海岛海水资源利用模式

对以海水利用为显著特征的海岛多水源利用体系的发展模式进行研究。分析海岛可利用水源,提出将海水利用引入海岛水资源循环系统,实现海水在饮用水、冲厕、空调等方面的多途径利用,提高海岛供水能力,为海岛开发的可持续发展提供保障。     

Saline sewage treatment and source separation of urine for more sustainable urban water management

While energy consumption and its associated carbon emission should be minimized in wastewater treatment, it has a much lower priority than human and environmental health, which are both closely related to efficient water quality management. So conservation of surface water quality and quantity are more important for sustainable development than green house gas (GHG) emissions per se. In this paper, two urban water management strategies to conserve fresh water quality and quantity are considered: (1) source separation of urine for improved water quality and (2) saline (e.g. sea) water toilet flushing for reduced fresh water consumption in coastal and mining cities. The former holds promise for simpler and shorter sludge age activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (no nitrification and denitrification), nutrient (Mg, K, P) recovery and improved effluent quality (reduced endocrine disruptor and environmental oestrogen concentrations) and the latter for significantly reduced fresh water consumption, sludge production and oxygen demand (through using anaerobic bioprocesses) and hence energy consumption. Combining source separation of urine and saline water toilet flushing can reduce sewer crown corrosion and reduce effluent P concentrations. To realize the advantages of these two approaches will require significant urban water management changes in that both need dual (fresh and saline) water distribution and (yellow and grey/brown) wastewater collection systems. While considerable work is still required to evaluate these new approaches and quantify their advantages and disadvantages, it would appear that the investment for dual water distribution and wastewater collection systems may be worth making to unlock their benefits for more sustainable urban development.     

南宁市水资源生态足迹动态分析

从水资源量供需平衡的角度出发,判别城市发展与自然水系统的可持续性。基于生态足迹理论,构建了水生态足迹与水生态承载力模型,并以广西南宁市为例,对2004-2013年的水资源可持续程度进行定量分析。结果发现：（1）南宁市历年水资源用量处于盈余状态;（2）淡水资源生态足迹所占比例较大,且与人口增长和经济发展有密切关系;（3）万元GDP生态曲线的不断降低表明南宁市水资源利用效率逐步提高。研究结果表明,南宁市水资源符合可持续利用的原则。     

Developing a Model for Decision-Makers in Dynamic Modeling of Urban Water System Management

Water managers may modify many components of urban water systems to minimize water shortage. Since each modification activity has its own positive and negative effects, it is necessary to define an appropriate procedure to predict the consequences of each action. As the parameters of urban water supply and demand system have internal relationships in the time domain, a dynamic model is needed to forecast the result of changes and select the best modification activity. Here the Vensim® is applied as a modeling tool to choose the most effective water management activities in Tehran province. It has been found that the annual increase rate of water tariff by 16.4% and assigning 4.5% of revenue on reducing non-revenue water may be the most effective demand management activity to reduce water shortage in Tehran province. It has also been revealed that, even by implementing the most effective demand management activities in Tehran, the amount of required water in the next 10 years is more than the sustainable capacity of its resources and activities like seawater desalination are inevitable to prevent unsustainable use of water sources.

     

城市化与城市水资源可持续利用研究

我国城市化进程不断加快,城市人口的不断增长使淡水资源供应紧张及水体污染严重,产生一系列生态环境压力,城市水资源可持续利用成为城市可持续发展研究的重要课题之一。本文从城市水资源的有效供给及水环境承载力来论述城市水资源的可持续利用。     

对我国海水冲厕立法的思考

介绍香港海水冲厕立法的成熟经验,针对我国内地海水冲厕技术推广的局限性,探讨我国内地海水冲厕立法的必要性、可行性及相关措施。认为海水冲厕技术是节约淡水资源的有效途径,其行业的健康快速发展,亟需海水冲厕立法层面的推动和规范。     

城市应急备用水源需求和规模确定方法研究

目前我国水污染事故频发,单一水源城市缺少应急水源储备,应急供水设施的建设缺乏有效性和针对性,正在实施的《城市给水工程规划规范》中尚无应急供水系统规划的相关内容.因此亟需开展城市应急供水规划调控技术方法的研究,总结城市应急供水系统规划的关键指标,指导城市应急供水系统规划.以广东省东莞市为例,重点研究了城市应急备用水源的需求和规模确定方法.东莞市作为单一水源城市,其常规水源存在有机物或重金属突发污染风险,需建设应急备用水源.分析确定东莞市极限最低应急需水量为65万m3/d,正常供水情况下备用水源规模至少应为1 059万m3;压缩水量供水情况下,应急调蓄设施规模至少应为195万m3.     

Aspects of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse for future water resource shortages in Taiwan.

The Water Resources Agency (WRA), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) has predicted that the annual water demand in Taiwan will reach approximately 20 billion m3 by 2021. However, the present water supply is only 18 billion m3 per year. This means that an additional 2 billion m3 have to be developed in the next 17 years. The reuse of treated wastewater effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants could be one target for the development of new water resources. The responsible government departments already have plans to construct public sewerage systems in order to improve the quality of life of the populace and protect the environment. The treated wastewater effluent from such municipal wastewater treatment plants could be a very stable and readily available secondary type of water resource, different from the traditional types of water resources. The major areas where reclaimed municipal wastewater can be used to replace traditional fresh water resources include agricultural and landscape irrigation, street cleaning, toilet flushing, secondary industrial reuse and environmental uses. However, necessary wastewater reclamation and reuse systems have not yet been established. The requirements for their establishment include water reuse guidelines and criteria, the elimination of health risks ensuring safe use, the determination of the wastewater treatment level appropriate for the reuse category, as well as the development and application of management systems reuse. An integrated system for water reuse would be of great benefit to us all by providing more efficient ways to utilise the water resources.     

Sustainable Development and Management of Water Resources for Urban Water Supply in Hong Kong

Abstract

Hong Kong, now a Special Administrative Region of China, is a very special and unique place in the world. Although the territory is located in the humid subtropics, local water resources are very limited because of its geographical setting and physical environment. Hong Kong's urban water supply has its uniqueness and has gone through a history of developing local resources and transferring water from the East River (Dongjiang) basin in mainland China over the past half century. This paper aims to present the experience and challenges in developing water supplies and managing water resources in Hong Kong. First, the availability of local water resources is evaluated in the context of the territory's geographical setting. Second, the approaches adopted for developing urban water supply from local resources and more importantly, by making use of water imported from the Dongjiang, are presented and reviewed. Finally, a number of sustainability issues in Hong Kong's urban water supply are addressed with an emphasis on the problems and prospect of the Dongjiang water resources in the future     

Towards the Establishment of Water Management in Abu Dhabi Emirate

The Abu Dhabi Emirate is the largest of the seven emirates that compose the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Parallel to the growth of the country, the Abu Dhabi Emirate has witnessed remarkable development in many aspects of life over the past 35 years. This rapid development into a modern urban environment and the accompanying surge in population, caused by a major influx of foreign labor, have been imposing tremendous pressure on natural resources including water. The challenges of maintaining a sustainable freshwater supply in the Abu Dhabi Emirate are many. Conventional water resources are limited. Surface water is almost absent due to the scarcity of rainfall coupled with arid conditions. Groundwater is mostly brackish and nonrenewable. Over-pumping practices have resulted in a severe decline in groundwater levels and quality. The growing salinity in the ground water has impacted the increased salinity of agricultural land. In addition, water availability and demand are both subject to seasonal fluctuations, particularly during the hot and humid summer months. In the Abu Dhabi Emirate there is a high demand for freshwater used for irrigation of farmland, forests and landscaping; industrial and commercial uses; amenities and domestic use. A large portion of this demand is provided by desalinated water, which is expensive to produce. The need for rational water management is critical. Forecasting water demand is currently being used as the basis for the production expansion planning in order to meet the water demand for the emirate. With steady projected increases, the capacity to provide a continuous supply of freshwater is vital. Interruptions in the supply can be caused by emergencies and the minimum 1-year lead time needed for new desalination plant construction. Having an adequate storage system addresses some of the concerns related to establishing a freshwater supply. The Abu Dhabi Emirate needs long-term storage capacity equivalent to at least 1 year’s fresh water demand. One method of increasing this capacity is artificial recharge using excess produced desalinated water and treated wastewater. While there are currently pilot projects using this technique, more widespread use could be very beneficial. This paper describes the current water resources, water demands and techniques of storing water for future recovery in the emirate through artificial recharge techniques.     

Performance Analysis of a Communal Residential Rainwater System for Potable Supply: A Case Study in Brisbane, Australia

Cities in developed countries have increasingly adopted rainwater tanks as an alternative water source over the last 15 years. The rapid uptake of rainwater tanks has been driven by the need to reduce demand for centralised water services that are under pressure to adapt to population growth and climate change impacts. Rainwater tanks are part of integrated urban water management approach that considers the whole water cycle to provide water services on a fit for purpose basis that minimises the impact on the local environment and receiving waters. Rainwater tanks are typically applied at the household scale for non-potable water source uses such as toilet flushing and garden irrigation. However, this paper reports on a communal approach to rainwater harvesting, where the water is treated for potable use. A communal approach to rainwater harvesting can offer benefits, such as: economies of scale for capital costs, reduced land footprint, centralised disinfection and flexibility in matching supply and demand for different households. The analysis showed that the communal approach could provide a reliable potable water source to a small urban development. However, there was an energy penalty associated with this water source compared to centralised systems that could be addressed through more appropriate pump sizing. The outputs from this monitoring and modelling study demonstrated rainwater harvesting can be expanded beyond the current mainstream practices of household systems for non-potable use in certain development contexts. The analysis contained in this paper can be used for the improved planning and design of communal approaches to rainwater harvesting.     

城市可持续发展的水资源约束分析

自然资源与环境的可持续性是城市可持续发展的基础。在城市化加速发展的过程中,资源提供了经济发展的动力,也天然地确定了城市经济发展的边界。随着城市化水平的不断提升,我国大部分城市中水资源的需求量急剧增大,供需矛盾日趋尖锐化。作为城市发展不可缺少资源之一的水资源已经成为制约城市可持续发展的重要因素之一。     

Conventional and holistic urban stormwater management in coastal cities: a case study of the practice in Hong Kong and Singapore

This study compares stormwater management in two coastal cities: Hong Kong and Singapore. Hong Kong adopted conventional urban stormwater management for flood control and embraced hard-engineering infrastructure in the scheme. In contrast, Singapore has put in place a series of holistic management practices to manage urban runoff. By comparing the stormwater management practices in these two cities, the differences in approaches to non-structural and structural practices were elucidated. Life cycle costing and environmental benefit analysis indicate that holistic urban stormwater management can lead to higher economic efficiency, sustainability and environmental friendliness, compared to conventional urban stormwater management.     

Water Management for a Megacity: National Capital Territory of Delhi

Urban and regional demand for freshwater in National Capital Territory of Delhi has grown significantly over the last few decades. The National Capital Territory, Delhi is one of the most rapidly growing urban centers of the world, with a population of about 15 million people, a high rate of immigration and numerous illegal settlements. In order to meet the increasing water demand, the government is focused almost exclusively on supply management and engineering solutions, which have resulted in investments of hundreds of millions of Rupees. Environmental, economic and social policies associated with water management are largely inadequate and insufficient, which is resulting in increasing deterioration in the environment, health and socio-economic conditions of a population living in one of the largest urban agglomerations of the world. Surprisingly, however, no long-term strategies on demand-management, reuse, conservation, and improved water-management practices have been developed so far. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the urban water use with a view to enhance the understanding of the factors influencing urban water demand for residential, commercial and industrial sectors in National Capital Territory of Delhi. The analysis indicates an urgent need to radically improve the current water supply and wastewater management practices to become sustainable. Other measures such as public education and information/awareness will be necessary to achieve desired rationalization in water consumption, especially in the residential and commercial sectors.     

滨海城市非常规水源供水规模优选

滨海地区河流源短流急、地表水资源开发难度大,将再生水、淡化海水等非常规水纳入滨海城市水资源统一配置是缓解水资源短缺矛盾的有效途径。考虑地表水等常规水资源丰枯不确定性,科学确定非常规水源工程建设规模,是实现常规与非常规水资源统一配置的关键。以威海市区为例,建立了考虑水库来水不确定性的海水淡化与再生水厂建设规模优选模型,采用多目标遗传算法进行求解,以可靠性、弹性和脆弱性为指标,评价整个供水系统的性能,并进行多方案比较。结果表明:2030规划水平年威海市区适宜的再生水和海水淡化规模分别为23和15万m3/d;在此规模下,威海市区的供水保证率可由63.8%提高到95.2%,多年平均供水成本为6.6亿元。研究结果可为区域供水规划提供决策参考。     

广州市水资源可持续利用研究

以城市复合生态系统为研究对象,综合考虑水体净化、河道基流与环境美化等生态环境需水与社会经济用水,对广州市水资源供需平衡进行了分区评价。基于评价结果,提出了城市发展战略调整,加强污水处理基础设施建设、污染防治及节水社会体系建设等水资源可持续利用对策。     

需求侧水资源配置管理模式

随着经济发展及城市化水平的不断提高,社会对水资源的需求量大幅度增加,供需矛盾日益突出。通过需求侧管理(DSM)模式的全面分析,探讨将需求侧管理模式最小和费用最有效原则和综合资源规划(IRP)引入水资源管理,加强水资源需求侧管理,控制需求增长,将有利于水资源需求和供应相适应,实现水资源的可持续利用。     

西辽河平原区水资源供需平衡分析

西辽河平原区河道沙化现象日益突出,引发了一系列的生态环境问题,水资源匮乏是河道沙化的主要原因。利用MIKE BASIN软件,建立了西辽河平原区水资源管理规划模型,根据平原区水循环的特点,在流域关键节点径流量、供水量及水资源蓄变量3个方面对模型进行了验证,结果令人满意。利用建立的模型,基于3次平衡理论对研究区2020水平年水资源供需状况进行了分析。结果表明:西辽河平原区缺水程度为24.7%,属资源性缺水,强化节水及跨流域调水是解决本区水资源供需矛盾的有效措施。采取强化节水措施后,减少需水占一次平衡缺水的63.6%,引绰济辽跨流域调水工程实施后,受水区水资源短缺问题得以缓解,通辽市科尔沁区地下水位有望每年回升0.16 m。     

基于压力-状态-响应模型的城市水资源承载能力研究

水资源承载能力研究对于人口、社会经济和生态环境的协调发展具有重要意义。以朝阳市区为例,综合考虑该市未来人口增长、经济发展趋势,构建压力-状态-响应模型及其评价指标体系,分析计算当地水资源承载能力。结果表明,即使达到较高的节水水平,现状供水模式也无法满足朝阳市区未来对水资源的需求,外调水是朝阳市区社会经济可持续发展的保障。     

济南城市水资源可持续利用研究

济南为严重的资源型缺水地区，根据城区及周围的水资源条件，提出了适合城区发展规划的预测，并强调水资源开发与调度要充分发挥各种水源的供水潜力，实施多水源联合调度和水资源的优化配置，同时，加强行政管理的经济调控，从根本上解决城市水资源短缺和水环境恶化问题，以水资源可持续利用支撑国民经济的可持续发展。