太阳能光热与光电/光热系统在中国不同建筑气候带下的性能研究

文章利用TRNSYS动态模拟软件研究了在我国不同建筑气候带条件下,不同类型的太阳能PV/T集热系统和普通太阳能PT集热系统的各项性能.其中,太阳能PV/T集热系统分为基于普通玻璃型太阳能PV/T集热系统和基于Low-e型太阳能PV/T集热系统.文章探究了基于普通玻璃型太阳能PV/T集热系统和基于Low-e型太阳能PV/...     

Performance comparison of combined cooling heating and power system in different operation modes

Operation mode of combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) system determines its energetic and environmental performances. This paper analyzes the energy flows of CCHP system and separated production (SP) system. The fuel energy consumptions of CCHP system following electrical demand management (EDM) and thermal demand management (TDM) are deduced respectively. Three indicators: primary energy saving, exergy efficiency and CO₂ emission reduction, are employed to evaluate the performances of CCHP system for a commercial building in Beijing, China. The feasibility analysis shows that the performance of CCHP system is strictly dependent upon building energy demands. The selection of CCHP operation modes is systemically based on building loads, CCHP system and local SP system. The calculation results conclude that CCHP system in winter under EDM achieves more benefits than in summer. The sensitivity discussion indicates that the coefficient of performance for cooling and the efficiency of electricity generation are the most sensitive variables to the energetic and environmental performances of CCHP system.     

我国节能减排形势和面临的严峻挑战

我国近几年节能减排取得巨大成就,与2005年比较,2009年全国单位GDP能耗降低15.56%;"十一五"前4年节能率为4.14%,节能量达到56511×104t标煤;环境污染物增长率和单位GDP污染物产生量明显下降。但节能减排形势依然严峻,目前完成"十一五"能源强度降低20%左右的目标任务十分艰巨。同时,能源资源相对短缺、节能压力巨大、能源开发利用效率不高、环境污染严重、节能管理体制改革明显滞后等问题依然存在。其原因主要是经济增长过快、产业结构调整十分艰难、节能降耗步履维艰、能源结构调整进展较慢、能源消费量增长迅速等。为了保持资源和环境的可持续发展,必须控制能源需求总量的增长,优化能源结构,2020年能源消费总量不应超过42×108t标煤,特别要抑制煤炭生产量和消费量的快速增长。同时今后10年经济增长速度最好保持在7%～8%之间。改变经济增长模式的重点在于转变发展方式,要由生产型大国向消费型大国转型、由投资主导型转向消费主导型,到2020年第三产业的比重应达到50%左右。要加大节能力度,提高能源利用效率,"十二五"和"十三五"期间,单位GDP能耗应分别下降20%。另外,应积极发展各种非化石能源,深化能源体制改革,进一步加强国际合作。     

龙化公司实现“十一五”节能减排目标的主要做法和经验

“十一五”期间,中煤黑龙江煤炭化工(集团)有限公司按照科学发展、和谐发展、率先发展的总体要求,结合该公司的实际情况,强化目标管理,通过加大技术改造、淘汰落后设备工艺、发展循环经济、推进清洁生产、优化产业结构调整,扎实开展节能减排工作,取得了明显成效,超额完成了中煤集团节能减排目标任务.通过建立和完善节能减排基础管理,加...     

Analysis of energy efficiency and carbon dioxide reduction in the Chinese pulp and paper industry

Pulp and paper production, an energy-intensive process, is among the main light industries contributing to energy saving and pollution emission reduction in China. The improvement of energy efficiency is essential for energy consumption and sustainable development. This study analyzes the negative factors in the pulp and paper sector by calculating energy efficiency from the lengthways time and investigating the gap between China and foreign countries through a horizontal comparison. Accordingly, energy efficiency has increased in the Chinese pulp and paper industry with years of efforts, but its transformation remains unclear. Furthermore, the energy-saving potential, energy cost saving, and carbon dioxide emission reduction in the pulp and paper industry are evaluated according to the Twelfth Five-year Plan (2011–2015). The results show that the pulp and paper industry has further capabilities for energy-saving and carbon dioxide emission reduction by improving energy efficiency in China, resulting in great economic benefit. In brief, new technology and energy structure adjustment are long-term strategies for energy conversation, with changes in the scale of mills expected to provide huge opportunities to improve energy efficiency in China within a short period.     

基于密切值法的河北省节能减排综合评价研究

参考已有节能减排相关研究,并根据指标数据筛选出能源消耗强度、效率与消费结构、资源减量投入、污染物治理与利用、经济效益4类共16个指标,利用密切值法对河北省2002～2009年节能减排效果的演化趋势进行了评价。结果表明,2002～2006年期间河北省节能减排工作效益呈逐年递增趋势,2007～2009年期间每年节能减排效益优于2002～2006年期间,但2008年综合效益最优,其次是2007年,再次是2009年,与河北省实际情况相符。     

石油化工节能设备及技术进展

"十二五"时期,我国工业化、城镇化进程将进一步加快,能源需求将继续快速增长。目前,我国总体能源利用效率为33%左右,比发达国家低约10个百分点。石油和化学工业总产值占全国规模工业总产值的12%,而能源消耗量则占全国能源消耗总量的15%,是节能减排的重点对象。2012年,我国原油进口量约为2.71×108t,比上年增长6.8%。在国家发改委公布的千家重点耗能企业中,石油和化工企业占1/3。做好石油化工行业的节能减排工作,一是要在新装置设计时,认真落实国家相关标准,实施节能设计,从工艺和设备上实现源头节能;二是要对现有装置,通过技术改造,实施设备更新和工艺优化,使老装置达到节能标准;三是要不断开发新技术、新工艺、新材料和新设备,不断更新节能标准,尤其是强制性标准,在新的高度上实现节能减排的良性循环。     

Metafroniter energy efficiency with CO2 emissions and its convergence analysis for China

This paper measures the energy efficiency performance with carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in 30 provinces in China during the period of 1997–2011 using a meta-frontier framework with the improved directional distance function (DDF). We construct a new environmental production possibility set by combining the super-efficiency and sequential data envelopment analysis (DEA) models to avoid “discriminating power problem” and “technical regress” when evaluating efficiency by DDF. Then, it is used in a meta-frontier framework to reflect the technology heterogeneities across east, central and west China. The results indicate that eastern China achieved the highest progress inefficiency relative to the metafrontier, followed by western and the central China. By focusing on technology gaps, we offer some suggestions for the different groups based on group-frontier and meta-frontier analyses. The inefficiency can be attributed to managerial failure for eastern and western China, and technological differences for central China. The convergence analysis shows that energy and CO₂ emission governance will produce negative effects on economic growth, and it is suitable and acceptable to introduce rigorous environmental measures in eastern China.     

山东省城市工业节能减排效率评价及影响因素研究

山东省环境污染日趋严重,环境保护迫在眉睫。为此,运用超效率DEA模型对2010~2012年山东省17城市的工业节能减排效率进行了评价。在构建指标体系时,将非合意产出作为投入指标进行处理,并用改进的熵值法将6项主要的环境污染排放指标综合成一个环境污染指数,以此来代表山东省环境污染的整体水平。同时,根据DEA的冗余原理,对非DEA有效城市工业节能减排潜力进行了分析;然后,用Tobit回归估计研究了节能减排效率的影响因素。研究结果表明:山东省工业节能减排效率区域差距较大,在17城市中,东营处于优效率级别,青岛、枣庄、烟台、济南、菏泽处于中效率级别,其余城市处于差效率级别;工业企业投入冗余现象比较严重,尤其是能源消耗冗余和污染排放冗余;工业规模、管理水平、技术进步和FDI是节能减排效率的主要影响因素。最后,根据实证分析结果,提出了缩小区域差距、加大政策扶持力度、健全管理机制和加强吸收引进外资等对策建议。     

Energy efficiency evaluation for regions in China: an application of DEA and Malmquist indices

With the development of economy, the impression of energy and environment is increasing, and improving energy efficiency plays a vital role in the sustainable economic development in China. An application of data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist indices has been used in this paper to investigate energy utilization efficiency of 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities (apart from Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and Tibet) in China. The results show that industries in the eastern area have the best average energy efficiency for the period 2006–2009, followed by the central area. The industrial energy overall technical efficiency, industrial energy pure technical efficiency, industrial energy scale efficiency, etc. in 30 different regions of China are examined. By the comparative analysis of energy efficiency, the results show that the energy efficiency of Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces is effective, and the lowest six regions of energy efficiency are Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Liaoning, Chongqing, and Jilin, whose energy efficiency is in the level of 0.5 or so. The results mean that the eastern regions are better than the central and western regions according to energy efficiency.     

China’s regional CO2 emissions: Characteristics,inter-regional transfer and emission reduction policies

This paper analyzes the characteristics of China’s regional CO₂ emissions and effects of economic growth and energy intensity using panel data from 1997 to 2009. The results show that there are remarkable regional disparities among eastern, central and western areas, regional elasticities of per capita GDP and energy intensity on CO₂ emissions, which reflect the regional differences in economic development, economy structure and restraining function of energy intensity decrease on the emission. Energy intensity reducing is more effective to emission abatement for provinces with higher elasticity of energy intensity, but may not be significant for provinces with lower elasticity. The inverse distribution of energy production and consumption, regional unfairness caused by institutional factors like energy price and tax system result in inter-regional CO₂ emission transfer embodied in the power transmission. The calculation indicates that the embodied emission transfer was gradually significant after 2003, from eastern area to the central and western areas, especially energy production provinces in central area, which leads to distortion on the emission and emission intensity. The regional emission reduction targets and supporting policies should be customized and consistent with the actual situations rather than setting the same target for all the provinces.     

Energy and environmental efficiency measurement of China's industrial sectors: A DEA model with non-homogeneous inputs and outputs

Environmental problems brought by industry are attracting extensive attention so a comprehensive analysis of industrial environmental performance is increasingly important. However, the comparison of industrial sector efficiencies is complicated by the fact that the natural resources consumed and/or the pollutants discharged by each sector may differ. In this paper, we extend the DEA model to consider two-sided non-homogeneous problems, handling DMU sets that have non-homogeneity in both inputs and outputs. This is different from the previous researches which generally focus on regional data to avoid non-homogeneity. Today environmental reform and energy conservation in various industrial sectors are both parts of the basic state policy of China. The empirical results show that: (1) Sectors' efficiencies are still low and unbalanced. The Recycling and Disposal of Waste department achieves the best energy saving and emission reduction efficiency. (2) 38 sectors can be clustered into four groups and set new benchmark in each group. (3) The overall efficiency of 38 industrial sectors in China maintained a rising trend in five years. With this more realistic analysis of environmental efficiency, the Chinese government can make more informed decisions to realize sustainable industrial development.     

Development of energy and emission parameters for densified form of lignocellulosic biomass

The environmental performance of production and distribution of densified form of lignocellulosic biomass (i.e., agri-residue based pellets) in Western Canada in terms of energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission was assessed. The results show that energy usage and resulted emissions are highest in field activities especially if emission and energy are attributed to straw in farming stage where nitrogen fertilizer is the highest contributor. Significant reduction of energy use (64%) and emission (65%) are possible if the organic fertilizer is used in farming. Adopting the zero tillage option instead of conventional practice results in energy saving (10%) and emission reduction (8%). From the scenario analyses it is also evident that using biomass as an energy source during drying or no drying in pellet production stage or using alternate mode (i.e., truck and train) of transport for pellet delivery result in less than 5% reduction of the energy use and emissions compared to the base case. Agri-pellet has the potential to offset substantial amount of GHG emission compared to other fuel sources including wood pellets. The energy and emission of production chain of agri-pellets may vary between countries but overall trend compared to other fuel sources would be similar.     

Trigeneration: A new way for landfill gas utilization and its feasibility in Hong Kong

Application of landfill gas (LFG) means a synergy between environmental protection and energy production. This paper presents a review of the status of LFG application. To more efficiently utilize the LFG in Hong Kong, a trigeneration scheme is proposed as a new way of LFG utilization. The feasibility of LFG trigeneration in Hong Kong is evaluated from the views of primary energy-saving and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction as well as economic benefit. The proposed scenario is compared with the conventional scenarios of LFG treatment and utilization. It is shown that LFG for trigeneration has a higher energy saving and GHG emission reduction potentials. The new scheme is also more economical than the conventional way of LFG utilization. Some policy recommendations are also given to promote the biomass energy utilization from waste landfills in Hong Kong.     

300MW循环流化床锅炉石灰石系统改造分析探讨

对300WM循环流化床锅炉石灰石系统改造进行分析,在节能减排的环境下,通过石灰石系统改造,满足环保脱硫要求,同时也取得较好的经济效益和环保效益。     

我国节能减排与清洁发展机制研究

节能减排要求减少能源浪费和降低污染物排放,这是我国“十一五”期间一项基本国策。实现节能减排目标面临较大的资金和技术压力,因此,本文简要介绍了国内节能减排总体形势和清洁发展机制进展现状,多角度论述了清洁发展机制对节能减排的促进作用以及河北省工业领域节能减排重点与温室气体减排潜力,并提出了推进清洁发展机制、促进节能减排对策建议。     

我国数据中心能耗及能效水平研究

随着网络化、信息化的推进,我国数据中心迅速发展,能耗问题日益突出。为从宏观层面掌握我国数据中心整体能耗状况及能效水平,从而更好地推进数据中心节能工作,本文开展了相关研究。分析结果表明:目前我国数据中心能耗已占到全国电力消耗的1%,且未来仍将快速增长,但数据中心能效水平相对低下,具有较大的节能潜力,是未来我国节能减排的重要努力方向。     

能源战略下的能源电力发展方向和碳排放问题

  [目的]  发展经济和保护环境是各学科学者对社会未来发展关注的重点。在世界能源格局中，我国的能源战略的指导方针，能源发展调整的方向，具体落实到低碳减排、节能的措施等等，成为了广大处于能源电力行业的人员迫切关注的问题。  [方法]  基于对我国能源战略的解读，阐述了能源革命是一个政策导向的、目标倒逼的过程。在当前国际国内背景下，考虑资源和环境两大因素，引入了能源强度、气候强度以及能源技术效率等衡量指标概念，比照当前的能源结构、效率和碳排放系数，对能源电力发展的方向做了梳理:一是提高能源效率，二是调整能源结构。而对与能源电力发展不可分割的低碳减排问题，则从减少排放和排放后的集中处理两个方面进行了量化分析和应用前景探讨。  [结果]  文章论证了能源发展的关键在于依靠科技创新，顺应能源结构调整的趋势，提高能源效率，大力开发可再生能源、加快从传统能源向清洁能源的转变。  [结论]  中国面临从化石燃料推动的经济发展模式向可持续性发展的模式的转变，低碳能源战略是中国能源的可持续发展之路。     

Energy saving and emission reduction: A project of coal-resource integration in Shanxi Province,China

The small or middle coal mines with illegal operations in developing countries or regions can cause bad energy waste and environmental disruption. The project of coal-resource integration in Shanxi Province of China gives a new idea or an approach to energy saving and emission reduction. It is a social- and economic-ecological project. The paper shows the targets of energy saving and emission reduction in Shanxi Province, and analyses the aims, significance, design process and implementation of the integration project. Based on that, the paper discusses the challenges and opportunities the project brings. The analysis shows that the project of coal-resource integration in developing countries or regions can effectively improve mining technologies, collect capital and impel international cooperation and exchange. Finally, the paper analyses the concerns about the future, including the possible problems of implementation period, industrial updating, environmental impact and re-employment. However, the successful integration of coal resources can mitigate energy crisis and climate crisis and promote cleaner production effectively.     

“节能减排”背景下内燃机燃料的发展现状分析

内燃机产品消耗了我国一半以上的石油资源,是实施“节能减排”最具挖潜空间的产品。分析我国内燃机工业的发展概况和能源现状,探讨了节能减排的必要性,总结了现代内燃机工业的技术发展趋势和燃料发展趋势,提出了大力研究发展新能源动力,坚持对传统动力进行技术升级和改造,积极推广和应用替代内燃机燃料,最终实现节约能源和CO2减排的目标。