可磨式密封在离心压缩机上的应用

介绍了离心压缩机可磨密封的原理、结构、应用背景及密封对离心压缩机性能的重要作用,列举了国内外离心压缩机的常用可磨耗封严涂层材料、机械用碳材料的材料种类和性能指标,以及离心压缩机密封的主要泄漏形式,并进行了普遍密封与可磨密封的对比试验,验证了可磨密封对单级压缩机模型性能的影响。     

可控吸气实时抑制叶顶密封气流激振的研究

利用叶顶吸气抑制密封气流激振,实现对密封气流激振的主动实时控制。开发了一套基于LABVIEW的可控闭环流量调节系统,可根据叶片振动幅值反馈调节喷射流量或吸气流量。在叶片两侧为光滑密封和蜂窝密封两种条件下,实验研究了闭环可控吸气对叶顶密封气流激振的控制。研究结果表明,吸气流量随叶片振动幅值变化而实时调节,叶片振动幅值被实时控制在工况设定的阀值内。光滑密封条件下,闭环可控吸气减振效果能达到30％,蜂窝密封条件下的减振效果可提高到40％,主动控制与被动控制结合的效果更佳。     

新型组合槽端面干气密封特性研究

为了进一步提升干气密封端面流体膜动压效应,提出一种新型组合槽端面干气密封,该组合槽由两个相邻的螺旋槽周向部分重叠组合而成,包括一个长螺旋槽,一个短螺旋槽,两槽的槽深及径向长度不同。建立该组合槽与传统槽端面密封的数学模型,并运用有限差分法对其密封性能进行数值分析。结果表明:新型组合槽在端面间隙约小于1.5μm区域,流体膜开启力大于传统槽,且间隙越小,两者差值越大;泄漏量亦大于传统槽,但其值远小于泄漏量的设计值;在端面间隙约小于3.5μm区域,新型组合槽流体膜刚度显著大于传统槽,且间隙越小,两者差值越大。鉴于组合槽在泄漏量不超标的情况下,在间隙较小时端面流体膜具有更大的刚度、开启力及刚漏比,其综合性能显著优于传统槽型密封。     

偏心及部分进汽下密封间隙流体激振力数值研究

喷嘴配汽汽轮机在部分进汽时调节级附近会形成极不均匀的流场,不仅影响调节级动叶轮周力的分布,还会对临近密封间隙内的流场及流体对转子的作用力产生扰动。以某国产300MW汽轮机端部汽封间隙为参考,建立密封间隙CFD模型,求解三维、粘性、可压缩N-S方程,研究了不同进汽方式、偏心情况下流场特性及流体对转子作用力。结果表明:部分进汽的位置、转子的偏心距及两者的相对位置对汽流力的大小、方向和变化趋势产生了较大的影响。在某些部分进汽情况下,偏心距增大也会减小汽流力。     

Effect of teeth bending and mushrooming damages on leakage performance of a labyrinth seal

To achieve higher aerodynamic performance, turbine usually works at tight clearance, which results in inevitable rub between the rotor and stator parts of labyrinth seal due to vibrations, misalignment, mechanical force, thermal stress, etc. In the rubbing events, contact between labyrinth fin and rotor part will commonly induce the teeth bending and mushrooming damages, which significantly affect the discharge performance of a labyrinth seal. To account for the influence of teeth bending and mushrooming on leakage performance of a straight-through labyrinth seal, the leakage rates and flow fields in the worn labyrinth seal are measured and also compared with the original design cases. With numerical methods, the discharge behaviors of the labyrinth seal with different degrees of bending and mushroom damages are analyzed. It shows that the predicted leakage performance and flow fields in the labyrinth seals match well with the experimental tests. For the bending cases, the leakage rates and flow patterns in labyrinth seals are dependent on the effective clearance and bending angle. The leakage ratio of forward bending case is smaller than that of backward bending case with the same geometrical dimensions. However, for the mushroomed labyrinth seals, the leakage rates and flow patterns are much dependent on the effective clearance but slightly dependent on the mushroom radius.     

结构参数对贯通挡板袋型阻尼密封动力特性的影响

与迷宫密封不同，由于有轴向挡板的存在，贯通挡板袋型阻尼密封能提供较大的阻尼，成为抑制旋转机械系统振动的潜在的有效元件。为探究结构参数对该种密封动特性的影响，对扰动下的贯通挡板袋型阻尼密封-转子系统进行受力分析；选定若干组腔室深度、密封间隙、基本腔室宽度，建立数值仿真模型；利用CFD方法计算给定轴颈涡动下密封间隙和腔室中的流动情况，获得扰动作用下轴颈受到间隙气流的径向作用力，求得密封-转子系统8个动特性系数；分析该型阻尼密封的腔室深度、密封间隙、基本腔室宽度3种结构参数对其动特性系数的影响规律。结果表明：刚度系数中直接刚度为主导因素，且随腔室加宽加深单调增加；直接阻尼和交叉阻尼量级相仿，且较大的腔室深度和较小的密封间隙有利于取得较好的阻尼特性；通过选择尽可能深的腔室深度和尽可能小的密封间隙，以及恰当的密封宽度和齿数，可获得更好的密封动力特性。     

Experimental identification of fluid-induced force in labyrinth seals

The seal force is an important factor in turbomachineries. Therefore, the current paper puts forward an expanded seal force identification model. A seal test rig consisting of several sets of seals was prepared. Using the double-plane unbalance force identification theory in rotordynamics, the distributed seal force in the cylinder became equivalent to two selected planes. Considering the complex cylinder vibration with increasing rotating speed and inlet pressure, the cylinder was regarded as a vibration system with 4 degrees of freedom. The 4×4 impedance matrix was tested at the two selected planes using a shaker in two orthogonal directions. The equivalent seal force can be obtained by multiplying the impedance matrix with the measured change in the cylinder vibration. In the seal rig, tests were performed on the influence of inlet pressure, rotating speed, eccentricity ratio, rotor vibration, and clearance. The seal force increases almost linearly with the increasing inlet pressure, eccentricity ratio, and vibration amplitude. Furthermore, the seal force is strongly sensitive to the change in clearance between the cylinder and the rotating rotor. The phase difference between the seal force and the vibration influences the work done. If the phase difference is nearly 90°, then the work is at maximum. Moreover, the seal force applies positive force on the cylinder and negative force on the rotor.     

Kinetic friction characterizations of the tubular rubber seals

In this paper, both the kinetic friction characterizations and the stick–slip motion phenomena for the tubular rubber seals are studied. First, the kinetic friction model of the rubber seal is established to explain the kinetic friction mechanism of the tubular rubber seals. Second, both the measurement principle and the test instrument for the kinetic friction properties of the tubular rubber seals are developed, and then both the normal force curve and the friction force curve are obtained. Finally, the influences of the sliding velocity and the compressive displacement on the kinetic friction properties and the stick–slip motion of the tubular rubber seals are analyzed. The results will play an important role for designing and evaluating advanced rubber seal components.     

蜂窝结构对篦齿-蜂窝密封封严性能的影响

为提高压气机级间气路封严密封性能,在传统六边形蜂窝的基础上,改变其结构得到方形蜂窝和圆形蜂窝,数值研究不同间隙、压比和转速下蜂窝结构对篦齿-蜂窝密封封严性能的影响。结果表明:间隙增加时,篦齿密封、六边形蜂窝密封、方形蜂窝密封、圆形蜂窝密封4种密封方式泄漏量均线性增加,但由于蜂窝破坏了流场透气效应,故篦齿-蜂窝密封泄漏量增速最慢,其中圆形蜂窝密封封严效果最好;压比增加时,4种密封方式泄漏量均增加,但篦齿及蜂窝腔室内形成漩涡亦随压比增加而愈发强烈,耗散更多能量,故泄漏量增速逐渐变缓;转子转速增加时,流体环向速度增加,4种密封方式泄漏量均减小,而蜂窝环向切割流体形成漩涡耗散能量,故篦齿-蜂窝密封减小幅度较大。在大间隙高压比高转速的工况下,篦齿-蜂窝衬套结构封严效果更好,其中篦齿-圆形蜂窝密封最具优势。     

A Hydrodynamic Laser Surface-Textured Gas Mechanical Face Seal

A new type of hydrodynamic laser surface texturing gas seal with orientation ellipse dimples is introduced to improve hydrodynamic effect. Theoretical model is developed to study the hydrodynamic effect of this new gas seal. Then, a parametric investigation of the texturing parameters such as slender ratio, dimple inclination angle, dimple depth, and dimple area rate is presented for the presented gas seal under different operating parameters of rotation speed, seal pressure, and clearance. Results show that the orientation dimples can greatly improve hydrodynamic effect of laser surface texturing gas seals. Open force may be improved more than 20% greater by hydrodynamic effect in the analysis.     

可倾气封与固定气封性能试验比较分析

提出一种新型可倾气封。与传统固定式气封相比,可倾气封块在气流力作用下可以绕支点作自适应摆动,当气封块达到平衡位置时,切向激振力减小,从而提高稳定性。试验采用不平衡同频激励法测定可倾气封的动力特性,研究和比较了可倾气封和传统固定式气封的动静态性能。试验结果表明,两种气封泄漏量相当,可倾气封内产生的切向气流力比固定气封小。低压比下两种气封动力特性系数相近,随着压比的增大,动力特性系数差异逐渐增大。以气流力对气缸的做功量大小为综合评判依据,发现可倾气封做功量明显小于固定气封,压比越大,做功量差异也越大,可倾气封的稳定性较高。对于大型旋转机械而言,气封进出口压比很大,两种气封动力特性的差异将会更大。     

Analysis of Multi-Land High Pressure Oil Seals

An analysis for the laminar/turbulent flow in high pressure oil ring seals is presented. A fully-developed bulk-flow model for low axial Reynolds numbers is introduced to predict the static and dynamic force response of multi-land oil seals. The model includes the effects of bearing surface roughness, variable seal clearances, fluid inertia and viscous loss effects at the inlet of the first land in a multi-land oil seal. Internal groove pressures in the seals are determined via a mass conservation algorithm with Reynolds condition at the cavitation inception zone. Predictions show that the viscosity effect at the seal inlet is minimal for turbulent flow across the seal. However, for laminar oil seals, the entrance loss viscous effect can substantially increase the direct stiffness. Load capacity and rotordynamic force coefficients for one-land, two-land and three-land seal examples are discussed in detail.     

迷宫和薄叶气封结构与气动特性的对比分析

数值研究相同条件下迷宫气封和薄叶气封结构特点、气动特性、密封机理及密封效果,比较两种气封的差异。通过与已发表的试验数据的对比,校核所采用的商业计算流体力学软件CFX的可靠性,计算得到的性能曲线与试验数据有较好的一致性,采用的数值模拟方法可行。分别对迷宫气封和薄叶气封内部流场进行数值模拟。通过对两种气封计算结果的对比分析,阐明它们的密封机理,给出各自的封严特性和所产生的摩擦转矩的变化规律。分析结果表明,薄叶气封的径向间隙远小于迷宫气封,漏气量为迷宫气封的1/3,对旋转轴产生的摩擦阻抗力矩低于迷宫气封,从结构运行特点和气动性能两方面说明薄叶气封的优越性,认为在不久的将来薄叶气封有可能替代迷宫气封。     

空化对低温浮动环密封流场和密封特性的影响

为探究典型工况下单相和两相空化流动的流场及密封特性,对考虑过渡段的低温浮动环密封进行数值仿真,对比分析转子面、密封间隙轴向及周向的压力分布特点,并探究单相和两相流动条件下进口压力、进口温度、转子偏心率以及转子转速对泄漏量、进口损失系数、密封力和偏位角的影响.研究结果表明:同心状态下,单相流和两相流的流场均具有对称性;偏...     

Thermoelastohydrodynamic Gas Lubrication of Spiral-Groove Face Seals: Modeling and Analysis of Vapor Condensation

Vapor condensation in gas lubrication of high-pressure spiral-groove face seals is analyzed in this article. A mathematical model of vapor condensation elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) is developed taking into account gas humidity and thermoelastic deformation of seal rings. Vapor condensation is numerically predicted at high speed and pressure. It is found that vapor condensation usually occurs in the sealing dam region, where the lubrication state changes from gas lubrication to gas–liquid lubrication. The vapor condensation rate increases with an increase in humidity and seal pressure. Under high-pressure conditions, seal clearance has a significant influence on the vapor condensing rate but the rotational speed does not.     

Clearance Regulation of Mechanical Gas Face Seals: Part II—Analysis and Control

This article presents the analysis and control of noncontacting mechanical gas face seals based on the state space model developed in Part I. Methods to analyze the controllability and observability of axial and tilt modes are described. The controllability analysis determines to what extent the dynamic response of the seal system modes can be shaped in a closed-loop feedback system, and the observability analysis determines if the seal system modes can be reconstructed from specific state measurements of the axial clearance and stator tilts. The error state-space method is employed to design a tracking controller to regulate the seal at a prescribed axial clearance. The control law is a function of all axial states; therefore, reduced order linear observers are designed to observe the unmeasured axial and tilt seal states. The axial clearance and tilt state estimates are used to reconstruct the gas film axial force and moments, which cannot be directly measured, for design and analysis. The analysis and control techniques are applied to the illustrative example presented in Part I. The results demonstrate that the gas film forces and moments can be estimated well and the seal system can be satisfactorily regulated with a sufficiently damped response that is within the bandwidth of today's electropneumatic actuators.     

STUDY ON RECIPROCATING SEALS FOR A LARGER DIAMETER AXIAL PISTON

Sealing performance of the reciprocating seals on a larger diameter (100 mm in diameter ) axial piston is theoretically investigated. Based on the characteristics of the clearance flow between the seal and the piston, reasonable boundary conditions for Navier-Stokes equations are determined and the equations are modified, so that the final equations can describe the real flow state of the clearance flow. Through combining the final equations with finite element method, the pressure distributions within the clearance field during the reciprocating motion of the piston and the leakage rate with the pressure are studied. The deflections of the seal which affect sealing performance are calculated as well. Sealing performance of piston seals using oil as the working liquid is compared with using water. It is concluded that the seal using water as the working liquid is under dry friction, which cannot be dealt with the theory of fluid mechanics. The seal structure is only acceptable using oil as the working l     

齿形几何参数对直通篦齿封严泄漏特性的影响

建立不同封严间隙、齿高、齿距、齿宽、齿数等几何参数的直通篦齿模型,通过数值方法分析不同气动参数(进出口落压比)条件下几何参数变化对其泄漏特性的影响。结果表明,流量系数随落压比的增大而增大,随着封严间隙、齿宽的增大而增大,随着齿高、齿距、齿数的增大而减小。5个几何参数中,封严间隙对流量系数的影响最大,其次为齿数、齿距、齿高、齿宽。利用最小二乘法拟合得到流量系数与几何参数及气动参数的准则关系式,拟合公式计算结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好,可用于篦齿的工程设计计算。     

High-Speed Contact Study between a Ti-6-Al-4V Tool and an Abradable Coating Using Ballistic Benches and a Dynamic Compensation Approach

To reproduce severe and short-lived contacts like those occurring between the blade tip of an aircraft engine and the abradable material coated inside the engine casing, ballistic benches can be used. These devices allow to achieve a large range of velocities and thus, they allow the study of the abrasion process and the resulting wear of these kind of sealing materials. The Al-based abradable characterized within this work have been grown by atmospheric plasma spraying on a titanium substrate that was afterwards mounted on top of an aluminum projectile. Due to the short-lived forces occurring during these kind of contacts, the dynamic behavior of the device itself strongly affects the measured force signals. In order to overcome these dynamic distortions, we present a compensation approach able to perform a virtual extension of the available dynamometer bandwidth. This approach is based on an inverse-filtering of the response signal by using a 3 × 3 force-to-force transmissibility matrix function. The validated compensation approach was used to characterize the relation between the full three-dimensional measured contact-force and the specimen wear occurring during the abradable/Ti-6-Al-4V high-speed interaction.     

Comparative analysis of the influence of labyrinth seal configuration on leakage behavior

This study analyzed the influence of configuration and clearance on the leakage behavior of labyrinth seals. Both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and an analytical tool were used to predict the leakage flow of two different (straight and stepped) seal configurations with various clearances. The predicted results were compared with experimental data. The CFD gives a better agreement with the experimental result than the analytical model on average. In the straight seal, the dependence of the discharge coefficient on the clearance is considerable, while it is much smaller in the stepped seal. The CFD captures the entire behavior sufficiently well, but the analytical model overpredicts the clearance dependence in the stepped seal. The CFD also predicts well the influence of the flow direction on the leakage flow. The advantage of the stepped seal over the straight seal becomes more evident as the clearance gets larger. As the clearance becomes sufficiently small, the advantage of the stepped seal reduces.