基于溶剂/非溶剂法的微通道结晶制备CL-20/HMX共晶

为了发展易放大、可连续化的共晶制备方法,采用溶剂/非溶剂法的微通道结晶技术制备了六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷/奥克托今(CL-20/HMX)共晶.采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、热分析和感度测试,对样品的形貌、结构、热性能和感度进行了表征分析.结果表明,该方法成功制备了CL-20/HMX共晶,其表观形貌部分呈花簇状,直径为20～30μm,由厚度为200～600 nm的片状晶体组装而成,部分呈单独的片状结晶(厚度为200～600 nm);所制备的CL-20/HMX共晶在放热过程中仅有一个尖锐的放热分解峰,放热峰温位于243.4℃,低于原料CL-20(250.2℃)和HMX(284.7℃).放热区间仅为242.7～246.0℃,比原料CL-20(230.0～254.6℃)和HMX(281.0～290.7℃)窄,具有较高的能量释放效率;表观活化能470.75 kJ·mol-1,介于CL-20(175.04 kJ·mol-1)和HMX(481.45 kJ·mol-1)之间,比CL-20提高了295.71 kJ·mol-1,具有较好的热稳定性;撞击感度为18 J,较原料CL-20(10 J)和HMX(14.4 J)分别提高8 J和3.6 J,摩擦感度比CL-20原料降低了20％,安全性有所提高.     

超细CL-20/HMX共晶的制备、表征及其与推进剂组分的相容性

通过加入微量溶剂,采用超高效混合技术,在70 g的加速度条件下反应30 min制备得到摩尔比为2∶1的超细六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷与奥克托今(CL-20/HMX)共晶,通过X射线粉末衍射、差示扫描量热法鉴定了CL-20/HMX共晶的形成,并对其形貌、粒度、感度等进行了表征测试。结果表明:制备的超细CL-20/HMX共晶纯度为92.6%,共晶炸药呈规则块状、表面光滑、粒径小于1μm、粒度分布均匀,其X射线衍射图在11.558°,13.264°,18.601°,24.474°,33.785°,36.269°处出现新的较强的衍射峰。超细CL-20/HMX共晶放热分解过程中只有一个放热分解峰,其放热峰温为248.3℃,其分解放热量(2192.1 J·g^-1),显著高于相同摩尔比的物理混合物(1327.3 J·g^-1)。按照GJB772A-1997《炸药试验方法》测得的摩擦感度比原料CL-20降低了16%,特性落高比原料CL-20提高28.6 cm,比原料HMX提高11.5 cm,形成共晶后安全性能更高。采用DSC法研究了超细CL-20/HMX共晶与推进剂常用组分均聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(HGAP)、硝化甘油/1,2,4-丁三醇三硝酸酯混合物(NG/BTTN)、缩二脲三异氰酸酯(N-100)、高氯酸铵(AP)、铝粉(Al)的相容性,发现超细CL-20/HMX共晶与NG/BTTN、AP、Al的相容性较好,与HGAP、N-100不相容。     

微纳米CL-20/HMX共晶含能材料的制备与性能

通过机械球磨法制备出微纳米CL-20/HMX共晶含能材料,对其进行SEM、粒度、XRD、DSC和Raman表征,以及撞击感度、摩擦感度和钢凹值测试分析。结果表明:球磨时间120min制得的CL-20/HMX共晶颗粒呈近球状,粒径分布在80~250nm。微纳米CL-20/HMX共晶含能材料展现出不同于各自单一组分的晶体结构和热分解特性,其机械感度较原料HMX大幅度降低,能量输出性能与原料CL-20相当。     

CL-20/HMX共晶与共混物的分子动力学模拟

为比较六硝基六氮杂异戊兹烷(CL-20)/环四亚甲基四硝胺(HMX)的共晶与共混物的性能,分别构建了CL-20∶HMX摩尔比为2∶1的共晶结构及共混物结构。用分子动力学(MD)方法模拟了CL-20/HMX的共晶体系及共混体系的力学性能、结构稳定性及径向分布函数。模拟及计算结果表明:CL-20/HMX共晶工艺能显著改善体系的抗形变能力及延展性。共晶结构的弹性模量要显著大于共混结构。最大键长(L_(max))的排序为:CL-20/HMX共混ε-CL-20β-HMXCL-20/HMX共晶。以范德华力为主的作用力"敏化"了CL-20/HMX共混体系的结构。CL-20/HMX共晶结构的内聚能密度(CED)值要远远大于CL-20/HMX共混结构的CED值。CL-20/HMX共晶体系中存在着长度相对较短CH…O氢键导致其感度较低。     

冲击作用下CL-20含能共晶的反应分子动力学模拟

共晶技术是降低六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)感度的有效方法之一,研究冲击作用下CL-20共晶的化学反应,有助于理解CL-20共晶的冲击反应机制,对炸药安全评价分析具有重要意义。本研究采用ReaxFF-lg反应力场的分子动力学方法,同时结合非平衡加载方法,对CL-20/2,5-二硝基甲苯(DNT)、CL-20/1,3-二硝基苯(DNB)和CL-20/1-甲基-3,5-二硝基-1,2,4-三唑(MDNT)三种共晶在2～5 km·s^-1冲击速度下的冲击压缩过程进行了分子动力学模拟,获得了含能共晶在冲击作用后的热力学演化特征、初始化学反应路径和产物信息,并与CL-20的情况进行了对比分析。研究发现：CL-20/DNT、CL-20/DNB和CL-20/MDNT 3种共晶都有一定程度的降低冲击感度作用,3种共晶的冲击感度顺序依次为CL-20/MDNT>CL-20/DNB>CL-20/DNT。3种共晶的分解反应均是从CL-20分解开始,且CL-20的分解速度比DNT、DNB和MDNT快。在2 km·s^-1冲击速度下,CL-20共晶首先发生聚...     

喷雾和超声辅助制备超细球形化ε-CL-20

采用喷雾和超声辅助重结晶装置制备了超细球形化六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)颗粒。用扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)测试表征了样品的形貌、粒径、晶型。用差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析了其热安定性,采用Kissinger公式和Zhang-Hu-Xie-Li热爆炸临界温度计算式,计算了热分解反应的表观活化能和热爆炸临界温度。按GJB772-1997方法测试了其机械感度。结果表明,制备的超细CL-20为粒径400nm左右的球形颗粒,分散性良好,其晶型为ε型。超细CL-20的热安定性较原料有所降低。原料CL-20和超细CL-20的热爆炸临界温度分别为242.85℃和241.64℃,表观活化能分别为156.04kJ·mol~(-1)和165.11kJ·mol~(-1)。与原料CL-20相比,超细CL-20的撞击感度明显降低,特性落高由14.98cm提高到31.95cm,摩擦感度也降低,爆炸概率从100%降低到40%。     

冲击作用下CL-20/HMX共晶力-热-化学耦合响应的动力学模拟

为分析CL-20/HMX共晶和HMX冲击波感度接近的机理,采用反应分子动力学方法(ReaxFF-MD),探讨了有无缺陷CL-20/HMX共晶在冲击加载下的力-热结构变化和初始化学反应,通过动量镜原理与最大压缩点吸收波阵面相结合方式,分析了快速结构响应和随后缓慢化学反应过程。结果表明,冲击加载无缺陷CL-20、HMX和CL-20/HMX共晶时,CL-20的分解速度比HMX快,CL-20/HMX共晶的分解速度与HMX接近;与沿CL-20/HMX共晶[111]晶向加载相比,沿[100]晶向分解更快,这与CL-20和HMX分子层的交替排布及滑移等因素有关。以2 km·s-1的质点速度沿[100]晶向冲击加载含Φ20 nm孔洞的CL-20/HMX共晶时,孔洞周围结构没有产生射流现象,而是粘塑性收缩过程。孔洞塌缩形成的高温高压条件和结构上的粘塑性变形有效促使CL-20和HMX分子发生快速分解,孔洞塌缩新热点的形成进一步增强了冲击加载过程。     

压缩空气式喷雾制备超细球形CL-20

利用压缩空气式喷雾装置制备了超细球形化六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)颗粒,对样品的形貌、颗粒和晶型进行了表征,对其热安定性进行了测试和分析,并对样品的表观活化能和热爆炸临界温度进行了计算。此外,对超细CL-20的机械感度进行测试。结果表明:制备出的CL-20颗粒径为300nm左右,且球形化程度较高,晶型为β型;超细CL-20的热安定性相比原料有所降低,热敏感性更高;超细CL-20的撞击感度较原料明显降低,特性落高由17.8cm提高到33.9cm。     

六硝基六氮杂异戊兹烷/3,5-二硝基苯甲酸(CL-20/DNBA)球形复合物制备及性能

为了降低六硝基六氮杂异戊兹烷(CL-20)的感度,采用超声辅助乳液法(UAE),以乙酸乙酯为溶剂,明胶为表面活性剂,在常温条件下,制备了摩尔比为1∶1的CL-20/3,5-二硝基苯甲酸(DNBA)球形复合物。分别采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对其形貌和结构进行了表征;采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对其热分解性能进行了测试,按照GJB772A-1997测试了其摩擦感度和撞击感度。结果表明:制备的球形复合物表面光滑,无明显棱角,粒径分布均匀,平均粒径为6.7μm;XRD和FT-IR测试结果表明两种分子间有一定的相互作用,可能形成新的球形复合结构;与原料CL-20相比,CL-20/DNBA球形复合物的撞击感度明显降低,特性落高由13 cm提高到50.4 cm,摩擦感度也降低,爆炸概率从100%降低到65%;同时,复合物的热分解性能和CL-20相比明显不同,放热峰提前了20.3℃。     

Mg(BH4)2对典型硝胺炸药热分解性能的影响

为探索硼氢化镁(Mg(BH₄)₂)对硝胺炸药热稳定性的影响,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了Mg(BH₄)₂/黑索今(RDX)、Mg(BH₄)₂/奥克托金(HMX)和Mg(BH₄)₂/六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)3种混合物的热分解性能,并采用同步热分析-红外连用技术(TG-FTIR)分析了3种混合物的热分解气相产物。结果表明：Mg(BH₄)₂对3种硝铵炸药的热分解和表观活化能产生了不同的影响,使RDX和CL-20分解放热量分别增加了14.7%和32.1%,HMX的分解放热量减少了45.8%;RDX的表观活化能降低了15.8 kJ·mol^-1,HMX和CL-20的表观活化能分别提高了19.7 kJ·mol^-1和11.5 kJ·mol^-1。Mg(BH₄)₂没...     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.