Corrosion of magnesium alloys in commercial engine coolants

A number of magnesium alloys show promise as engine block materials. However, a critical issue for the automotive industry is corrosion of the engine block by the coolant and this could limit the use of magnesium engine blocks. This work assesses the corrosion performance of conventional magnesium alloy AZ91D and a recently developed engine block magnesium alloy AM‐SC1 in several commercial coolants. Immersion testing, hydrogen evolution measurement, galvanic current monitoring and the standard ASTM D1384 test were employed to reveal the corrosion performance of the magnesium alloys subjected to the coolants. The results show that the tested commercial coolants are corrosive to the magnesium alloys in terms of general and galvanic corrosion. The two magnesium alloys exhibited slightly different corrosion resistance to the coolants with AZ91D being more corrosion resistant than AM‐SC1. The corrosivity varied from coolant to coolant. Generally speaking, an organic‐acid based long life coolant was less corrosive to the magnesium alloys than a traditional coolant. Among the studied commercial coolants, Toyota long life coolant appeared to be the most promising one. In addition, it was found that potassium fluoride effectively inhibited corrosion of the magnesium alloys in the studied commercial coolants. Both general and galvanic corrosion rates were significantly decreased by addition of KF, and there were no evident side effects on the other engine block materials, such as copper, solder, brass, steel and aluminium alloys, in terms of their corrosion performance. The ASTM D 1384 test further confirmed these results and suggested that Toyota long life coolant with 1%wt KF addition is a promising coolant for magnesium engine blocks.     

Corrosion behaviour of experimental alloys in simulated HTGR helium at temperatures in the 750–1050°C

A series of experimental alloys (basically Ni-20 Cr, with addition of one of more of the elements Al, Ti, Si, Nb and Y) has been examined after exposure to controlled purity helium for periods of 1000–6000 hours at 750–1050 °C. This environment was intended to simulate the primary coolant of a high temperature gas-cooled reactor. Alloys containing aluminum were found to be particularly susceptible to internal oxidation at the lower temperatures, but at 950 °C and above carburization became the dominant corrosion mechanism. The most corrosion resistant alloys were Ni-20Cr and Ni-20 Cr containing small amounts of silicon, titanium and niobium. The presence of 1% yttrium dramatically increased the incidence of carburization, even at temperatures as low at 850°C.     

New engine coolant for corrosion protection of magnesium alloys

The global trend toward decreasing of atmospheric pollution, by saving fuel consumption in vehicles, has led to extensive interest of using lightweight metals such as magnesium alloys, in engine and cooling system components. The modern coolant is not intended to prevent corrosion of magnesium alloy in the engine cooling systems. We have developed a new coolant that aims to protect Mg alloy parts together with all other commonly used metals. Several inhibitor formulations were tested, according to glassware test (ASTM D1384) and heat transfer conditions (ASTM D4340). Mg alloys EZ33 and WE43 were added to the standard sets of metals and the corrosivity of different types of formulations was determined by weight loss measurements. The new anticorrosive coolant showed high performance in all tested metals including magnesium alloys and it satisfied the requirements (ASTM D3306). Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization curves have been used to study electrochemical corrosion behavior of the magnesium alloys EZ33 and WE43 in aqueous solution containing the inhibitors and ethylene glycol (33 vol%‐EG prepared with corrosive water according to ASTM D1384) and compared to a reference coolant with no inhibitor. It was found that a passive film was created upon the Mg alloys, which exhibited high corrosion resistance against pitting.     

Corrosion behaviour of magnesium in ethylene glycol

Corrosion of magnesium engine components by coolant is an important issue in the automotive industry where magnesium alloys may be used. It is of significance to understand the corrosion behaviour of pure magnesium in ethylene glycol solutions, as this can provide a basis for developing new coolants for magnesium alloy engine blocks. In this paper, through corrosion and electrochemical tests, it was found that the corrosion rate of magnesium decreased with increasing concentration of ethylene glycol. Individual contaminants, such as NaCl, NaHCO₃, Na₂SO₄ and NaCl can make aqueous ethylene glycol solution more corrosive to magnesium. However, in NaCl contaminated ethylene glycol, NaHCO₃ and Na₂SO₄ showed some inhibition effect. The solution resistivity played an important role in the corrosion of magnesium in ethylene glycol solutions, and the competitive adsorption of ethylene glycol and the contaminants on the magnesium surface was also responsible for the observed corrosion behaviours. The corrosion of magnesium in ethylene glycol can be effectively inhibited by addition of fluorides that react with magnesium and form a protective film on the surface.     

某无人机螺旋桨联接螺栓断裂失效的多学科分析与改进

某型无人机在试飞试验中螺旋桨的4根30Cr Mn Si A联接螺栓发生早期断裂失效故障。综合材料失效分析、表面完整性分析、断裂强度分析、结构动力学分析、载荷-时间历史分析、螺纹联接设计分析和螺纹加工工艺分析的多学科分析方法,确定了造成接螺栓早期断裂失效的多重因素。结果表明,除4号螺栓外,其余3根螺栓均属于疲劳断裂失效。造成疲劳断裂的主要原因如下:该无人机海运中联接螺栓未进行腐蚀防护,导致螺栓遭受了海洋大气环境腐蚀,加上较大的螺栓预紧力,螺纹根部产生了腐蚀剥落和应力腐蚀损伤,大幅降低了螺栓的抗疲劳性能;试飞时发动机工作转速与螺旋桨的1节径3阶模态固有频率吻合,致使螺旋桨产生了共振,从而使联接螺栓遭受了共振疲劳载荷作用。在此基础上提出抗疲劳建议:在储运和使用中对螺栓进行腐蚀防护;避免发动机长时间工作在共振转速附近;应采用滚压加工螺纹以提高螺栓的疲劳强度;调整螺旋桨盘螺栓孔的位置,降低螺栓工作载荷;将螺钉联接设计改为螺栓联接设计,以避免铝合金内螺纹变形;适当减小螺栓预紧扭矩,以降低疲劳载荷的平均应力水平。     

Corrosion Behavior of GH4169 Alloy in NaCl Solution Spray Environment at 600°CEI北大核心CSCD

The corrosion behavior of engine materials of airplanes working in marine environments is accelerated by the synergistic effects of NaCl particles and water vapor at high temperatures. This work examined the corrosion behavior of GH4169 alloy with a NaCl solution spraying at 600 degrees C using an oxidation kinetics test and micro characterization technology in the aspects of corrosion kinetics, corrosion layer phase composition, and microstructure. The weight gain of the GH4169 alloy corroded in the NaCl solution spraying environment was much lower than that in solid NaCl + wet O-2 after 20 h corrosion at 600 degrees C. The corrosion products of the GH4169 alloy in the NaCl solution spray environment were less complex than those in the solid NaCl + wet O-2 environment, but they were denser. In addition, Cl was concentrated in the inner layer of the corrosion products and accelerated the corrosion of GH4169 alloy via an "active oxidation" mechanism at the initial stage. When NaCl deposition was increased, the corrosion mechanism of GH4169 alloy changed gradually to Cl-induced "active oxidation." The sensitivity of GH4169 alloy in the NaCl solution spray environment at 600 degrees C was analyzed. Overall, the sensitivity of elements in GH4169 alloy to chlorine activated corrosion was Ti > Al > Nb, Cr > Fe > Mo, Ni, whereas the sensitivity of the oxides was TiO2 > MoO2 > Cr2O3(Nb2O5) > Fe2O3 > Al2O3 > NiO.     

Corrosion behaviour of reactor coolant system materials in nuclear power plants

The materials used for the pressure‐retaining parts of reactor coolant system components in light water reactor nuclear power plants have to meet special requirements in terms of their mechanical properties, workability and in‐service performance. Corrosion issues play an important role in connection with plant operating conditions. While giving consideration to the specific service environment of the reactor whether a pressurized or boiling water reactor – the materials used for the individual components and the water chemistries employed in the various systems are selected such that metal loss due to general corrosion will remain very low. Thus the materials used in light water reactor plants exhibit a high general resistance to corrosion for their specified service conditions, material conditions and mechanical loads. However, under certain operating conditions other corrosion mechanisms may be found to induce damage. This paper uses data from the literature, published results of national and international research programs, information on damage which has actually occurred world‐wide and experience gained by Framatome ANP GmbH (former Siemens/KWU) in this field as a basis for discussing these mostly localised corrosion phenomena in terms of “classical” corrosion systems. Aspects associated with irradiation and its effects are not considered. Suitable remedial actions are, however, addressed wherever these are of relevance. The materials considered comprise unalloyed and low‐alloy steels, austenitic chromium‐nickel steels as well as high‐nickel steels and nickel‐base alloys which are exposed to the reactor coolant environment of boiling water reactor or pressurized water reactor plants, including materials investigated in corresponding water environments simulated in the laboratory.     

Evaluation of corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys in radiator coolants

Abstract

Coolant corrosion is a major drawback for the use of magnesium alloys in engine and cooling system, but the coolant is not normally intended to prevent corrosion of magnesium alloys. This research assessed the corrosion performance of two magnesium alloys, AZ91D and AM50A, in two newly formulated radiator coolants using immersion test, potentiodynamic polarisation test, and corroded surface analysis. Two coolants were named as Irgacool Plus L and Irgacool Plus S. C7, C8-organic acids and polycarboxylic acid were the main inhibitor species in Irgacool Plus L while Irgacool Plus S was formulated with C7, C8-organic acids and sebacic acid inhibitors. Corrosion rates of magnesium alloys decreased twice in Irgacool Plus L compared with Irgacool Plus S. AZ91D alloy had better corrosion resistance than AM50A alloy in both radiator coolants. Both alloys suffered corrosion due to microgalvanic coupling between cathodic β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ intermetallic and anodic α-Mg matrix, and the presence of Al₈Mn₅ and Al₁₁Mn₄ intermetallics in AM50A led to further microgalvanic corrosion. A continuous network of β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase and higher Al content α-Mg matrix accounted for better corrosion resistance of AZ91D alloy.     

Evolution of corrosion in cast Al alloy in antifreeze radiator coolant

Corrosion is an important issue for cast Al alloy in an engine cooling system, but how the microstructural features affect the coolant‐related corrosion behaviour is not well understood. In this research, the evolution of corrosion in an ISO 2379 cast Al alloy was studied in an antifreeze radiator coolant under heat‐rejecting conditions. Extensive analyses of microstructures and corroded surfaces were carried out using an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray diffractometer. Intergranular cavitation corrosion was observed to occur at interfaces between α‐Al matrix and intermetallics (Al₂Cu and Al₅FeSi) or to a less degree at interfaces between α‐Al matrix and Si phase. The large area fraction of the cathodic phases (Al₂Cu, Al₅FeSi and Si) led to the galvanic coupling between them and the adjacent anodic α‐Al matrix. The heat‐rejecting condition in antifreeze radiator coolant was favourable condition to cavitation process while severe crevice corrosion was predominant at oxygen‐depleted regions in the heat‐transfer corrosion cell.     

航空发动机涡轮叶片热障涂层研究现状

热障涂层是一种可以有效保障航空发动机涡轮叶片正常工作，同时显著提高其工作效率和服役时间的表面防护技术。热障涂层的性能在很大程度上影响叶片的承温和抗腐蚀能力，进而间接影响航空发动机的服役性能。涂层性能主要受其结构和材料2个方面的影响。介绍了涂层结构的优缺点和研究进展，当前常见的结构形式有双层结构、多层结构和梯度结构；介绍了粘结层材料的研究进展；对陶瓷层材料的研究进展进行了详述，如YSZ的掺杂改性、A₂B₂O₇型化合物、钙钛矿结构材料以及近年来兴起的几种高熵陶瓷材料，其中高熵陶瓷材料包括：高熵稀土钽酸盐、铝酸盐、锆/铪酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐以及高熵稀土氧化物，分别从热导率、热膨胀系数、断裂韧性、热循环寿命和抗腐蚀能力等方面对其进行介绍；概述了热障涂层常见的几种失效形式如：TGO失效、CMAS腐蚀以及高温烧结，并且对其发生机理进行简要的介绍；展望了热障涂层未来的发展趋势和方向。     

基于遗传算法的发动机冷却液泵优化及数值模拟研究

针对某型号发动机冷却液泵建立扬程最大、效率最高、汽蚀余量最小的多目标优化数学模型。以扬程曲线无驼峰及叶轮参数为约束条件,利用多目标遗传算法对目标模型进行优化求解,获得全局最优解。运用Fluent仿真软件对优化前后冷却液泵内部流场进行数值模拟,结果表明:优化后叶轮内部压力分布更均匀,叶片间回流现象明显减少,能量损失降低;在额定工况下,优化后冷却液泵扬程提高0.86 m、效率提升6.6%、汽蚀余量降低0.09 m。仿真结果验证了该方法对发动机冷却液泵优化较有效,为冷却液泵的结构优化提供参考。     

A new corrosion test for organically coated galvanised steel products

A new approach to obtain predictions on cut‐edge corrosion resistance in organic coated galvanised steel (OCS) products has been developed which, unlike many accelerated tests, can be performed in any desired external environment. The testing procedure is based on the monitoring of cationic zinc (Zn²⁺) released from OCS panels prepared prior to exposure with an exceptionally high cut edge length per unit area. There is an excellent correlation between the total quantity of cationic zinc leached from the exposed edge over a three‐month period of external exposure and the observed cut edge corrosion performance after a 4‐year natural external exposure period in the same environment. The results of conventional accelerated testing methodologies have been found to fail to accurately predict external exposure as accurately as this testing procedure. The test can be performed in any weathering regime and can accurately predict the difference in environmentally sensitive materials performance.     

Electrochemical behaviour of duplex stainless steels in caustic environment

Recent studies have shown that duplex stainless steels can be susceptible to general corrosion and stress corrosion cracking in high pH caustic environments. This difference in the corrosion resistance can be attributed to changes in the electrochemical behaviour of steels. The present study has shown that the corrosion rates of duplex stainless steels increase with an increase in temperature and sulphide addition to caustic environments. Moreover, alloying Fe with Cr and Ni helps to raise the corrosion potential and lower critical current density of DSS in an alkaline environment whereas Mo can be detrimental to the corrosion resistance of the steel.     

稀土硅酸盐环境障涂层综述∗

硅基非氧化物陶瓷材料因其质量轻、强度高、韧性大等优点和其上的环境障涂层,广泛用于民用或军用飞机发动机的热端部件,但目前所用的传统环境障涂层保护效果并不理想。 因此对新发展的稀土硅酸盐环境障涂层进行深入研究,以使其能广泛用于高推重比发动机上具有重要意义。 稀土硅酸盐环境障涂层相较于传统环境障涂层,具有更好的隔热性、与基体更匹配的热膨胀系数(二硅酸镱)及优异的抗腐蚀性能,如稀土硅酸镱盐具有良好的抗水氧和抗熔盐腐蚀性能,这些性能能够有效提高硅基陶瓷及涂层在发动机恶劣环境下的使用寿命,目前已成为飞机的首选防护涂层材料,从而成为环境障涂层材料领域研究的热点。 从稀土硅酸盐环境涂层的主要应用研究背景、发展历程、制备方法、涂层性能、失效机理等方面系统阐述其各种特点,提出目前稀土硅酸盐环境障涂层易失效的多种原因,以及工艺制备和性能模拟测试方面的不足之处,为未来的涂层改进和研究发展指明了方向。     

SECM Study of Effect of Chromium Content on the Localized Corrosion Behavior of Low-Alloy Steels in Chloride Environment

This paper investigates the effect of chromium (Cr) content (0, 1, 3 and 5% Cr) in epoxy-coated alloy steel against corrosion using in situ electrochemical techniques such as EIS and SECM in a 3% NaCl solution. The EIS results revealed that the epoxy-coated Cr steel exhibited higher impedance values than carbon steel, which is attributed to the greater resistance of Cr steel toward corrosion. Based on the cyclic voltammogram results, the tip potentials were set at ?0.7, 0.04 and 0.60 V for determining the concentration of dissolved oxygen at cathodic region, and oxidation of Cr²⁺ and Fe²⁺ at anodic region, respectively. The SECM measurements showed that, the tip current in the anodic region has decreased with increase in Cr content of the sample, which indicates that the oxidation of Fe²⁺ and Cr²⁺ decreases (corrosion is reduced) with the increase in Cr content of the steel. Besides, 5% Cr steel can maintain the highest corrosion resistance, and 1 and 3% Cr steels have higher corrosion resistance than the 0% Cr steel. This higher corrosion resistance of Cr steel samples could be due to the formation of Cr-rich hydro-oxide layers [Cr(OH)₃ as a corrosion product] on the surface of the samples. Thus, the epoxy-coated Cr alloy steel has greater corrosion resistance in a chloride-containing environment than the carbon steel. Hence, epoxy-coated Cr alloy steel can be successfully used as a construction material in structures.     

390 MPa级复合钢板极地低温环境适应性分析

目的 验证复合钢板的极地低温环境适应性。方法 采用爆炸复合的方法制备低温复合钢板。通过全浸腐蚀试验、间浸腐蚀试验、腐蚀磨损试验、系列温度冲击试验、系列温度动态撕裂试验和全厚度止裂试验,分别评价复合钢板的耐蚀性、耐磨性能、低温断裂性能及止裂性能,并对复合钢板的低温断裂性能及极地低温环境适应性进行分析。结果 全浸腐蚀条件下,复合钢板基层材料的腐蚀速率是复层材料的105倍;间浸腐蚀条件下,复合钢板基层材料的腐蚀速率是复层材料的350倍;全浸和间浸状态下,复层钢板的腐蚀速率均远小于基层钢板,复层材料的耐蚀性远远好于基层材料。模拟海水条件下,复合钢板复层317L不锈钢的磨损量为0.003,基层FH40钢的磨损量为0.75,基层材料的磨损量是复层的250倍,复层材料的耐磨性远远好于基层材料。分析了20组大厚度规格低温钢的韧脆转变特征温度与止裂温度的相关性关系,指出了现有规范与标准以冲击功作为低温钢断裂性能技术指标的局限性,建立了止裂温度与动态撕裂韧脆转变特征温度相关性方程,给出了低温钢极地环境低温服役下的韧脆转变特征温度建议值,确定了复合钢板极地低温环境服役的最低温度。结论 模拟海水环境下,复合钢...     

Corrosion characteristics of cast aluminum alloy—3 wt% graphite particulate composites in different environments

The corrosion behaviour of cast aluminum alloy (LM 13)—3 wt% graphite particulate composite has been investigated in oil and marine environments by a weight loss method. The room temperature corrosion behaviour of this composite has also been studied by potentiodynamic polarization measurements in sea water. Results have shown that in a marine environment, the rate of corrosion of particulate composite is higher than the base alloy and aluminum. The high corrosion rate of particulate composite in marine environment is possibly due to the graphite particles being cathodic relative to the matrix thus leading to galvanic corrosion in the presence of an electrolyte. However, this particulate composite did not show any sign of corrosion in the engine oil SAE-40 (fresh and used) at 150°C, indicating that it can safely be used in this environment.     

Analytical and experimental investigation of coolant velocity in high speed grinding

Use of water-base coolant is a pre-requisite in an high speed grinding process to avoid thermal damage and to achieve better surface integrity as well as higher grinding ratio. However, the presence of hazardous chemical additives in the coolant causes environmental problems. As a result, stringent government legislation is being practiced for the coolant use and disposal, which consumes 7–17% of the total machining cost. This paper reports the coolant flux minimization through controlled jet impingement so as to prolong the coolant replenishment cycle. Control of coolant flux was achieved through development of a “metered quantity coolant” (MQC) nozzle which supplies the required amount of coolant to the grinding zone. Also, this investigation has shown that coolant velocity has a significant influence on the high speed grinding performance. When the coolant velocity is inadequate, coolant could not penetrate into the grinding zone. The increase in coolant velocity was realized with reduction in nozzle opening area and does not use a large quantity of coolant. This is of significance to reduce environmental pollution and machining costs through extended coolant replenishment period.     

内燃机排气阀的损坏机理与“PSR——1”号涂层合金的应用

作者用金相,扫描电子显微镜,X光衍射和电子探针分析技术对国产燃油与典型工况内燃机排气阀所用钢材21—4N与4Cr10Si2Mo的损坏机理进行了研究。着重检验了表面腐蚀保护膜的形貌,组成及其在反复应力作用下的破坏过程。无论汽油机或柴油机气阀,都是在燃气腐蚀与疲劳应力的联合作用下过早地产生所谓“麻坑”而损坏。试验已经充分证明:气阀上采用一种表面处理方法所得到的涂层可以有效地减少并推迟“麻坑”的产生,数倍地提高了使用寿命。本文研究了一种叫做PSR—1号的涂层合金及涂层工艺,在VF—79型气阀涂层专用设备上制备的涂层气阀具有很高的耐磨耐腐蚀性能,其全面技术经济指标均已超过传统堆焊阀。经陆路,内河与海洋广泛行驶考核证明,这种涂层无论对汽油机或柴油机排气阀均有极好的保护能力,目前已通过鉴定并正式投产使用。     

Surface treatment of 3D outside serrated integral-fin tube manufactured by rolling and extrusion

The outside serrated integral-fin tubes fabricated by rolling-plowing-extrusion processing were surface-treated through different processes of annealing in hydrogen atmosphere, electrochemical corrosion or sandblasting. The purpose was to eliminate residual stress, clear secondary micro-fins and enhance heat transfer performance. By comparing the surface characteristics, it is found that the finned tubes treated by electrochemical corrosion have the most glabrous surfaces where the fins are almost perfectly reserved. Clear layer cracks can be observed on the top of the fins. These structures are effective in enhancing heat transfer performance when being applied to flow heat exchange. Therefore, the finned tubes treated by electrochemical corrosion are proper for the tubular exchanger with water coolant. The finned tubes treated by sandblasting have rougher surfaces with layer cracks and micro gaps removed. As these structures are useful to clearing adhesive feculence, the tubes are more suitable for the tubular heat exchanger with oil coolant.