淬火介质技术讲座：第六讲 冷却性能的简易测试方法

无机淬火介质可用比重计测定浓度,控制冷却能力。有机淬火介质可用折光仪测定浓度,控制冷却能力。当有机淬火介质在使用过程中受到污染时,折光仪测定的折光率不能真实地反映介质的实际浓度,一般可用测定运动粘度的方法加以校正。但是有机聚合物在淬火过程中要分解,分子量变小,粘度下降。某厂使用的聚丙烯酸钠(ACR)用折光仪控制浓度,控制在(20±2)％。服役550天     

新型水基淬火剂CL—1的应用

新型水基淬火剂代替油基淬火则可以防昌火灾,避免油烟,不污染环境,提高淬火工件的力学性能,同时降低成本,节约能源。 我厂在40L的30CrMo调质气瓶研制中,就采用了西安石油化工厂生产的CL-1新型水基淬火剂。使其瓶体的力学性能满足了产品设计要求,σ_b≥784MPa,σ_b≥637MPa,σ_5≥14%,σ_k≥68.6J/cm~2(常温)、44.1J/cm~2     

新型中,高温加热用复合盐的研究

盐浴加热淬火是目前热处理行业大量应用的少、无氧化脱碳加热工艺。盐浴在使用过程中由于工件表面的氧化铁、吸附的水和氧不断地加入盐浴;盐浴表面与空气中水分和氧不断反应;以及补加盐中的水和杂质进入盐浴,都使盐浴中的氧化物和杂质的含量不断升高,使工件表面氧化脱碳不断加重,严重影响加热淬火工件的质量。以往用周期性加入校正剂的方法,以保证盐浴中氧化物含量在一定范围以内,为了减少校正操作所用的工时、电力     

叶片钢调质采用水基淬火冷却介质代油的可行性分析

1.水基淬火冷却介质 水基淬火冷却介质代油进入我国热处理行业已二十多年.很多企业使用后认为：工作环境清洁,不燃烧,无烟气,无火灾危险,通过有效地控制介质浓度、温度、搅拌循环等工艺条件,可满足各种零件的淬火要求.经过热处理应用和市场调研,德国德润宝水基聚合物淬火冷却介质F2000代油方面得到了行业内很多企业的认同.     

聚合物淬火介质简介

一、聚合物淬火剂种类聚合物是有机化合物。由一些不同的单分子物质聚合后形成,其结构也各异。下表列举了一些具有代表性的聚合物淬火介质名称。     

BW水基淬火液在铝合金钣金件淬火中的应用

介绍了BW水基淬火液在铝合金钣金件中的应用研究,对铝合金采用BW水基淬火液淬火并时效后的力学性能、淬火变形、晶间腐蚀等方面进行了探讨。     

聚丙烯酰胺水基淬火剂

哈尔滨工业大学热处理专业在哈尔滨轴承厂开门办学过程中,组成了三结合班子,开展了水基淬火剂的研究。选用大连同德化工厂生产的聚丙烯酰胺高分子化合物配制成的水基淬火剂,应用于轴承套圈的淬火,已取得初步成效,目前正在进行生产性试验。其配方(重量比)为:聚丙烯酰胺(增粘剂):0.6～1.2％;亚硝酸钠(增速剂、防锈剂):1～5％;苯甲酸钠(防腐剂):0.2％;其余为水。聚丙烯酰胺溶于水后能迅速地增加水的粘度。当炽热的工件淬入     

淬火介质技术讲座：第五讲 水基淬火介质冷却能力测试

到目前为止,世界各国都没有专门用于水基淬火介质冷却性能测试的标准,我国也不例外。国际标准化组织(ISO)正在考虑制订一个水基淬火介质冷却性能的测试标准。目前国际上都是用测试淬火油冷却性能的标准测试水基淬火介质。在我国有三个标准,即ISO 9950,SH/T 0220和TB/T 7951。 在水基淬火介质中,无机加有机淬火介质是最需要经常测试冷却能力的,因为没有更简单、更有效的控制其浓度和冷却能力的方法。无机淬火介质     

聚合物淬火介质的控制与管理

聚合物淬火介质的控制与管理洛阳轴承（集团）公司（４７１０３９）张玲叙词：水溶性淬火剂；浓度；温度；控制；管理水溶性聚合物淬火介质（以下简称水剂）冷却性能介于水油之间，具有无毒、无臭、不腐蚀工件和无油烟污染的特点。我厂生产的铁路轴承套图及２０ＣｒＺＮｉ...     

AQ251淬火介质的检测及调整

我公司于1994年8月开始使用好富顿公司生产的水溶性淬火介质AQ251,使用浓度为10％。主要用于我公司40Cr、42CrMo等需用油作为淬火介质的调质处理。在使用过程中为了保证浓度不低于10％,从1995年开始,每年加入一桶(约200kg)AQ251原液,保证用折光仪所测浓度在10％以上。1997年好富顿公司采用粘度法测浓度     

Effect of thermal radiation on convection heat transfer in cooling channel of photovoltaic thermal system

The effect of thermal radiation on convection heat transfer in flat-box type cooling channel of photovoltaic thermal system with tilt angle of 30 degree was studied by 3D numerical simulation under constant heat flux boundary condition. The temperature contours and velocity fields of fluid near the outlet were obtained. The variations of wall temperature and convection Nusselt number along flow direction for all the separate walls composing the cooling channel were compared and analyzed. The results show that due to thermal radiation, the deflection of the maximum velocity region to heated top wall, together with the asymmetry of temperature field is weakened. For natural convection, radiation promotes the formation of multi-vortices. For mixed convection, heat transfer on all the cooling channel walls is enhanced under the condition of lower heat flux while heat transfer on heated top wall is deteriorated when the heat flux is relative high. Also, pressure re-rising is promoted by thermal radiation.     

形状记忆合金丝驱动器冷却方法理论分析及实验研究

形状记忆合金(SMA)丝驱动器的冷却时间直接影响驱动器的响应速度。提出了一种以压缩空气为冷却气源的套管式强制空气对流冷却方案,可在不影响其他SMA丝的情况下实现对单根SMA丝的快速冷却。建立了自然冷却换热和强制对流换热的数值分析理论模型,并且对直径为1mm的NiTi合金SMA丝分别进行了自然对流和强制对流换热实验,实验结果验证了数学模型的准确性。     

Thermoelectrically controlled micronozzle — A novel application for thermoelements

This paper introduces and assesses the concept of the recently invented thermoelectrically controlled micronozzle (TECMN). A generalized quasi-one-dimensional model for gas flow, which is influenced by area variation and by wall heat transfer, is considered. In order to assess the merits of wall temperature control in micronozzles, the flow in the micronozzle is solved numerically for cases of convergent wall heating, divergent wall cooling, and a combination of both. Thermal efficiency and specific impulse are affected by heat exchange through the side wall of the micronozzle. By cooling the divergent section, kinetic energy increases, thus improving thermal efficiency. The mass flow rate is decreased in all cases that include convergent section heating, thereby enhancing specific impulse. The combination of convergent section heating with divergent part cooling results in significant performance enhancement in terms of thermal efficiency and specific impulse. To determine the TECMN wall temperature profile, we developed a one-dimensional general energy model for a thermoelement (TE) subject to an electric field as well as for heat convection on the lateral surface. The energy equation is analytically solved for constant properties and for Joule heating equivalent to heat convection. The temperature profile is then imposed on the quasi-one-dimensional flow model, which is solved numerically for various mass flow rates and exit wall temperature (cold junction). As the exit section wall temperature and mass flow rate decrease, the utilization of TEs to control the temperature of micronozzle walls considerably increases the Mach number at exit.     

微/小通道冷板在某型相控阵天线上的对比分析

微通道换热是近年来电子机械工程抗恶劣环境研究的热点之一。由于其具有良好的换热特性,现在逐渐被应用于高热流密度电子设备的冷却散热系统设计之中。相控阵天线具有热源集中、热流密度极高等特点。文中将新型微通道冷板与某型相控阵天线进行有机结合,提出了一种新的相控阵天线冷却方式。同时,通过基于有限体积法的仿真分析表明,微通道冷板相较于小通道冷板更有利于控制天线中T/R模块的温度。     

燃烧室新型迷宫复合冷却结构的壁温计算

燃烧室迷宫复合冷却结构是一种集冲击、对流换热和近似发散冷却于一身,结构合理,冷却效率高,具有创新性的新型冷却结构。在对其气膜冷却结构进行换热机理分析研究的基础上,建立了计算模型,获得了其沿程参数及多层壁温的分布规律。计算结果表明,该冷却结构可节省冷却空气量25%左右,并且能大大降低壁温梯度。因此,该冷却结构能较大地提高燃烧室的冷却效率,提高发动机性能,延长燃烧室的使用寿命。     

振荡热管研究进展及展望

介绍了目前空冷强迫对流解决微小空间高热流密度散热方案中一种极具前途的传热元件一振荡热管的原理、结构和特点,概括分析了国内外的理论研究和实验研究情况,同时列举了振荡热管在电子散热领域的一些实际应用,并在分析有关文献的基础上为进一步的研究做了展望。     

R290水冷式冷凝器的设计与实验

针对R290的性能特点,设计了R290/CO2复叠式制冷循环的R290水冷式冷凝器;并在R290/CO2复叠式制冷循环实验台上进行实验,得到R290出口温度,冷却水出口温度及冷却水进出口温度差随冷却水流量和冷却水进口温度的变化关系,通过计算得到了R290和冷却水的对流换热系数随冷却水流量与冷却水进口温度的变化关系,得出了R290的对流换热系数对R290冷凝器换热性能影响较大,应加强R290侧的换热.     

An investigation on the cooling characteristics of impingement-reversed convection film cooling in a curved section

An experiment was designed at the curving section of a combustion chamber to study the effects of cooling effectiveness on impingement-reversed convection film cooling with and without pin fins. Numerical simulations were also carried out. The effectiveness of compound cooling increased with the rise in blowing ratio. With regard to the effect of the pin fins, impingement pin fin-reversed convectionfilm cooling was more effective than the method without pin fins, particularly for smaller blowing ratio conditions. The number and arrangement of fin pin rows had a small effect on cooling efficiency under the same blowing ratio value. Simulation results agreed well with experimental data and could be used to optimize basic design.     

Three-Dimensional Thermohydrodynamic Analyses of Rayleigh Step Air Foil Thrust Bearing with Radially Arranged Bump Foils

A three-dimensional (3D) thermohydrodynamic (THD) model for air foil thrust bearings (AFTBs) is presented. The nonisothermal Reynolds equation is solved using pressure boundary conditions at the cooling air plenum considering local temperature-dependent viscosity and density. Air film temperature is calculated using the 3D energy equation with thermal boundary conditions at the top foil, thrust runner, and top foil’s leading edge. The cooling air plenum distributes the cooling air to multiple radially arranged cooling channels. The plenum temperature and pressure are found from mass and energy balance equations applied to the plenum. Temperature fields of the top foil, bump foils, thrust disc runner, bearing plate, and cooling air channels are also solved through appropriate energy balance equations with their surroundings. A robust computational algorithm with multiple iteration loops was developed to find all the temperature fields. THD analyses were performed for AFTB with outer radius of 50 mm up to 100,000 rpm. As the cooling air source pressure is increased, the plenum pressure also increases and its temperature decreases due to more cooling capacity. However, cooling effectiveness is not necessarily proportional to the pressure because the flow residence time inside the cooling channels is inversely proportional to the pressure. The analyses show that the thrust disc temperature is a parabolic function with speed, and thermal expansions of the thrust disc and thrust plates contribute to the most significant driving force of thermal instability. Optimum cooling air pressure was found around 12,500 Pa for the proposed AFTB design at the reference simulation condition.     

Cooling system of hot stamping of quenchable steel BR1500HS: optimization and manufacturing methods

The innovative hot stamping press of quenchable steel mainly includes two stages: hot forming of blank at elevated temperature and quenching of hot stamped part in closed water-cooled tools. Crucial stage in hot stamping process is quenching of hot formed part in water-cooled tool to achieve final high ultimate tensile strength. In quenching stage, cooling rate of hot stamped part has a significant effect on final mechanical properties of hot stamped part. Hence, in this paper, a new method is proposed to optimize cooling system to improve effectiveness of quenching and thus final mechanical properties of hot stamped part. In this method, cooling channel is introduced in tools, and hot stamping experiments are combined with corresponding finite element numerical simulations to optimize cooling system. According to cooling system optimization, two different sets of tools used to manufacture square-box-shaped part and B pillar of automobile are manufactured using drilling method and pre-embedding method, respectively. Hot stamping experiments and corresponding simulations are performed to verify the effectiveness of optimized cooling system.