2002年美国煤炭供需形势回顾

美国为世界上最大的煤炭消费国。2001年其煤炭生产量和消费量分别占世界总量的22.3%和24.6%。本文介绍了2002年美国煤炭供需状况。     

An overview of energy consumption of the globalized world economy

For the globalized world economy with intensive international trade, an overview of energy consumption is presented by an embodied energy analysis to track both direct and indirect energy uses based on a systems input–output simulation. In 2004, the total amounts of energy embodied in household consumption, government consumption, and investment are 7749, 874, and 2009 Mtoe (million tons of oil equivalent), respectively. The United States is shown as the world’s biggest embodied energy importer (683 Mtoe) and embodied energy surplus receiver (290 Mtoe), in contrast to China as the biggest exporter (662 Mtoe) and deficit receiver (274 Mtoe). Energy embodied in consumption per capita varies from 0.05 (Uganda) to 19.54 toe (Rest of North America). Based on a forecast for 2005–2035, China is to replace the United States as the world’s leading embodied energy consumer in 2027, when its per capita energy consumption will be one quarter of that of the United States.     

我国能源强度、电力强度变化及因素分析

运用对数平均迪氏指数法对2000—2008年我国能源强度、电力强度变化的情况及因素进行了分析,结果表明：行业能耗变化对能源强度的变化起主导作用,符合这段时期我国重化工业化的特征;行业电耗变化和结构变化同时引起电力强度的变化,但行业电耗变化起主导作用,这与电能在终端能源消费的比重不断提高密切相关。     

世界能源与电力宏观指标分桥--论4个\"E\"的关系

经济社会的发展离不开能源。电力作为一种高效、清洁、方便的能源利用形式,正越来越广泛地应用于经济社会的各个方面,电气化程度已经成为一个国家经济社会现代化水平的重要标志。根据1990—2000年世界能源、电力的统计数据,分析能源、电力消费与经济发展之间的关系,说明了电力在能源利用和经济社会发展中的重要作用;通过我国与世界其它国家和地区之间宏观能源、电力指标的比较,分析我国能源、电力消费的发展趋势。     

山西电力消费与能源消费关系分析

叙述了山西省电力消费与能源消费的关系及电力消费对山西省能耗的影响,提出,如何控制山西省电耗、降低能源消耗的措施建议。     

Energy analysis of façade-integrated photovoltaic systems applied to UAE commercial buildings

Developments in the design and manufacture of photovoltaic cells have recently been a growing concern in the UAE. At present, the embodied energy pay-back time (EPBT) is the criterion used for comparing the viability of such technology against other forms. However, the impact of PV technology on the thermal performance of buildings is not considered at the time of EPBT estimation. If additional energy savings gained over the PV system life are also included, the total EPBT could be shorter. This paper explores the variation of the total energy of building integrated photovoltaic systems (BiPV) as a wall cladding system applied to the UAE commercial sector and shows that the ratio between PV output and saving in energy due to PV panels is within the range of 1:3–1:4. The result indicates that for the southern and western façades in the UAE, the embodied energy pay-back time for photovoltaic system is within the range of 12–13 years. When reductions in operational energy are considered, the pay-back time is reduced to 3.0–3.2 years. This study comes to the conclusion that the reduction in operational energy due to PV panels represents an important factor in the estimation of EPBT.     

2020年我国能源电力消费及碳排放强度情景分析

在工业化和现代化的进程中,无论是总量还是人均,我国能源和电力消费都将快速增长,且用电量的增速更快于能源消费。我国低碳经济的发展应以不断降低碳排放强度为目标,从优化产业结构和优化能源消费结构2方面同时着手实施,情景分析表明,我国2020年碳排放强度有望比2007年降低33%～37%。     

我国生产部门电力消费的特征分析

本文分析了改革开放以来我国生产部门电力消费的特点与规律,利用能源分解方法研究GDP、产业结构、能源强度、电气化水平等各种因素对电力消费的影响,并针对我国当前电力消费的主要特点及社会经济的可持续发展目标提出了相应的政策建议。     

印度能源构成特点和发展趋势

印度是个经济发展较快的人口大国,它目前的经济和能源状况很像本世纪初的中国。印度的能源(特别是煤炭)消费增速自国际金融危机以来不断加快,但作为能源主体的煤炭、石油和天然气的生产、进口都处于一种被压抑的"欠帐"状态,成为影响经济社会发展的瓶颈,保障能源供应是印度发展中最急迫的现实问题。在印度能源构成中煤炭居首位,燃煤发电量占其电力的68%;石油资源,特别是天然气占能源消费总量的比例低于世界均值;水电占一次能源消费的比例较高。印度煤炭进口增长很快,现居世界第三位,且有可能在2020年成为世界第一大煤炭进口国。印度大量进口原油、出口油品,但天然气进口增长缓慢。印度能源生产和进口被压抑的原因在于强行压低国内价格、政府为财政补贴背上重负、能源被国营大企业垄断,以及基础设施落后、政府施政能力薄弱。但这并不能阻止印度在世界经济和能源格局中的地位逐渐增强。本世纪二三十年代,以中国和印度为领跑者的东亚-南亚弧形地带将成为世界重要的能源消费中心,世界能源格局的多元化亦将更加成熟。     

Delving into the carbon footprints of Singapore—comparing direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions of a small and open economic system

Small and open economic systems like cities face specific challenges for greenhouse gas accounting. They typically import most of their energy requirements as secondary energy products based on conversion processes which caused emissions elsewhere. Emission estimates therefore already require attention not only to direct on-site activities. Moreover, for a comprehensive approach it is suggested to include upstream and downstream processes of connected socioeconomic systems and the indirect life-cycle related emissions of imported and exported goods.     

供电稳流系统改造,企业节能增效

本文介绍了宁夏青铜峡铝业集团公司,不断改造电解直流稳流系统,达到节能增效的目的.     

The Position of Oil in the Middle East: Potential Trends,Future Perspectives,Market and Trade

Currently oil is the fastest growing primary energy source in the world. The Middle East has over half of the world's proven oil reserves and remains the center of gravity in the global oil market. The Middle East represents 65% of world oil reserves. Saudi Arabia is by far the region's largest producer and exporter accounting for approximately 42% of production from the Middle East followed by Iran 19%, UAE 11%, Iraq 6%, Kuwait 11%, Qatar 4%, Oman 5%, and Syria 2% in year 2003. Currently, 60% of exports from the Middle East are destined for Asian markets. The Middle East region supplied about 29% of the 3.4 billion barrels of crude oil that the United States imported in 2001.     

从CO2减排看我国2020年能源及电力消费水平

根据我国政府向国际社会作出的二氧化碳减排承诺,创建了1个可反映单位GDP二氧化碳排放量变化对能源需求影响的计算公式。通过量化研究相关因素对能源需求产生的影响,得到2020年不同情景下满足二氧化碳减排要求的能源消费总量,并根据供给侧能源消费总量与电力消费水平的内在联系,测算了相应的全社会用电量。我国2020年较理想的目标是能源消费总量控制在不超过51亿t标准煤,全社会用电量为7.5×1012kW.h左右。研究成果可为有关部门合理确定能源消费总量控制目标提供参考。     

居民阶梯电价的评价与展望

介绍了我国居民阶梯电价现状和未来发展趋势,对实施居民阶梯电价的关键问题进行了分析,提出了在我国实施居民阶梯电价的政策目标,对居民阶梯电价分档和电价制定方法进行了分析,对居民阶梯电价方案影响进行了分析,最后提出应变革人工抄表方式、改造合表用户和加大资金投入等政策建议。     

2010年电力供需形势回顾与2011年展望

2010年,在经济超预期增长的带动下,全国电力需求实现恢复性增长,全年增长14.6%,其中第二产业尤其是主要高耗能行业用电的大幅反弹是拉动全社会用电增长的主要动力;装机增长平稳,全国电力供需总体平衡,但局部地区部分时段因电煤供应和来水不足,电力供应紧张。2011年,国内经济在平稳较快发展的同时增速回调,电力需求仍将保持较快增长但增速将有所回落,预计增速为10%～12%;受电煤供应、来水等因素的影响,全国电力供需平衡偏紧。     

BIOCOMBUSTIBLES

Biocombustibles have the chance to become the most important renewable energy source in the future. They could provide a decisive contribution in solving global environmental and energy problems. To meet this challenge several prerequisites have to be fulfilled:the industrialized countries have to change their fiscal system. The taxes on fossil fuels ought tobe increased, the ones on human labor decreased.

the financial support for bioenergy has to be multiplied.

information, advice and extension work in favor of renewable energy have to be intensified.

the whole energy policy has to favor energy saving, energy efficiency and the solar energyoption.

The sooner this new orientation of the energy policy is under way the better for our common future development.     

降低钢铁企业能源消耗的对策分析

指出了钢铁企业节能降耗的必要性,分析了武钢能源消耗现状,提出了武钢降低能源消耗的对策与途径。     

农村能源消费结构分析及能效提升典型建议

农村能源是中国能源体系中的重要组成部分。详细分析各种能源类型在农村的消费比重、农村能源结构存在的问题、农村能效评估方法。介绍提升农村能效水平措施和典型的农村节能技术。农村光伏等可再生能源发展较快,但能源消费类型仍以煤炭和生物质能（薪柴、秸秆）为主,煤炭用能比重过高,电力占比总体偏低,可进一步通过煤改电等措施,降低煤炭消费比重。通过加强可再生能源开发利用,提高传统能源转换效率,推动农村建筑节能等措施,缓解农村能源利用的诸多问题。不断完善农村能效评估办法,挖掘农村各地区的节能空间,积极推广节能技术,以科技的力量加快农业现代化进程。     

我国电气化水平和能源效率关系分析

本文用因素分解法探讨了电气化水平的提高与我国能源效率的关系,指出要重视结构因素对我国能源效率的影响,通过提高我国发电用能比重和电能占终端用能比重,提高我国综合能源效率。     

从OECD国家发展历程看我国2020年能源电力消费

详细分析了OECD 10个主要国家在工业化进程中的能源和电力消费趋势.分析结果表明:在工业化和现代化的进程中,电力消费的增长速度始终快于一次能源消费;后发工业化国家的能源和电力消费增速远快于先行工业化国家,各国电力消费比重都在不断攀升.因此,在21世纪中叶我国全面实现工业化、基本实现现代化之前,无论是能源电力消费的总量还是人均指标,我国的一次能源和电力消费都将伴随着工业化进程继续快速增长,而目前我国接近发达国家的电力消费比重还将继续上升.情景分析表明,2020年,我国人均能源消费将达3.18～4.95tce,能源消费总量将达44.2亿～68.8亿tce;人均用电量增至5 240～8 090 kW·h,全社会用电量达到7.3万亿～11.2万亿kW·h,需要15.8亿～24.4亿kW发电装机容量,人均装机约1.137～1.755 kW.