ABR作为产甲烷相反应器处理食品废水的中试研究

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)作为产甲烷相反应器,开展了处理食品废水的中试研究。分析了调试运行期间的控制因素,考察了反应器的启动运行情况、出现酸化后的调节恢复方法以及稳定运行阶段的除污效果。实际运行表明:当以ABR作为产甲烷相反应器时,对食品废水具有较好的处理效果,对COD、SS、色度的去除率分别为(64%～81%)、(49%～77%)、(30%～69%);ABR反应器出现较长时间的酸化后,可以通过投加化学药剂、减小处理量、添加新鲜污泥等手段进行恢复,在保证适宜的碱度、VFA、pH条件下,能完全恢复反应器的处理性能。     

异波折板厌氧反应器处理城市污水的中试研究

利用异波折板多级两相厌氧反应器处理低温、低浓度城市污水.通过科学地设计反应器结构,实现了系统内相分离;通过回流和进水调控,可有效地避免有机酸积累,实现系统内良好的水力条件和生化反应条件,进而达到有机污染物去除的高效性.中试结果表明,在水温为12℃、水力停留时间为8 h时,对SS和COD的去除率分别为81.8%和57.1%,不仅具有良好的处理效果,而且运行稳定.     

改良UASB/生物接触氧化/化学氧化工艺处理制药废水

采用IC反应器/改良UASB/两级生物接触氧化/芬顿氧化法处理混合罐装类药品生产废水。调节池以IC反应器的方式运行;加大UASB反应器内的上升水流,使UASB反应器以EGSB工艺的方式运行,而不改变UASB反应器三相分离器的结构;两级生物接触氧化池出水中有机物在芬顿试剂氧化作用下进一步降解。在废水水质、水量变化较大的情况下,该工艺能稳定地将难生化降解废水处理达到《混装制剂类制药工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 21908—2008)。     

复合膜生物反应器处理生活污水的特性

通过对投加填料的膜生物反应器处理生活污水的特性进行了系统的研究 ,研究结果表明投加填料的膜生物反应器的上清液及系统出水COD浓度低于不加填料的 ;反应器稳定运行后膜的通透性随运行时间的延长而缓慢下降 ,且较投加填料前明显增大 ;反应器中 ,附着相和悬浮相污泥共存 ,并以附着生长的微生物为主 ,悬浮污泥浓度低可以有效的减缓膜过滤阻力的上升和膜的堵塞 .维持反应器内总污泥浓度较高的条件下 ,使随混合液进入膜分离的悬浮污泥量保持很低 ,减少了其对膜的通透能力的影响 .     

单级自养脱氮反应器效能与微生物群落结构的相关性

于稳定运行但效能有明显差异的2套序批式生物膜反应器单级自养脱氮系统,研究了微生物群落结构的PCR-DGGEr、eal-time PCR等现代分子生物学特点及其运行效能与之的相关性。结果表明:运行效能好的反应器活性污泥及生物膜浓度较高,微生物群落结构差异较大,二者相似性为58.3%,溶解氧在活性污泥及生物膜内的分布特点为各类微生物及其代谢创造了良好环境,系统中好氧氨氧化菌AOB及厌氧氨氧化菌ANAMMOXz在数量上绝对占优,各类细菌的协同代谢使系统总氮去除率达到80%以上。运行效能相对较差的反应器,由于在反应器启动过程中没有将亚硝酸氧化菌NOB完全"洗脱",系统中出现NO3-积累,且系统挂膜不理想,生物膜浓度低,生物膜与活性污泥微生物群落结构相似性为100%,优势功能菌单一,从而造成运行效能较低,总氮去除率仅为20%~30%。维持SBBR自养脱氮系统微生物群落结构的稳定及平衡性,生物膜是关键性因素。     

pH值和碱度对厌氧折流板反应器运行的影响

为考察pH值和碱度对厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)高效、稳定运行的影响,采用一个有效容积为28 L的4格室ABR反应器处理豆制品废水。ABR反应器运行72 d的结果表明:在启动阶段的前期外加碱液调节进水pH值,使pH值和碱度分别基本稳定在6.0～7.0和1 000～1 300mg/L,运行效果良好。启动45 d时,停止外加碱液对进水pH值进行调节,系统仍稳定运行,但启动阶段出现丙酸浓度缓慢上升现象。在反应器稳定运行阶段,各格室的pH值分别为(4.5～6.0)、(5.5～6.8)、(6.8～7.2)、(7.1～7.3),碱度基本处在1 000～1 400 mg/L,反应器出水的发酵产物含量<100 mg/L(乙酸占90%以上),对COD的去除率保持在90%以上。     

气升环流反应器处理高氨氮豆制品废水

利用工程规模的多导流筒气升环流反应器处理某豆制品厂废水,详细介绍了反应器结构,并对反应器的启动与运行过程进行分析和总结。实践表明,在有机负荷为0.16~0.2 kgCOD/(kgMLSS·d)、NH+4-N负荷为0.05 kgNH+4-N/(kgMLSS·d)、C/N约为4的条件下,反应器对COD、NH+4-N的去除率分别为70%、95%左右,出水COD≤350 mg/L、NH+4-N≤10 mg/L、TN≤10 mg/L,反应器最大氨氧化速率为6.25 mgNH+4-N/(L·h),总氮以同步硝化反硝化方式去除,几乎无NO-2-N与NO-3-N积累。处理费用为1.24元/m3,反应器占地面积小、构造简单、运行稳定。     

非单一因素控制条件下短程硝化反硝化的系统稳定性研究

采用SBR工艺以水产品加工废水为研究对象,控制进水游离氨(FA)浓度为4.61 mg/L,研究高游离氨条件下短程硝化反硝化过程,对比试验结果表明:1号反应器只控制进水游离氨浓度,在运行70 d以后,转变为全程硝化,说明单一因素控制短程硝化反硝化并不稳定;2号反应器高进水游离氨条件下,控制DO为1～2 mg/L和进水pH为8.4±0.1,亚硝酸盐积累率稳定在92%以上,现已运行130 d以上,短程硝化反硝化运行稳定,表明通过非单一因素控制可实现短程硝化反硝化稳定运行.     

UBF反应器改进及工程应用

采用上流式厌氧复合床(UBF)反应器,以某化工厂生产废水(含大量环己烷、环己醇及少量硫酸钠)为对象对反应器的启动和运行特性进行了试验研究,结果表明当COD容积负荷(VLR)为2.12kg/m3·d时,其COD去除率最高(82%),反应器中形成厌氧颗粒污泥。试验验证了UBF在处理高浓度难降解废水时,具有启动快和运行稳定的特点。     

ANAMMOX与反硝化协同脱氮反应器的启动特性研究

向成功启动并已稳定运行2年的ANAMMOX反应器中连续添加有机物(葡萄糖),研究ANAMMOX与反硝化协同脱氮反应器的启动特性.结果表明,在短期内(35 d)可成功启动ANAMMOX与反硝化协同脱氮反应器.启动过程可分为迟滞、适应和稳定运行三个阶段,在稳定运行阶段反应器对NH_4~+-N、NO_2~-—N、TN和COD的去除率分别高达95%、99%、94%和93%,NH_4~+-N去除量、NO_2~--N去除量与NO_3~--N生成量的比值为1:1.32:0.03,出水碱度和pH均略高于进水.     

Characterization of an acetate-degrading sludge without intracellular accumulation of polyphosphate and glycogen

A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated in the conventional anaerobic-aerobic mode for enhanced biological phosphate removal (EBPR) using acetate as the sole substrate. Results showed that, however, the reactor was unable to remove phosphate from wastewater. The sludge containing 1.65% of phosphate did not exhibit the typical characteristics of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO) or glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAO). Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rDNA sequences of individual microorganisms, showed that the microbial community of this acetate-degrading sludge was closely related to Comamonas testosteroni (43.8% of total population) of beta-1-proteobacteria, Zoogloea resiniphila (25.0%) of beta-2-proteobacteria, and Xanthomonas maltophilia (19.8%) of gamma-proteobacteria. Results of this study imply that GAO might not be the sole group of bacteria responsible to the deterioration of phosphate removal efficiency in an EBPR reactor.     

污泥浓缩消化一体化中试反应器的启动研究

对污泥浓缩消化一体化(ISTD)中试反应器处理城市污泥的启动进行研究。试验进泥为二沉剩余污泥,含水率为98.1%～99.3%、pH值为6.75～7.2、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)为30～144 mgHAc/L、碱度为172～277 mg/L(以CaCO3计,下同)、VS/TS值为0.355～0.434。启动试验采用逐步培养法、以投配率为10%的方式进行,污泥经加热后进入反应器。在中温条件下,经过约55 d的运行,ISTD反应器内各项指标趋于稳定,内反应室的VFA平均值为250 mgHAc/L,启动期间未出现酸化现象。稳定后,产气量为280～300 L/d、排泥含水率为92.0%～93.5%、VS/TS值为0.320～0.340、碱度为1 200～1 300 mg/L。     

Characterization of sulfate-reducing granular sludge in the SANI process

Hong Kong practices seawater toilet flushing covering 80% of the population. A sulfur cycle-based biological nitrogen removal process, the Sulfate reduction, Autotrophic denitrification and Nitrification Integrated (SANI^®) process, had been developed to close the loop between the hybrid water supply and saline sewage treatment. To enhance this novel process, granulation of a Sulfate-Reducing Up-flow Sludge Bed (SRUSB) reactor has recently been conducted for organic removal and provision of electron donors (sulfide) for subsequent autotrophic denitrification, with a view to minimizing footprint and maximizing operation resilience. This further study was focused on the biological and physicochemical characteristics of the granular sulfate-reducing sludge. A lab-scale SRUSB reactor seeded with anaerobic digester sludge was operated with synthetic saline sewage for 368 days. At 1 h nominal hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 6.4 kg COD/m³-d organic loading rate, the SRUSB reactor achieved 90% COD and 75% sulfate removal efficiencies. Granular sludge was observed within 30 days, and became stable after 4 months of operation with diameters of 400–500 μm, SVI₅ of 30 ml/g, and extracellular polymeric substances of 23 mg carbohydrate/g VSS. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed that the granules were enriched with abundant sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) as compared with the seeding sludge. Pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene in the sulfate-reducing granules on day 90 indicated that the microbial community consisted of a diverse SRB genera, namely Desulfobulbus (18.1%), Desulfobacter (13.6%), Desulfomicrobium (5.6%), Desulfosarcina (0.73%) and Desulfovibrio (0.6%), accounting for 38.6% of total operational taxonomic units at genera level, with no methanogens detected. The microbial population and physicochemical properties of the granules well explained the excellent performance of the granular SRUSB reactor.     

Activated sludge deflocculation under temperature upshifts from 30 to 45 degrees C

Twelve independent batch experiments (<9h) with fresh municipal activated sludge were conducted to assess the occurrence and the mechanisms of deflocculation under a temperature shift from 30 to 45 degrees C. In each experiment, a transient reactor (2 L) was subjected to the temperature shift and a control reactor was operated at a constant temperature of 30 degrees C. The occurrence of deflocculation was demonstrated by the increase in turbidity and in the concentrations of biopolymers in the sludge supernatant from the transient reactor. The maximum levels of proteins in the supernatants ranged from 53 to 81 mg/L, for DNA from 34 to 36 mg/L, for humic compounds from 20 to 40 mg/L, and for carbohydrates from 21 to 31 mg/L. All the biopolymer concentrations in the control reactor remained below 5-10 mg/L. The release of biopolymers was accompanied by an increase in sludge supernatant conductivity (16-32% increase, up to 1.20 mS/cm), soluble chemical oxygen demand (from 129 to 440 mg/L), total suspended solids (>25 mg/L up to 128 mg/L), and a decrease in the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (up to 11%). The temperature shift was also found to inhibit microbial metabolism by reducing the sludge biomass substrate removal capacity, as measured by oxygen-uptake rates. The temperature shift had a marginal effect causing sludge lysis (as an increase in beta-galactosidase activity) and had no significant impact on sludge viability (live/dead ratio of bacterial cells). It was concluded that sludge deflocculation under a temperature shift from 30 to 45 degrees C involves the solubilisation of extracellular polymeric substances from the flocs and likely also floc fragmentation. In addition, sludge deflocculation and the inhibition of microbial metabolism explain the poor treatment performance observed in previous continuous reactors under similar temperature shifts.     

Molecular characterization of the microbial community structure in two activated sludge systems for the advanced treatment of domestic effluents

Although activated sludge systems with enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) represent state-of-the-art technology for phosphate removal from wastewater it is still unknown which species of bacteria are responsible for the EBPR process. The aim of this study was to compare the bacterial composition of activated sludge from two laboratory plants with different modes of operation, anoxic/oxic- (EBPR, no nitrification) and Phoredox-system (EBPR, nitrification and denitrification) with particular emphasis on microorganisms responsible for EBPR process. In addition to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we applied further rRNA-based molecular techniques like terminal restriction-fragment length polymorphism analysis and comparative 16S rDNA analysis to yield additional information and to verify the results from FISH analysis, like e.g. for the identification of polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO). Despite the different modes of operation only minor differences in the bacterial composition were detected by FISH analysis based on the probes used in this study. In contrast T-RFLP analysis yielded characteristic community fingerprints for each of the investigated plants and comparative 16S rDNA analysis indicated highly diverse microbial communities in both plants suggesting substantial differences in the microbial structure. The results obtained by FISH analysis with specific probes for PAOs support the presumption that not only one specific organism is responsible for the EBPR. In our case Tetrasphaera spp. dominated the PAO community, but other possible PAOs, like Microlunatus spp. and members of the Rhodocyclus group, were also detected.     

高效微生物絮凝剂用于污泥脱水及其动力学研究

从活性污泥中筛选出一株高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌TJ-1,经16S rDNA相似性分析鉴定为奇异变形杆菌（Proteus mirabilis）。将TJ-1在优化培养条件下所产絮凝剂（MBF）用于污泥脱水,并与PAM、PAC进行了脱水效果对比。正交试验结果表明,该微生物絮凝剂用于污泥脱水的最佳条件是：pH=6.5,1%的CaCl2投加量为4%（体积分数）,MBF的投加量为6%（体积分数）;在此条件下污泥脱水率可达82%,比单独投加PAC和PAM的脱水效果好。同时,还研究了该微生物絮凝剂在最佳条件下的污泥脱水动力学,并得到了脱水动力学经验方程。     

Selective sludge removal in a segregated aerobic granular biomass system as a strategy to control PAO-GAO competition at high temperatures

An aerobic granular sludge (AGS) reactor was run for 280 days to study the competition between Phosphate and Glycogen Accumulating Organisms (PAOs and GAOs) at high temperatures. Numerous researches have proven that in suspended sludge systems PAOs are outcompeted by GAOs at higher temperatures. In the following study a reactor was operated at 30 °C in which the P-removal efficiency declined from 79% to 32% after 69 days of operation when biomass removal for sludge retention time (SRT) control was established by effluent withdrawal. In a second attempt at 24 °C, efficiency of P-removal remained on average at 71 ± 5% for 76 days. Samples taken from different depths of the sludge bed analysed using Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) microscopy techniques revealed a distinctive microbial community structure: bottom granules contained considerably more Accumulibacter (PAOs) compared to top granules that were dominated by Competibacter (GAOs). In a third phase the SRT was controlled by discharging biomass exclusively from the top of the sludge bed. The application of this method increased the P-removal efficiency up to 100% for 88 days at 30 °C. Granules selected near the bottom of the sludge bed increased in volume, density and overall ash content; resulting in significantly higher settling velocities. With the removal of exclusively bottom biomass in phase four, P-removal efficiency decreased to 36% within 3 weeks. This study shows that biomass segregation in aerobic granular sludge systems offers an extra possibility to influence microbial competition in order to obtain a desired population.     

Isolation, identification and utilization of thermophilic strains in aerobic digestion of sewage sludge

Two representative thermophilic bacterial strains (T1 and T2) were isolated from a one-stage autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion pilot-scale reactor. 16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that they were Hydrogenophilaceae and Xanthomonodaceae. These isolated strains were inoculated separately and/or jointly in sewage sludge, to investigate their effects on sludge stabilization under thermophilic aerobic digestion condition. Four digestion conditions were tested for 480 h. Digestion without inoculation and inoculation with strain T2, as well as joint- inoculation with strains T1 and T2, achieved 32.6%, 43.0%, and 38.2% volatile solids (VS) removal, respectively. Removal in a digester inoculated with stain T1 only reached 27.2%. For the first 144 h, the three inoculated digesters all experienced higher VS removal than the digester without inoculations. Both specific thermophilic strains and micro-environment significantly affected the VS removal. DGGE profiles revealed that the isolated strains T1 and T2 can successfully establish in the thermophilic digesters. Other viable bacteria (including anaerobic or facultative microbes) also appeared in the digestion system, enhancing the microbial activity.     

Analysis of bacterial diversity in river biofilms using 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE: methodological settings and fingerprints interpretation

Reliability of bacterial diversity assessment using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 16S rDNA fragments was evaluated for a particular complex microbial assemblage: river epilithic biofilm. By comparing 3 routine protocols on replicates of one river biofilm sample, we found that common DNA extraction procedures gave comparable diversity (from 28.0 to 30.7 bands detected) and community composition (> 75% of homology) despite differences in the total amount of extracted DNA (from 0.9 to 4.2 microg). Therefore methodological improvements only concerned electrophoretic separation of DNA fragments (range of denaturing gradient from 35% to 70% and migration time=18h) and standardisation of DNA amounts used (PCR-template=50 ng, gel loading=700 ng). Using such a standardised methodology we found a good reproducibility of all steps of the procedure. When an Escherichia coli strain was introduced as a contaminant in a biofilm sample, we were able to recover ribotypes from the strain. As concerns fields sampling, a satisfactory repeatability of banding patterns from neighbouring pebbles (sampling point) allowed discriminating between the biofilm intrasite variability (various points from a cross-profile). These trials confirmed that PCR-DGGE is suitable to assess a reliable genetic fingerprint of epilithic biofilms in the river. Phylogenetic analysis of 40 partial sequences of 16S rDNA from DGGE gels of two sets of river biofilms samples proved evidences for the retrieval of DNA fragments related to phototroph Eukarya. However, in both cases plastidial 16S rDNA represented less than 25% of the analysed operational taxonomic units. Taking into account that Cyanobacteria, as members of the Bacteria, were also detected, sequence analysis of relevant bands from the pattern is required to target "bacteria", i.e. the functional group of prokaryotic microorganisms to which one commonly refers as a key component in sustaining the nutrient turnover.     

Long-term effects of operating temperature and sulphate addition on the methanogenic community structure of anaerobic hybrid reactors

The diversity, population dynamics, and activity profiles of methanogens in anaerobic granular sludges from two anaerobic hybrid reactors treating a molasses wastewater both mesophilically (37 degrees C) and thermophilically (55 degrees C) during a 1081 day trial were determined. The influent to one of the reactors was supplemented with sulphate, after an acclimation period of 112 days, to determine the effect of competition with sulphate-reducing bacteria on the methanogenic community structure. Sludge samples were removed from the reactors at intervals throughout the operational period and examined by amplified ribosomal DNA (rDNA) restriction analysis (ARDRA) and partial sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. In total, 18 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, 12 of which were sequenced. The methanogenic communities in both reactors changed during the operational period. The seed sludge and the reactor biomass sampled during mesophilic operation, both in the presence and absence of sulphate, was characterised by a predominance of Methanosaeta spp. Following temperature elevation, the dominant methanogenic sequences detected in the non-sulphate supplemented reactor were closely related to Methanocorpusculum parvum. By contrast, the dominant OTUs detected in the sulphate-supplemented reactor upon temperature increase were related to the hydrogen-utilising methanogen, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. The observed methanogenic community structure in the reactors correlated with the operational performance of the reactors during the trial and with physiological measurements of the reactor biomass. Both reactors achieved chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of over 90% during mesophilic operation, with or without sulphate supplementation. During thermophilic operation, the presence of sulphate resulted in decreased reactor performance (effluent acetate concentrations of >3000 mg/l and biogas methane content of <25%). It was demonstrated that methanogenic conversion of acetate at 55 degrees C was extremely sensitive to inhibition by sulphide (50% inhibition at 8-17 mg/l unionised sulphide at pH 7.6-8.0), while the conversion of H(2)/CO(2) methanogenically was favoured. The combination of experiments carried out demonstrated the presence of specific methanogenic populations during periods of successful operational performance.