木质素改性酚醛树脂结合镁碳砖的研究

为了降低酚醛树脂的生产成本并提高其低温结合强度,以木质素磺酸钙为原料部分替代苯酚,以氢氧化钠为催化剂,合成了木质素改性酚醛树脂(LPF),并将其作为结合剂用于镁碳砖的制备,通过研究不同木质素磺酸钙用量(其质量分数分别为10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)、不同催化剂用量(外加质量分数分别为1%、2%、3%、4%、5%)以及不同反应时间(分别为1、1.5、2、2.5、3 h)合成的LPF对镁碳砖200℃24 h烘后常温性能的影响,优化了LPF的合成工艺条件,同时对比了LPF结合和传统酚醛树脂结合镁碳砖于200℃24 h烘后和1 200℃3 h处理后的常温物理性能和高温抗折强度。结果表明,适于制备镁碳砖的LPF的最佳合成工艺条件为:木质素磺酸钙质量分数为30%,催化剂质量分数为1%,反应时间为2 h。用最佳工艺合成的LPF制备的镁碳砖,经200和1 200℃分别处理后的体积密度为2.84和2.82 g·cm-3,显气孔率为9.6%和14.6%,抗折强度为17.8和6.4 MPa,耐压强度为72.3和48.7 MPa;1 400℃下的高温抗折强度为7.3 MPa。与传统酚醛树脂结合镁碳砖相比,其性能均有所提高。     

镁碳砖用酚醛树脂的研制

研究了镁碳砖用酚醛树脂合成配方和工艺,得出了最好的配方和工艺;合成出来的酚醛树脂满足优良结合剂必须具备的标准,在实际生产中使用效果良好。     

镁碳质耐火材料用综合性结合剂的性能

为了生产MgO—C质耐火材料，在试验室和工业条件下试验了有利于环保的炭素结合材料——car-boresP型酚油结合剂。采用该结合剂结合的镁碳质耐火材料在40t钢包渣线上进行了工业试验。试验结果表明，此种砖具有良好的物理性能和化学性能，其使用寿命比以焦油结合的镁碳砖高18．4％。     

原料性能对镁碳耐火材料的显微结构和性能的影响

ＭｇＯ－Ｃ耐火材料的性能主要取决于ＭｇＯ，石墨和抗氧化剂如金属铝的性能，在本文中，论述了用不同粒度的ＭｇＯ，石墨和Ａｌ，并按重量配比制成不同的耐火材料，研究如强度，抗氧化性等与显微结构有关耐火材料的性能。     

影响镁铝碳制品高温性能的因素

研究了结合剂种类、石墨和特级高铝矾土熟料加入量对镁铝碳 (MAC)制品高温性能的影响。结果表明 :结合剂的性能显著影响MAC制品的高温性能 ,树脂类结合剂结合试样的高温性能优于水玻璃结合的 ;随着C含量增加 ,MAC制品的高温抗折强度降低 ,但抗渣和抗热震性能提高 ;在一定的Al2 O3含量范围内 ,MAC制品的高温力学性能优于镁碳砖 ,主要原因是其基质中生成的致密晶间尖晶石提高了基质中高熔点晶体间的直接结合程度。     

纳米颗粒改性酚醛树脂用于镁碳砖结合剂的研究

利用纳米粒子对镁碳砖生产用酚醛树脂粘合剂进行了改性。改性树脂常规指标符合镁碳砖结合剂的要求。FE-SEM照片可以看到球形和近球形的纳米颗粒,分散均匀且基本无团聚。制砖实验结果表明,以改性树脂为结合剂能有效地减小显气孔率,增大体积密度且明显提高砖的压缩强度。特别是以TEOS(正硅酸乙酯)和纳米炭黑改性酚醛树脂为结合剂的镁碳砖,经200℃/12h热处理后的常温压缩强度分别提高了38.5%和30.4%,达到了43.94MPa和41.35MPa。砖坯的理化性能检测表明,随处理温度的升高,压缩强度和体积密度越来越小,显气孔率越来越大,200~1100℃各指标变化显著,1100~1550℃各指标没有显著变化,但呈变差趋势。     

不同碳含量对镁碳砖性能的影响

研究了碳含量的变化对镁碳砖抗渣侵蚀性、抗氧化性能、高温抗折强度和热震稳定性的影响。研究结果表明：随碳含量增加,镁碳砖的体积密度、耐压强度降低;碳含量在6%~8%时,镁碳砖的高温抗折强度、热震稳定性、抗渣侵蚀性及抗氧化性能好;碳含量低,镁碳砖的抗渣侵蚀性降低;碳含量为14%时,镁碳砖的抗氧化性能最差。     

碳氮化钛对低碳镁碳砖性能的影响

研究了碳氮化钛加入到低碳镁碳砖中对其性能的影响,并采用XRD物相分析、SEM显微分析研究了碳氮化钛对低碳镁碳砖基质部分烧后性能的影响。结果表明:镁碳砖基质部分经1600℃3h埋炭处理后,碳氮化钛仍均匀分布在基质中,并和MgO发生一定程度的固溶;加有碳氮化钛的镁碳砖经1600℃3h埋炭处理后,体积密度有所降低,气孔率升高,线膨胀率增大,常温耐压强度有所减小;碳氮化钛对镁碳材料的抗氧化性有所改善,但不及传统的金属铝粉;材料同样表现出良好的抗渣性。     

Properties of Phenolic Resins—— CarboresP Binders for Magnesite Carbon Refractories

1 IntroductionFlexibility and oxidation resistance of MgO-Cbricks are mainly depend on the coke structure whichis created from the bonding system. MgO-C bricks’performances are greatly affected by bonding system’sphase change during heating and bonding …     

Effect of microporous aggregates and spinel powder on fracture behavior of magnesia-based refractories

The influences of microporous aggregates and spinel powder on the properties and fracture behavior of magnesia-based refractories were investigated by the three-point bending test and wedge splitting test with the digital image correlation method. With microporous aggregates instead of dense ones, lower thermal conductivity, higher cold modulus of rupture and compressive strength were observed for lightweight magnesia-based refractories. Besides, the results indicate that the strengthened interlocking interface between microporous aggregates and matrix in lightweight magnesia refractories decreased the proportion of crack propagation along the aggregate/matrix interface (P_AM). This reduced the tortuosity of crack propagation as well as increased the brittleness. With the addition of spinel powder in the matrix, the pregenerated microcracks by thermal mismatch increased the P_AM, which increased the tortuosity of crack propagation, improved fracture energy and reduced the brittleness. Lightweight magnesia spinel refractories merely showed a slightly higher brittleness than dense ones.     

Effect of particle grading on fracture behavior and thermal shock resistance of MgO-C refractories

Two types of MgO-C refractories with tight particle grading and non-tight particle grading were prepared according to Andreasen's continuous packing theory. Fracture behaviors were investigated using wedge splitting tests combined with digital image correlation method and acoustic emission techniques. The results indicated that MgO-C refractory with non-tight particle grading treated at 1400 ℃ had more in situ phases (e.g., AlN and MgAl₂O₄) and exhibited less brittleness than specimens with tight particle grading even though they had similar nominal tensile strengths. In contrast, specimens with non-tight particle grading had greater horizontal strain under various loading stages, reflecting their better ability to resist rupture deformation. In addition, more microcracks were initiated earlier in the pre-peak region, and more energy was consumed. The decrease in coarse particles and corresponding increase in fine powder content increased the interface between particles, benefiting for reducing the local stress concentration and improving the thermal shock resistance of refractories.     

浮法玻璃窑用耐火材料的发展趋势

回顾了我国玻璃工业的发展,叙述了节能减排对高温工业的影响,介绍了玻璃工艺进步的方向,详述了玻璃工业用熔铸耐火材料和烧结耐火材料,分析了发达国家耐火行业的动向。最后,结合我国实情和新技术革命的方向,讨论了我国耐火材料行业的发展趋势。     

Mixed-mode fracture behaviour of refractories with asymmetric wedge splitting test. Part II: Experimental case study

The asymmetric wedge splitting test for performing mixed-mode loading and its numerical evaluation has been presented in a companion paper (Part I). In this work (Part II), the influences of various levels of mode II loading on damage behaviour of refractories with different brittleness were experimentally investigated by comparing mode I and mixed-mode fractures under symmetric and asymmetric wedge splitting loading with seven different wedge angles. The digital image correlation technique was also used for strain maps visualization as well as the deformation parameters acquisition.With the increase of asymmetric wedge angle, the fracture behaviour becomes unstable what is associated with steeper load-displacement curves, more instantaneous energy release and restrained fracture process zone development. The in-plane shear loading contributes to the accelerated extension of the crack tip and its deviation from central plane. Meanwhile, the co-existing local shear stresses caused by the refractory's heterogeneity lead to crack path deflection as well.     

Fracture energy evaluation of refractories in wedge splitting tests from notch opening displacements

The work of fracture of refractories is commonly calculated from crack mouth opening displacements (CMODs) in wedge splitting tests (WSTs). This paper proposes a methodology for estimating the fracture energy from notch opening displacement (NOD) measurements, which is useful for setups where CMOD is not accessible. NODs and CMODs are calculated for both faces of two WSTs experiments on a castable refractory via digital image correlation (DIC) and finite element simulations. A quadratic function fits well the non-linear CMOD vs. NOD behavior in the crack initiation regime, while an affine trend describes the propagation regime. Although the nonlinearity associated with crack initiation is more complex, the crack propagation energy can easily be estimated from NOD data when CMODs cannot be measured.     

On the calibration of cohesive parameters for refractories from notch opening displacements in wedge splitting tests

Cohesive elements are commonly used to describe crack propagation in heterogeneous materials with toughening mechanisms. This work aims to provide a guideline on how these fracture parameters can be calibrated using notch opening displacements (NODs) measured via digital image correlation and force data from wedge splitting tests (WSTs). Weighted finite element model updating was applied to calibrate material and boundary condition parameters in the same framework. The influence of each parameter on force and NOD data are given together with uncertainties for the calibrated parameters. Numerical results were in very good agreement in terms of splitting force, NOD, displacement and gray level residual fields. It is shown that images obtained during WSTs focusing on the crack path (i.e., hiding the loading region) can be used to drive numerical simulations and obtain cohesive parameters.     

A new quantitative criterion to determine slag corrosion resistance of refractories for incinerators

Selecting the most suitable refractory lining from various types/grades of products provided by different suppliers for the hazardous waste incineration rotary kiln is not an easy job to reach a 23-month lifetime. Real-life industrial scale test is time-consuming, i.e., only one or two new products can be tested each year or every other year. Crucible test is a fast way to give a first assessment to test the adaptability of a given product to a slag. However, the classic visual observation to determine the slag penetration zone is usually inconclusive when the materials of the same group are tested and can be sometimes misleading. In this study, crucible tests were performed for 10 commercial chromia-corundum bricks from various sources. After examined with detailed analysis with SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy), highly precise quantitative values of corrosion zones width for samples are derived. A non-dimensional number, the Wear ratio, is introduced as a quantitative criterion to characterize the refractory corrosion resistance. By using this Wear ratio, a correlation is found with the chromia concentration. Quantitative results obtained by this criterion are in line with the real-life observations of industrial scale tests.