown that HVOF sprayed cermet coatings are capable to protect light weight material components subject to dynamical load against wear without detraction of fatigue strength. Personnel and production time savings can be exploited. High deposition efficiency at considerable powder feed rate, high density and negligible oxygen content in corrosion protective iron or nickel based coatings is achieved for spraying with newly developed HVOF guns operating at increased combustion chamber pressures. Also spraying of highly reactive materials like titanium under atmospheric conditions becomes feasible. A major obstacle for industrial use of respective coatings is the lack of adapted characterisation methods that permit to ascertain corrosion protective function. Ultrafine powder feedstock is used in order to reduce overall costs of wear protective cermet coatings due to the possibility to finish coatings by comparatively cheap belt grinding. However, it is shown that the replacement of coatings produced with conventional powder size fractions requires careful consideration of the particular tribological system. While cermet coatings produced with ultrafine powders outperform conventional coatings for sliding wear conditions, their capability to withstand dry abrasive wear stress is poor. The benefits concerning coating production costs may be outweighed by significantly decreased component life time.     

高耐磨药芯焊丝堆焊组织及基体选择

制备了高铬铸铁型自保护药芯焊丝,并采用此焊丝分别在 Y-Ni4 铸铁、65Mn钢、40Cr 钢和灰口铸铁基体上进行堆焊.对不同堆焊试样进行硬度测试,对堆焊金属及其结合部位进行显微组织及断口形貌观察.结果表明,堆焊金属硬度在 60HRC 以上,断裂方式均为解理断裂.65Mn 钢堆焊试样熔合较好,且基本无裂纹,可在受冲击载荷较大的条件下使用;Y-Ni4 铸铁堆焊试样熔合良好,但在热影响区存在裂纹,应在冲击载荷较小或不受冲击载荷条件下使用;40Cr 和灰铸铁堆焊试样熔合不好,熔合区存在许多缺陷,不宜作为耐磨堆焊基体材料.

Abstract：

Four matrix materials, Y-Ni4 cast iron, 65Mn steel, 40Cr steel and grey cast iron, were hardfaced by the high chromium cast iron of self-shielded flux-cored wire separately. The hardness of different hardfacing specimens was measured, and the microstructures, fracture morphologies and the binding sites of different hardfacing specimens were observed. The results show that the hardness of the hardfacing metal is over 60 HRC and the fracture is of cleavage type. The fusion zones of 65Mn and Y-Ni4 hardfacing metal are good ones. However, the cracks can be observed in the heat-affected zone of Y-Ni4 hardfacing specimen. Therefore, the hardfacing metal of 65Mn steel is suitable for the condition of high stress wear and Y-Ni4 cast iron is suitable for the lower one. Besides, there are many defects in the fusion zone of 40Cr and grey cast iron hardfacing specimens, which are not suitable for the wear resistant matrix materials.     

Preparation and characterisation of a-C and a-C:H coatings deposited by pulsed magnetron sputtering

The amorphous carbon coatings of a-C and a-C:H type were deposited by pulsed magnetron sputtering in argon and argon/acetylene atmosphere, respectively. The deposition rate, chemical composition, structure and mechanical properties of these coatings were studied as a function of acetylene flow rate. The adding of acetylene to working atmosphere caused increase of deposition rate and hydrogen content in coatings, and at the same time decrease in their hardness. The friction and wear behaviour of a-C and a-C:H coatings in ambient air are highly dependent on kind of counterparts material. The “true” friction coefficients of a-C and a-C:H coatings sliding against a-C and a-C:H coatings, respectively, are similar in values (0.06-0.08) and wear rates are similar too. Significantly higher friction coefficients (0.2-0.3) and wear rates were observed for both a-C and a-C:H coatings sliding against 100Cr6 steel. The lowest friction coefficients (0.02-0.04) and wear rates were obtained for a-C and a-C:H coatings sliding against Alumina counterpart.     

Comparative evaluation of the abrasive slurry wear behavior of alloy surfaces produced by a Plasma Transferred Arc hardfacing process

Abrasive slurry wear is generally defined as a mechanical interaction in which the material becomes lost in a surface that is in contact with moving particles, such as laden liquid. Slurry wear abrasion occurs in extruders, slurry pumps, and pipes that carry the slurry of minerals and ores in mineral processing industries. The life of the components used under slurry abrasion conditions is governed by the process parameters, the properties of the abrasive particles in the slurry, and the material properties. This paper analyses in detail the effects of operating variables, such as abrasive particle size, slurry concentration, speed of rotation, and slurry bath temperature, on the abrasive slurry wear behavior of a iron based alloy (stainless steel), cobalt based alloy (stellite), and nickel based alloy (colmonoy) surfaces produced by a Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) hardfacing process. Of the four variables considered in this investigation, it was found that the slurry concentration had a predominant effect on the wear rate of hardfaced surfaces compared to the other variables. Microstructural analyses of the worned surfaces were carried out using SEM. Both the experimental and mathematical investigations showed that the wear resistance of an iron based alloy was 4 times better than the base metal. Similarly, the cobalt based alloy exhibited a 3 times higher wear resistance while the nickel based alloy showed a 2 times higher wear resistance compared to the base metal (carbon steel).     

超高分子量聚乙烯/石墨烯复合涂层制备及其在海洋装备防护中的应用

目的采用热喷涂技术制备涂层,通过材料选择和结构设计,有效延缓海水对金属基底的腐蚀和冲蚀,并抑制海洋材料表面生物污损等对海洋材料的严重破坏。方法采用高能球磨法制备了聚乙烯-石墨烯(UHMWPE-graphene)复合粉末,用火焰喷涂技术在E235B碳钢基底表面制备UHMWPE和UHMWPE-graphene复合涂层。通过扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对原始粉末和涂层微观组织进行表征,并通过摩擦磨损实验、电化学测试、生物污损检测,分别评价涂层耐海水冲刷性能、耐腐蚀性能以及抗生物污损特性。结果相对于碳钢和UHMWPE涂层,UHMWPE-graphene复合涂层的腐蚀电位提高和腐蚀电流减小,预示着样品的耐腐蚀特性增强。由于UHMWPE-graphene复合涂层呈现疏水性以及更低的表面能,使其表现出优异的抵抗海藻贴附的能力。添加石墨烯的复合涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率比纯UHMWPE涂层均有一定程度的降低。添加石墨烯质量分数为0.5%时,涂层的摩擦系数由0.236降低到0.195,且磨损率下降了约26%。结论利用火焰热喷涂技术在碳钢表面成功制备了组织致密的UHMWPE涂层、UHMWPE-0.2%graphene和UHMWPE-0.5%graphene复合涂层。石墨烯的添加,能够有效提高涂层在模拟海洋环境中的耐蚀性、抗生物污损性及耐磨性。     

氮合金化堆焊硬面合金组织与耐高温磨损性能

对马氏体不锈钢堆焊硬而合金进行了氮合金化,研究了其组织和耐高温磨损性能.结果表明,氮合金化马氏体不锈钢堆焊层显微组织主要为马氏体和铌、钛的复合碳氮化物;堆焊马氏体不锈钢硬面合金与碳钢的高温金属间磨损,为碳钢表面高温下形成的氧化皮,粘着于堆焊马氏体不锈钢硬面合金表面,导致堆焊马氏体不锈钢硬面合金产生磨粒磨损.氮合金化堆焊...     

Abrasive wear behaviour of laser clad and flame sprayed-melted NiCrBSi coatings

In this work, the influence of the processing conditions on the microstructure and abrasive wear behaviour of a NiCrBSi hardfacing alloy is analysed. The hardfacing alloy was applied in the form of coatings onto a mild steel substrate (Fe–0.15%C) by different techniques: laser cladding (LC) and flame spraying (FS) combined with surface flame melting (SFM). In both cases, the appropriate selection of the process parameters enabled high-quality, defect-free NiCrBSi coatings to be obtained. The microstructure of the coatings was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with attached energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) microprobe, and by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Their tribological properties were evaluated by micro-scale ball cratering abrasive wear tests using different abrasives: diamond, SiC and WC. Microstructural characterisation showed that both coatings exhibit similar phases in their microstructure, but the phases present differ in morphology, size distribution and relative proportions from one coating to another. Wear tests showed that in three-body abrasive conditions, despite these microstructural differences, the wear behaviour is comparable for both coatings. Conversely, in two-body wear conditions with diamond particles as the abrasive, it was observed that the specific wear rate of the material is sensitive to microstructural changes. This fact is particularly apparent in LC coatings, in which the zones of the layers with higher proportions of very small hard particles present a lower wear resistance. These results indicate that it is important to have good microstructural control of this material, in order to obtain coatings with an optimized and homogeneous tribological behaviour.