光纤光谱技术对猕猴桃品质及成熟度的无损检测

猕猴桃可溶性固形物含量(SSC)和硬度是评价其品质的关键参数,同时也是判别其成熟度的重要指标。为探究基于光纤光谱技术预测猕猴桃SSC、硬度和成熟度的可行性并寻求最佳预测模型。首先,采用光纤光谱(200～1 000nm)采集系统获取不同成熟期"贵长"猕猴桃的反射光谱,并测定SSC和硬度的参考值。接着,基于全光谱和参考值构建偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和主成分回归(PCR)预测模型。然后,应用连续投影算法(SPA)和竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)选取特征波长,构建简化的多元线性回归(MLR)和误差反向传播(BP)网络预测模型。最后,通过偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)和简化的K近邻(SKNN)算法,构建预测猕猴桃成熟度检测模型。结果表明:CARS-BP模型对SSC的预测性能最优,其预测集决定系数R_P~2=0.90,预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)和剩余预测偏差(RPD)分别为0.64和3.22;CARS-MLR对硬度的预测性能相对最优,其R_P~2=0.83,RMSEP和RPD分别为1.67和2.47;PLS-DA模型对猕猴桃成熟度的检测性能最优,其正确识别率高达100%。该研究为水果品质和成熟度的无损检测提供重要指导。     

近红外光谱分析烟叶中的多酚类物质

多酚类物质是烟叶香气产生的重要前体物质。采用近红外光谱结合偏最小二乘算法建立了烟叶中总多酚含量的回归模型。采用建立的模型对检验集进行预测,预测集决定系数R2为0.8671,模型误差SEP为1.4287。结果表明近红外光谱分析技术可以成功应用于烟叶中总多酚含量的检测。此外,为消除烟叶近红外光谱中无效波长变量,采用无消息变量消除算法对所建近红外模型进行优化。结果表明采用该算法后,剩余变量数得到减少,模型维数显著降低,预测性能有所提高。     

茶叶咖啡碱含量近红外光谱定量分析模型优化

为了提高茶叶近红外光谱咖啡碱预测模型的精度,利用净分析物预处理法(NAP)对茶叶近红外光谱进行了预处理,将原始光谱矩阵中待测组分的净分析物信号(NAS)提取出来。并用区间偏最小二乘法(iPLS)与遗传算法(GA)相结合的PLS建模波长筛选方法iPLS-GA建立了咖啡碱的预测模型:首先利用iPLS,将整个光谱划分为40个子区间,选择交互验证均方根误差RMSECV值低于全光谱区间的第26和35子区间的组合为信息区间,共166个波数点,然后用GA对这166个波数点进行全局优化组合,最终共有17个波数点用于建立茶叶咖啡碱模型。结果表明,用NAP和iPLS-GA后所建立的茶叶咖啡碱模型的预测相关系数Rp和预测均方根误差RMSEP分别为0.978 7和0.220。该结果均好于其它模型。建模所用数据量从3 320个减少到17个,使模型的建立得到简化。     

无信息变量消除法在近红外光谱测定的应用

本文通过讨论了无信息变量消除法(uninformative variables elimination,UVE)的原理,并用此算法对玉米的近红外光谱数据进行波长变量选择,再使用偏最小二乘法(partial least squares,PLS)建立模型。结果表明,与使用全谱数据建立的模型相比较,筛选变量后建立的校正模型不仅简化了,而且增强了预测能力。     

基于最小二乘支持向量机的辣椒可溶性固形物和维生素C含量近红外光谱检测

应用傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术实现了鲜辣椒中可溶性固形物(SSC)和维生素C(Vc)含量的快速无损检测。分别采用7种预处理方法对原始光谱进行处理后,建立了SSC和Vc预测的偏最小二乘法(PLS)模型。将利用最小二乘法(PLS)提取的主成分(PC)和蒙特卡罗无信息变量消除法(MC-UVE)提取的有效波长作为最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)的输入变量,分别建立了PC-LS-SVM和MC-UVE-LS-SVM模型,并与MC-UVE-PLS模型进行了比较。采用优化后的模型对27个预测集未知样品进行了预测。结果表明,对鲜辣椒中SSC含量预测最优的为MC-UVE-PLS模型,其预测集相关系数(rp)为0.971,预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.382°Brix;对鲜辣椒中Vc含量预测最优的为MCUVE-LS-SVM模型,其rp为0.899,RMSEP为21.022mg/100g。研究结果表明:鲜辣椒中SSC和Vc的含量与近红外光谱具有显著的相关性。     

变量优选在纺织品棉含量近红外分析中的应用

为实现用较少的变量建立适当的模型,以准确预测未知棉涤样品的棉含量,用NIRFlex N-500近红外光谱仪采集297个棉涤样品的光谱,用蒙特卡罗无信息变量消除法(MC-UVE)对变量进行筛选,偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立棉含量的定标模型,根据各个模型所用的样品数、交叉验证均方根误差(RMSECV)、预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)和预测相关系数(r)评价定标模型的精度和稳定性。结果表明:通过上述数据预处理方法进行变量筛选后,用PLS建立的校正模型不仅使数据的运算量大幅度降低,还能很好地预测未知样品的棉含量,使得基于近红外光谱的棉涤样品中棉含量的定量分析方法进一步简化。     

空谱联合预测高光谱图像无损压缩rice算法

针对rice算法低维预测不能有效降低高光谱数据冗余问题,提出基于空谱联合预测的低复杂度rice算法,应用于高光谱图像无损压缩.根据高光谱图像三维数据特征建立三维预测模型,利用相邻波段谱间相关系数进行联合预测系数分配,有效地减少了高光谱图像空间和谱间冗余.提出基于预测误差均值的最优编码参数选择算法,计算复杂度由O(N)降为O(1).实验结果表明,本文方法提高无损压缩比5%～40%,编码时间较经典rice算法缩短了4%以上,有利于实时处理和工程实现.     

基于光谱反射率的茶染宣纸茶水浓度预测

茶染作为植物染色的一大门类,同时具有良好的环保性能和深厚的文化底蕴。为了能够准确描述茶叶染色的光谱变化,本文研究茶染后宣纸的光谱反射率与茶叶浓度的关系。首先采用分光光度计测量400～700 nm波段被茶叶染色后宣纸的光谱反射率,分别基于偏最小二乘回归模型、BP神经网络和连续投影算法(SPA)选择特征波段建立光谱信息与茶叶浓度之间关系的预测模型。然后以光谱反射率作为输入变量,对茶叶浓度进行预测。结果表明：基于偏最小二乘法、BP神经网络和连续投影算法 选择特征波段建立模型,通过茶染宣纸的光谱反射率来预测茶叶浓度具有较高的稳健性和可信度,其中SPA-BP神经网络模型的效果最优,平均预测正确率为98.40%,决定系数为0.9910,均方根误差为0.8433。这说明通过茶染宣纸的光谱数据来预测茶叶浓度具有可行性。     

基于EMD-SVR的MEMS陀螺仪随机漂移多尺度预测（英文）

为了提高MEMS陀螺仪随机漂移序列的预测精度,提出了一种基于经验模态分解(EMD)和支撑向量回归(SVR)的多尺度预测模型。首先,通过EMD分解,将原始漂移序列分解为有限个频率逐级递减的本征模函数(IMF)。然后,根据每个IMF的时频特性,分别进行相空间重构并建立SVR预测模型。最后,将各IMF的预测结果等权相加得到最终预测结果。实验结果表明,提出的模型能够有效预测MEMS陀螺仪的随机漂移,且相比于单一的SVR模型具有更高的预测精度,可为MEMS陀螺仪漂移误差补偿提供依据。     

人工神经网络-近红外光谱法测定桉树中综纤维素的含量

采用近红外光谱技术结合广义回归神经网络(GRNN)建立测定桉树中综纤维素的定量分析模型。以72个桉树样品作为实验材料,对光谱数据进行平滑、求导、压缩以及归一化,用桉树的近红外光谱数据建立广义回归神经网络模型.预测模型的预测均方根误差为0.0198。结果表明,该方法测量比较准确,可以用于桉树中综纤维素含量的预测。     

飞行时间质谱仪射频四极杆驱动器的研制

针对自制垂直引入式飞行时间质谱仪（orthogonal extraction time-of-flight mass spectrometer, O-TOFMS）的需要,运用直接数字频率合成 (direct digital frequency synthesis,DDS)技术,研制了射频四极杆的高压射频驱动电路装置。该驱动器频率可调范围为0.5~2 MHz,幅度最高达到1 000 Vp-p。该射频四极杆驱动器（radio frequency quadrupole driver,RFQ Driver）可用于分子离子反应器（molecule ion reactor,MIR）和RFQ驱动,其结构简洁、成本低、性能稳定可靠。     

从光电容积图中提取脉搏率、呼吸率和心率的新方法

光电容积描记图(PPG)是一种利用光学技术无创检测人体心血管脉搏波的方法。PPG信号来源于MIMIC数据库,它含有许多生理信息。本文提出了将集合经验模态分解(EEMD)、倒谱、快速傅里叶变化和过零点检测相结合的方法,从PPG中可靠地估算脉搏率(PR)、心率(HR)和呼吸频率(RR)。首先,将PPG信号通过EEMD分解为有限个固有模态函数(IMF)。因为EEMD有自适应滤波特性,所以估算不同的生理参数时,可以用不同的IMF分量来重构信号。其次,估算脉搏率时,舍去低频含有伪迹的IMF,再通过过零点检测可以得到瞬时脉搏率。然后,估算心率时,用1 Hz~1.67 Hz(60次/分钟~100次/分钟)的IMF来重构信号,再求倒谱,选取反映心脏活动的频带来得到心率。最后,估算呼吸率时,用0.05 Hz~0.75 Hz(3次/分钟~45次/分钟)的IMF来重构信号,然后对呼吸信号求快速傅里叶变化得到频谱图,寻找频谱图中的峰值得到呼吸率。对来自MIMIC数据库的53个成人PPG信号进行了仿真。仿真结果表明使用该综合信号处理方法提取的生理参数与实际生理参数一致,且该方法有运算量小,精确度高的优点(误差不超过1.17%)。     

UPLC-MS/MS测定二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯

建立了二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯（MDI）的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）联用的分析方法。实验用甲醇作衍生试剂,将二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯衍生成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯（MDC）,通过测定二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯来确定二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯的含量。实验采用Waters Acquity BEH C18超高效液相色谱柱,甲醇-0.1%甲酸作为梯度洗脱液,二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯在1.5 min内与其他化合物进行完全分离,经四极杆质谱选择离子监测模式检测。线性范围为2~100 μg/L,检出限为1 μg/L,相关系数0.999 4。考察了水、甲酸、甲酸铵流动相体系,以及进样量大小对样品的分离效果,发现甲酸流动相体系的分离效果优于其他两种流动相体系,同时发现在进样量大时出现平头峰。并且在优化条件下,对实际样品中游离的二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯进行了测定。     

Effect of the molecular weight on deformation states of the polystyrene film by AFM single scanning

Nanobundles patterns can be formed on the surface of most thermoplastic polymers when the atomic force microscope (AFM)‐based nanomechanical machining method is employed to scratch their surfaces. Such patterns are reviewed as three‐dimensional sine‐wave structures. In the present study, the single‐line scratch test is used firstly to study different removal states of the polystyrene (PS) polymer with different molecular weights (MWs). Effects of the scratching direction and the scratching velocity on deformation of the PS film and the state of the removed materials are also investigated. Single‐wear box test is then employed to study the possibility of forming bundle structures on PS films with different MWs. The experimental results show that the state between the tip and the sample plays a key role in the nano machining process. If the contact radius between the AFM tip and the polymer surface is larger than the chain end‐to‐end distance, it is designated as the “cutting” state that means the area of both side ridges is less than the area of the groove and materials are removed. If the contact radius is less than the chain end‐to‐end distance, it is designated as the “plowing” state that means the area of both side ridges is larger than the area of the groove and no materials are removed at all. For the perfect bundles formation on the PS film, the plowing state is ideal condition for the larger MW polymers because of the chains’ entanglement. SCANNING 35:308‐315, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Rapid one-of-a-kind production

To shorten the product development cycle time and reduce the cost at the same time, which is very critical for the survival of those small and mid-sized one-of-a-kind production (SMOKP) companies, various computer communication, simulation and computer aided engineering and management techniques have been widely used in these SMOKP companies. However, according to our study, the applications of these advanced computer technologies in these SMOKP companies are lack of system integration and synergy, which result in communication errors, reworks, duplications and hence a longer product development lead time and a higher cost. To solve this problem, an inter/intranet based computer aided rapid product development system is presented in this paper. This system consists of a number of inter/intranet based computer models or sub-systems for supporting rapid development of a one-of-a-kind product. It also employs a novel concurrent product development strategy called “prototype based incremental product development strategy” and an integrated product data structure called “product production structure”. Some industrial implementations of the proposed system, product development strategy and product data structure are also reported in the paper.     

Rapid one-of-a-kind production

To shorten the product development cycle time and reduce the cost at the same time, which is very critical for the survival of those small and mid-sized one-of-a-kind production (SMOKP) companies, various computer communication, simulation and computer aided engineering and management techniques have been widely used in these SMOKP companies. However, according to our study, the applications of these advanced computer technologies in these SMOKP companies are lack of system integration and synergy, which result in communication errors, reworks, duplications and hence a longer product development lead time and a higher cost. To solve this problem, an inter/intranet based computer aided rapid product development system is presented in this paper. This system consists of a number of inter/intranet based computer models or subsystems for supporting rapid development of a one-of-a-kind product. It also employs a novel concurrent product development strategy called “prototype based incremental product development strategy” and an integrated product data structure called “product production structure”. Some industrial implementations of the proposed system, product development strategy and product data structure are also reported in the paper.     

汽车ESC系统DIL/HIL仿真平台设计

全面准确地标定与测试是开发车辆电子稳定控制(electronic stability control,ESC)系统的关键环节。车辆控制过程是典型的强非线性系统,建立精确的车辆模型比较困难,驾驶员模型也很难准确模拟紧急工况下驾驶员的真实反应。在仿真系统中将难以精确建模的液压制动系统、ESC压力调节单元、转向及电子节气门装置采用真实硬件,并在试验平台中嵌入真实驾驶员,基于Matlab/Simulink/dSPACE环境和车辆动力学软件veDYNA,开发硬件在环(hardware-in-the-loop,HIL)和驾驶员在环(driver-in-the-loop,DIL)的仿真试验平台,并在此平台上对所设计的ESC系统进行仿真试验研究。试验结果表明,所设计的DIL/HIL仿真平台可以大幅提高ESC系统的开发效率和测试准确性。     

The efficacy of back propagation neural network with delta bar delta learning in predicting the wear of carbide inserts in face milling

Face milling is a process predominantly affected by dynamic variation of cutting forces, thermo-mechanical shocks and vibration leading to catastrophic tool failure along with gradual wear of the inserts. Keeping in view the industrial importance of this process, it is necessary to devise suitable methods to predict in advance the onset of tool failure without grossly impairing the machining set-up and the job. Hence, the applicability of back propagation neural network with delta bar delta learning rule for faster convergence has been studied with the above objective. The multi sensor based tool condition monitoring strategy shows that the learning rate adaptation scheme combined with the selection of suitable process parameters drastically reduces the training time of the artificial neural network without dispensing with the prediction accuracy.     

复合ICA-SVM机械状态模式分类

提出了一种新颖的、基于独立分量分析(ICA)的复合神经网络，用于不同机械状态模式的特征提取。利用支持向量机(SVM)进行最终分类。与通常的基于经验风险最小化(ERM)原理的神经网络方法相比，基于结构风险最小化(SRM)原理的支持向量机分类方法具有更好的推广能力。而借助多个独立分量分析网络，隐藏于多通道振动观测信号中的不变特征得到有效提取，从而实现了支持向量机分类器在分类能力和推广性两者间的合理平衡。     

同位素稀释质谱法测定贻贝中多氯联苯的国际比对研究(CCQM-P67)

A method developed to participate the pilot study of international comparison CCQM-P67 was introduced. Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) was used in the detection of five PCB congeners in freeze-dried muscle tissue. Soxhlet Extraction is used for extraction of mussel, duplicate clean-up of GPS and SPE column were used, C-13 labeled PCB congeners were added as internal standard to avoid the error from sample preparation and diction. High resolution Mass spectrometer was used to give good result of detection.