Analysis of residual stress in stainless steel pipe weld subject to mechanical axial tension loading

This paper presents the characteristics of welding residual stresses in circumferentially butt-welded stainless steel pipe by utilizing three-dimensional (3-D) uncoupled thermo-mechanical finite element (FE) analysis method. Moreover, stress variations in welded joints of the pipe under superimposed mechanical axial tension loading are further investigated employing the welding residual stresses and plastic strains obtained from the thermo-mechanical FE analysis as an initial condition. Results show that spatial variations of the welding residual stresses are present along the circumference and a rapid change of the residual stresses exists at the welding start/stop position, hence 3-D FE analysis is essential to accurately simulate circumferential welding of a pipe component. When mechanical axial tension loading is applied to the circumferentially butt-welded stainless steel pipe, bending moment is generated at the welded joints caused by the circumferential shrinkage of the weld region during welding; thus affecting the axial and hoop stress evolutions in the course of the superimposed mechanical loading.     

Experimental and numerical investigations on residual stresses in a multi-pass butt-welded high strength SM570-TMCP steel plate

During fusion welding process, complex thermal stresses are inevitably generated. The presence of residual stresses can be detrimental to the integrity and the service behavior of the welded part. In this study, both an experiment and a finite element (FE) method were utilized to investigate residual stress distribution in high strength SM570-TMCP (thermo-mechanical controlled process) steel weldment, which was constructed using a multi-pass butt welding process. Firstly, experiments which included a tensile test at elevated temperatures, an observation of the microstructures and a residual stress measurement were carried out to examine characteristics of residual stresses in the weldment. Secondly, a three-dimensional thermo-mechanical FE model was developed to simulate the temperature field and the residual stress field incorporating the experimental results. The thermo-mechanical model used as well as the experimental procedure is described in detail, and the results obtained from the FE model are compared with the experimental measurements and discussed.     

A study on the effect of weld groove designs on residual stresses in SS 304LN thick multipass pipe welds

Present research describes the effect of weld groove designs on residual stresses of thick SS 304LN pipe welds which are commonly utilized for applications such as boiling water reactor system, oil and steam piping. The faying surfaces of the pipe joints were machined to generate conventional and narrow groove geometries for welding. Circumferential multipass pipe welding was carried out without applying preheat and post weld heat treatment. Blind hole drilling technique was employed for measuring hoop and axial residual stresses in narrow and conventional grooved SS 304LN pipe welds considering plasticity and stress concentration effects of hole drilling process. The result exhibited 20 to 30 percent reduction in residual stresses in narrow grooved pipe welds. A finite element model was developed for estimating the pass by pass peak temperature distributions in the pipe welds. Sequentially coupled thermomechanical elastic-plastic analysis of both conventional and narrow groove pipe welds indicated close agreement between the predicted and experimentally determined hoop and axial residual stresses.     

A simplified FE simulation method with shell element for welding deformation and residual stress generated by multi-pass butt welding

In order to propose a simplified simulation method using finite element (FE) model for predicting deformation and residual stress generated by multi-pass butt welding, a series of experiments and numerical analyses were carried out. 3-pass butt welding of steel plates was simulated by the thermal elasto-plastic analysis with shell elements and with solid elements respectively. A heat input model for considering the temperature distribution in the thickness direction in shell elements was proposed. The validity of the heat input model was verified by comparing analytical results with experimental results or other analytical results using solid elements. Furthermore, the effectiveness for saving computing time by using shell elements was confirmed from the comparison with the case using solid elements. It was confirmed that the welding out-of-plane deformation and residual stress could be predicted with high accuracy by the proposed method. The computing time was around 14% of that by the precise model with solid elements.     

交通荷载作用下埋地承插口排水管道动力响应分析

近年来,由于市政排水管道灾变导致的道路坍塌事故频发,水泥混凝土管是目前应用最为广泛的市政排水管道,其在交通荷载作用下的力学响应特征尚不明确。基于ABAQUS有限元软件,建立了带承插口结构排水管道三维数值模型。在考虑承插口、橡胶圈和无限元吸收边界等的基础上计算分析了不同脉冲幅值、不同荷载作用位置和不同管道埋深对管道动力响应的影响。结果表明：管节处受力高度不连续,交通荷载对其作用位置两侧一节管长范围内的管道影响显著;承口和插口环向以受拉和受压为主;交通荷载作用位置对管顶、管底和管侧纵向Mises应力最大值无明显影响,但对管顶和管底纵向Mises应力分布有影响;管道纵向Mises应力及环向竖向应力与管道埋深成正比,应力增量与埋深增量成反比。计算结果为进一步研究交通荷载作用下排水管道的力学机理提供参考。     

栓焊混合连接狗骨式梁柱钢节点残余应力有限元分析

焊接作为结构连接的一种重要形式被广泛应用于钢结构中.焊接过程中由于温度梯度产生的焊接残余应力,给实际工程安全带来很大的威胁,所以研究钢结构在焊接过程中产生的残余应力是十分必要的.利用有限元数值模拟软件ANSYS建立狗骨式梁柱节点顶底角钢、焊缝、螺栓混合连接的三维有限元模型,模拟梁柱节点焊接的温度场,在热弹塑性理论基础上求解焊接残余应力.结果表明：构件在焊接过程中主要受拉,并且在不同位置的应力各不相同.由于狗骨式节点的存在,削弱了节点对梁部分的约束.在梁上翼缘螺栓上出现焊接残余应力的最大值,在腹板角钢与柱连接的中间螺栓处出现最小值.这与规范中的规定基本相符.     

Influence of welding residual stresses on the ductile crack growth resistance of circumferentially cracked pipe

Welding residual stress is one of the main concerns for fabrication and operation of steel structures due to its potential effect on structural integrity. This paper focuses on the effect of welding residual stress on the ductile crack growth resistance of circumferentially cracked steel pipes. Two-dimensional axi-symmetry model has been used to simulate the pipe. Residual stresses were introduced into the model by using so-called eigenstrain method. The complete Gurson model has been employed to calculate the ductile crack growth resistance. Results show that residual stresses reduce the ductile crack growth resistance. However, the effect of residual stresses on ductile crack growth resistance decreases with the increase of crack growth. The effect of residual stress has also been investigated for cases with different initial void volume fraction, material hardening and crack sizes.     

圆柱形预应力混凝土污泥消化池的受力分析

为研究圆柱形预应力混凝土污泥消化池的应力变化情况，对某污水处理厂污泥消化池进行了施加预应力阶段和试水阶段的原型监测试验，并采用三维有限元方法进行了分析计算。结果表明：三维有限元方法的计算值和原型检测结果符合良好，池壁混凝土在预应力作用下沿高度和环向的应力分布规律与内水荷载作用下沿高度和环向的应力分布规律相同，但拉、压应力方向相反；在施加预应力阶段及使用期，池壁混凝土局部存在的拉应力值在设计允许的范围内，在满水闲气试验中池壁混凝土基本处于受环向和竖向压应力状态。此外，还对影响池壁混凝土应力分布均匀性的主要因素进行了分析。     

基于盲孔法的高强焊接圆钢管表面残余应力试验研究

为研究高强焊接圆钢管残余应力分布模式,基于盲孔法对21个高强焊接圆钢管的5个外表面、1个端部内表面纵向残余应力分布进行测量;对盲孔法应变释放系数A、B进行平面试验及平面有限元标定,验证有限元标定的可靠性;进行柱面有限元标定并依据形状改变比能修正法对试验测量结果进行塑性修正,提出埋弧焊接、高频焊接圆钢管外表面纵向残余应力分布模型。研究结果表明：柱面有限元模型可弥补应变计弧面形状造成的误差,与平面试验标定结果相比,对于截面规格为■325×8的埋弧焊接圆钢管标定系数A误差可达6.1%,对于截面规格为■356×10的埋弧焊接圆钢管,标定系数B误差可达5.0%;与平面有限元模型标定结果相比,由柱面标定得到的应变释放系数A随直径增大而减小、系数B随直径增大而增大,并逐步趋近于平面标定结果。沿着焊接方向1/4、1/2、3/4柱高截面最大纵向残余应力数值相近,最大残余拉、压应力分别为0.96■、-0.27■。高频焊接圆钢管端部内表面与外表面残余应力分布模式不同,外表面以残余拉应力为主且最大为0.46■,内表面以残余压应力为主且最大为-0.37■。提出的纵向残余应力分布模型与实测数据吻合较好。     

Experimental research on surface residual stress of high strength welded circular steel tube based on hole-drilling strain-gage method

为研究高强焊接圆钢管残余应力分布模式，基于盲孔法对21个高强焊接圆钢管的5个外表面、1个端部内表面纵向残余应力分布进行测量；对盲孔法应变释放系数A、B进行平面试验及平面有限元标定，验证有限元标定的可靠性；进行柱面有限元标定并依据形状改变比能修正法对试验测量结果进行塑性修正，提出埋弧焊接、高频焊接圆钢管外表面纵向残余应力分布模型。研究结果表明：柱面有限元模型可弥补应变计弧面形状造成的误差，与平面试验标定结果相比，对于截面规格为φ325×8的埋弧焊接圆钢管标定系数A误差可达6.1%，对于截面规格为φ356×10的埋弧焊接圆钢管，标定系数B误差可达5.0%；与平面有限元模型标定结果相比，由柱面标定得到的应变释放系数A随直径增大而减小、系数B随直径增大而增大，并逐步趋近于平面标定结果。沿着焊接方向1/4、1/2、3/4柱高截面最大纵向残余应力数值相近，最大残余拉、压应力分别为0.96fy、-0.27fy。高频焊接圆钢管端部内表面与外表面残余应力分布模式不同，外表面以残余拉应力为主且最大为0.46fy，内表面以残余压应力为主且最大为-0.37fy。提出的纵向残余应力分布模型与实测数据吻合较好。     

Shear-flexural strength mechanical model for the design and assessment of reinforced concrete beams subjected to point or distributed loads

A mechanical model recently developed for the shear strength of slender reinforced concrete beams with and without shear reinforcement is presented and extended to elements with uniformly distributed loads, specially focusing on practical design and assessment in this paper. The shear strength is considered to be the sum of the shear transferred by the concrete compression chord, along the crack, due to residual tensile and frictional stresses, by the stirrups and, if they exist, by the longitudinal reinforcement. Based on the principles of structural mechanics simple expressions have been derived separately for each shear transfer action and for their interaction at ultimate limit state. The predictions of the model have been compared to those obtained by using the EC2, MC2010 and ACI 318-08 provisions and they fit very well the available experimental results from the recently published ACI-DAfStb databases of shear tests on slender reinforced concrete beams with and without stirrups. Finally, a detailed application example has been presented, obtaining each contributing component to the shear strength and the assumed shape and position of the critical crack.     

Weld-induced residual stresses in a prototype dragline cluster and comparison with design codes

The Australian coal mining industry employs a large fleet of thin-walled Circular Hollow Section (CHS) welded draglines built of several clusters along the length of the main boom, which are often very heavily overlapped with co-eccentric multiple tubular structures. Heat treatment processes for relieving thermally generated weld-induced residual stresses are usually not employed owing to the high costs and potential dragline downtime. However, it is estimated that these weld-induced residual stresses are usually within a tolerable range and are not the major motivating factor in the initiation and propagation of fatigue-induced cracking. This paper presents the simulation of welding-induced residual stresses in a CHS T-Joint, which would form the first of the four lacings welded on to the main chord of a typical mining dragline cluster. The paper compares numerically generated residual stresses during the welding process in a single weld pass with the approach used in two Standards: (i) R6-Revision 4, Assessment of the Integrity of Structures Containing Defects and (ii) American Petroleum Institute API 579-1/ ASME FFS-1 2007. The comparison attests to the observation that while residual stresses in the fused area at some points could be higher than the yield stress, they are generally not capable of inducing cracks in their own right.     

土塞效应对管桩低应变测试视波速的影响研究

首先,基于附加质量模型建立了考虑环向波动效应的管桩纵向振动频域解析解,然后利用傅里叶逆变换得到半正弦脉冲激振力作用下时域响应半解析解,最后,基于建立的理论模型,研究了土塞效应对管桩视波速的影响,为管桩的低应变无损检测提供更加精确的管桩测试波速计算理论。本文解的理论反演曲线分别与现有理论解的反演曲线、模型试验和现场试验测试曲线进行了比较,验证了本文解的合理性和计算精度。分析表明:土塞效应对管桩视波速的衰减作用随着管桩壁厚和纵波波速的减小而增强;土塞的存在会导致桩端反射信号幅值到达时间随着桩顶接收角度的变化而变化;土塞效应会增大桩端反射信号的宽度。     

On the prediction of effect of direction of welding on bead geometry and residual deformation of double-sided fillet welds

The present study describes how the effect of direction of welding is useful to minimize distortion in submerged arc welded double-sided fillet joints. In present work, angular distortion of 12 mm thick double-sided fillet welds was measured for same direction and reverse direction welding. It has been observed that the maximum magnitude of the angular distortion for reverse direction fillet welding is lower. Thermal history in horizontal and vertical plate of fillet welds was also measured for both same direction and reverse direction welding. After welding, the fillet welds were sectioned, polished and etched to measure the effect of direction of welding on weld bead geometry. To predict the temperature distribution and thermal history, a finite element (FE) elasto-plastic thermo-mechanical model has been developed for submerged arc welded double-sided fillet welds by using moving distributed heat source. The three-dimensional FE thermal model was verified by comparing peak temperature obtained with experimental values. The model results matched fairly well with experimental results with a variation of 6 percent for sample 1 and 7.5 percent for sample 2 for the maximum values of distortion, and a variation of 2-8 percent for peak temperatures in horizontal plate and 9 percent in web plate.     

水压致裂过程的三维数值模拟研究

基于RFPA数值分析方法和并行计算技术,建立了反映岩石细观损伤演化过程的三维渗流–应力–损伤耦合模型。对具有120万单元的方形岩石材料模型,进行了4组不同应力状态下水压致裂过程的三维大规模科学计算分析。计算结果分析表明：起裂压力与失稳压力并不重合,起始裂纹均为张性,裂纹扩展形式、表面平整度、走向、扩展失稳过程以及裂纹的空间分布形态受应力状态影响。当竖直方向为最大主应力方向时裂纹呈空间竖片分布,当水平应力差较大时裂纹表面形态平整,失稳到来较快;当竖直方向为最小主应力方向时裂纹的空间分布呈水平片状;不等的主应力情况下裂纹总是分布在最小主应力面内;当三向主应力相等时,裂纹起裂位置和扩展方向具有竞争趋势,空间分布不具规律,裂缝分支较多。数值模拟结果与物理实验结果有着较好的吻合,该研究对水压致裂工程设计有一定参考价值。     

Natural frequencies of plates with square holes when subjected to in-plane uniaxial, biaxial or shear loading

The finite element method is used to determine the natural frequencies of flat square plates containing eccentrically located square holes. The plates are subjected to in-plane uniaxial, biaxial or uniformly distributed shear along the four outer edges. These edges are either simply supported or clamped.

In order to evaluate the stiffness and mass matrices, the non-conforming rectangular displacement element is used to model the out-of-plane behaviour of the plate. The in-plane stress distribution within the plate, required in the analysis, is determined by using a rectangular finite element having the only essential degrees of freedom at each of the four corner nodes. The element displacement functions are based on assumed strains and satisfy the exact requirements of strain free rigid-body modes of displacements.

The variation of the natural frequency with the size and location of the hole is first investigated in the absence of any in-plane stresses. This analysis is then repeated for a series of values of the applied in-plane stresses. When uniform shear is applied, tension and compression zones are produced in the plate and hence the effect of locating the hole in each of the regions is also investigated. The values of the applied in-plane stresses ranged up to the point that would cause the plates to buckle. In this way a comprehensive set of results can be obtained.     

圆管式无柱帽空心无梁楼盖的试验研究

圆管式无柱帽空心无梁楼盖的孔道是单向的,使楼板在两个方向的截面不一样,因此需要研究它的受力性能和设计方法。柱网4m×4m,每侧挑出0.5m,板厚135mm的试验模型,在竖向均布荷载下的试验表明,该板受力全过程分为未裂、裂缝、破坏三个阶段,有足够的承载能力,竖向位移呈“拉网形”,柱顶板面处首先开裂和屈服,孔道对板中央处的板底裂缝有影响,顺孔道方向的裂缝宽度比另一方向的大。用弹性有限元分析了竖向均布荷载下,9m×9m柱网的实心无梁楼盖和圆管式空心无梁楼盖的中间板区格,计算结果表明,两者各截面弯矩及板带弯矩的差别不大。建议对竖向均布荷载作用下的圆管式无柱帽空心无梁楼盖也可象实心板的那样采用等效框架设计法,圆管应沿平行于板区格的长跨方向布置,每段圆管的长度不宜不大于1m,管间净距和管端净距分别不宜大于50mm和80mm。     

三种本构关系条件下锚杆摩阻力力学对比分析

为了研究锚杆体系的受力应力应变过程,提高锚杆的锚固效果,结合三种摩阻力本构模型完全弹性本构,弹性-理想塑性本构,弹性-软化塑性本构,建立了锚杆微观分析模型,对锚杆与岩体的相互作用力学过程进行了讨论。对于完全弹性本构给出了沿轴向分布的应力、应变和摩阻力,以及给出理论上的极限作用力;弹性-理想塑性本构存在一定范围内的屈服阶段,得到了屈服范围内的应力、摩阻力分布表达式,给出了对应作用力的屈服范围;弹性-软化塑性本构条件下,随着作用力的增大摩阻力呈现三个阶段,即完全弹性阶段、软化阶段以及残余阶段,并分析对应的应力、应变、摩阻力和分布范围。本文是基于锚杆摩阻力的不同模型条件下的力学分析,对于实际中的材料力学行为需要更多的实验工作。