混凝-微滤膜工艺处理含铬废水

采用混凝-微滤膜工艺处理含铬废水，流程简单、工作压力低、停留时间短、处理效果好．当进水含六价铬质量浓度为50mg／L时，出水总铬质量浓度低于0．5mg／L，六价铬质量浓度低于0．1mg／L，浊度低于0．5NTU，pH值在6～8，并且装置有良好的抗冲击负荷能力．运行中发现当温度较高时，反应器中有铁氧体形成．     

电去离子过程的理论分析

利用EDI填充树脂柱的微元模型,从理论上分析了EDI中进水离子浓度的变化过程以及相关各参数对浓度变化的影响,获得了出水离子浓度和进水离子浓度的关系式.研究表明,出水浓度与进水浓度、淡室流速成正比,与电势梯度成反比.进水浓度越高、淡室流速越大,出水浓度Cout就越高,即脱盐率越低;电势梯度越高则出水浓度就越低,即脱盐率越高.此结论与国内现有的EDI实验研究结果相符,为EDI过程的进一步研究提供了理论基础.     

印染废水处理方法研究

本文对铁碳微电解和芬顿催化氧化联合预处理印染工业废水中的有机物进行了研究。对影响印染废水降解的几种因素如进水pH值、铁碳比、曝气时间、水中双氧水的质量浓度等进行考察。试验结果表明,对于COD为2300mg／L的印染废水,在进水pH值=2．5的情况下,当铁碳比为4：3、H2O2用量为150mg／L、曝气时间为120min时,印染废水COD去除率可达58％。与铁碳微电解法相比,铁碳微电解和芬顿催化氧化联合作用对印染废水的COD去除,表现出了更好的处理效果,可生化性由0.2提高到0.41。     

淡水室填充阳离子交换树脂的EDI膜堆对镍离子溶液分离性能的研究

采用淡水室填充阳离子交换树脂的电去离子(EDI)膜堆来处理低浓度含镍废水,考察了该EDI膜堆用于低浓度重金属废水处理的可行性,并探讨了膜堆电压和料液流量对EDI分离重金属离子性能的影响。结果表明,对于Ni2+浓度为50 mg/L,pH为4.5的料液工况,操作电压为25 V,料液处理量为20 L/h时,可保证淡水产水Ni2+浓度在2 mg/L以下,且浓缩水Ni2+浓度大于900 mg/L,电流效率达到24.2%。     

电去离子过程中膜堆电阻的研究

研究了电去离子(EDI)过程膜堆电阻的组成，考察了电压、进水电导率及进水流量等因素对膜堆电阻的影响，探讨了EDI膜堆电阻的表达式．     

乳状液膜法处理苯胺类染化废水

采用非流动载体乳状液膜法处理高碱性舍氨和苯胺类化合物的染化废水。考察了表面活性剂种类和浓度、内水相硫酸浓度、外水相pH等对迁移率的影响。实验表明，当采用2％LMA—1煤油溶液为油膜相和2mol／L硫酸溶液为内水相时，经过二级液膜提取分离，含有5000mg／L氨和600mg／L苯胺类化合物的高碱性染化废水中氨和苯胺类物质的迁移率可达98％以上。     

凝汽器铜管氨腐蚀的研究

研究了影响凝汽器铜管氨腐蚀的因素与规律,以确定防止凝汽器氨腐蚀的途径.将HAl77-2A铜管管样在10种氨浓度、两种溶解氧浓度的溶液中浸泡45d,测定溶液的溶解氧变化情况,用失重法、原子吸收法测定铜管管样腐蚀速率;在6种温度、两种溶解氧、4种氨浓度条件下研究温度对铜管腐蚀速率的影响.氨液浓度小于800mg/L时,铜管氨腐蚀轻微,氨液浓度为800～1000mg/L时铜管腐蚀速率明显增大,且随氨液浓度的增大而增加;开口状态下铜管腐蚀速率比闭口时大,温度升高时同一氨液浓度下铜管腐蚀速率增大.凝汽器铜管氨腐蚀主要影响因素是溶解氧与氨液浓度,氨液浓度超过800mg/L后,腐蚀速率随氨浓度、氧含量、温度的增加而增大;用失重法与原子吸收法测定铜管腐蚀速率基本一致.     

超声协同TiO2光催化降解氯苯废水的研究

以钛酸丁酯为原料，采用超声法制备了纳米TiO2，以该TiO2作为光催化剂，对模拟氯苯废水进行超声光催化降解研究，考察了TiO2的加入量、氯苯的初始浓度、溶液pH值、过氧化氢的浓度等对氯苯降解率的影响。结果表明，pH值对氯苯的超声光催化影响较小，H2O2的浓度、氯苯的初始浓度影响较大。在TiO2质量浓度为200mg／L、氯苯质量浓度为110．6mg／L、pH为7．0、反应时间为90min的条件下，氯苯降解率可达92．94％。探讨了氯苯TiO2光催化降解的机理，氯苯超声光催化降解的中间产物主要是邻氯苯酚和间氯苯酚。     

PVDF膜接触器在电厂含氨废水处理中的应用研究

燃煤电厂含氨废水具有水量大、氨氮浓度高、水质波动大的特点,常规脱氨工艺处理困难.本文采用PVDF膜接触器处理燃煤电厂高浓含氨废水,考察了膜接触器类型、水侧流量、气侧真空度、气液接触面积、进水水质等因素对脱氮效率的影响.结果表明,基于PVDF膜接触器的气液分离工艺,能够将高浓含氨废水中的氨氮浓度由1 250 mg/L降至300 mg/L以下;外压式和内压式膜接触器都有理想的应用效果;提高膜接触器水侧流量、气侧真空度能够有效提高NH₃传质效率;增大传质膜面积能够显著提升循环液氨氮脱除率.提出了分离NH₃在燃煤电厂的多种资源化回用途径,为膜接触器的工程化应用提供参考.     

一体化厌氧氨氧化-反硝化固定微生物反应器协同脱氮研究

采用厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺的厌氧上流式固定化微生物反应器处理含有机物的高浓度含氮废水,考察ANAMMOX与反硝化协同脱氮效果。试验结果显示:在一定范围内,NH4+-N和NO2--N进水负荷不会对ANAMMOX与反硝化协同脱氮造成明显影响,当进水负荷为301～800mg/L时,系统对NH4+-N、NO2--N和TN的去除率分别达到93.3%、98.6%和90.3%的较高水平;当COD浓度为800～850mg/L时,COD对ANAMMOX与反硝化协同脱氮基本不影响,并可实现95.7%的COD去除率。同时,NO3--N浓度、N2产量、pH值和生物相存在的特征性变化,也表明ANAMMOX与反硝化协同作用良好。     

电去离子过程水解离机理的研究(Ⅲ)阴膜和阴树脂的降解对水解离的影响

通过对离子交换树脂与膜的污染与降解的分析,认为在常规的ED（电渗析）过程中,导致阴膜电阻增大并进一步诱发阴膜异常极化和水解离的主要因素是膜污染;而在电去离子（EDI）过程中,导致膜对电阻增大的主要因素则是阴膜和阴树脂的持续降解．根据弱碱性的叔胺化合物对阴离子交换膜的催化效应理论,对EDI过程浓缩水pH的演变认为阴膜和阴树脂一定范围内的逐渐降解过程,对应着其催化水解离反应逐渐加强的过程．此外,实验测定了EDI过程中阴阳离子交换膜的面电阻的变化情况,确证了阴膜降解反应的存在。     

Quantitative analysis of metabolic gases by multichannel Raman spectroscopy: use of a newly designed elliptic-spherical integration type of cell holder

We describe the quantitative analysis of some metabolic gases bymultichannel Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra were measured forair, acetone, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and mixed gas consisting ofacetone, ammonia, and air. We designed a new elliptic-sphericalintegration type of cell holder to obtain the Raman spectra of gaseswith a high signal-to-noise ratio. Concentrations of acetone, ammonia, and carbon dioxide were determined by the peak intensities ofRaman bands at 2940, 3228, and 1385 cm(-1), respectively. To compensate for the fluctuations of Ramanintensities caused by several factors, such as the fluctuations oflaser power, the peak intensity of a band at 2324 cm(-1) dueto nitrogen gas was used as an internal intensity standard. Thecorrelation coefficient between the corrected Raman intensity at 2940cm(-1) and the concentration of acetone was calculated to be0.984 for a concentration range of 2-12 ppm. The detection limitof acetone gas was found to be 2 ppm.     

Acoustic Instability in Inhomogeneous Gas-Discharge Plasma

The possibility of amplification of acoustic waves in inhomogeneous atomic dc gas-discharge plasma (positive column of glow discharge) is investigated theoretically. This amplification is caused by the transfer of thermal energy from electrons to colder electron gas under conditions of elastic electron-atom collisions. It is demonstrated that the inclusion of nonuniform distribution of equilibrium temperature, neutral gas concentration, and electron concentration over the plasma column cross section, similar to the case of uniform distribution, cannot result in acoustic instability and, consequently, in the interpretation of the experimental results in sound amplification in weakly ionized plasma. The dispersion equation for sound waves in inhomogeneous glow-discharge plasma is derived and numerically analyzed in detail. Comparison of the theoretical and experimental results enables one to identify the reasons for their discrepancy and to actually reveal the basic principles essential for constructing a theory which will make it possible to quantitatively and adequately describe the experimental data on the amplification of sound in weakly ionized atomic plasma.__________Translated from Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2005, pp. 492–500.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by O. S. Torosyan, A. R. Mkrtchyan, and M. K. Musakhanyan.     

Ammonia removal from leachate solution using natural Chinese clinoptilolite

This paper assesses the potential of natural Chinese clinoptilolite for ammonia removal from the leachate solution of sewage sludge. In batch study the effects of relevant parameters, such as contact time, initial ammonia concentration and particle size of clinoptilolite, were examined respectively. The results show that the data obtained from batch studies were fit to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the Langmuir isotherms reflect more reasonable for ammonium ion uptake onto clinoptilolite; the clinoptilolite adsorption process has been proved effective, at laboratory scale, the maximum adsorption capacity of the clinoptilolite, for ammonium concentration ranging from 11.12 to 115.16 mg NH(4)-N L(-1) in leachate solution, was about 1.74 mg NH(4)-Ng(-1); the time to adsorption equilibrium was 2.5 h in leachate solution and 1.5 h more than for in NH(4)Cl synthetic solution; ammonium adsorption increased with decreasing clinoptilolite particle size; the ammonia removal capacity of clinoptilolite increased with increasing initial ammonia concentration. It is believed that as adsorption agent for NH(4)-N removal from sludge leachate, natural Chinese clinoptilolite can be feasible.     

Ammonia removal in electrochemical oxidation: mechanism and pseudo-kinetics

This paper investigated the mechanism and pseudo-kinetics for removal of ammonia by electrochemical oxidation with RuO(2)/Ti anode using batch tests. The results show that the ammonia oxidation rates resulted from direct oxidation at electrode-liquid interfaces of the anode by stepwise dehydrogenation, and from indirect oxidation by hydroxyl radicals were so slow that their contribution to ammonia removal was negligible under the condition with Cl(-). The oxidation rates of ammonia ranged from 1.0 to 12.3 mg N L(-1)h(-1) and efficiency reached nearly 100%, primarily due to the indirect oxidation of HOCl, and followed pseudo zero-order kinetics in electrochemical oxidation with Cl(-). About 88% ammonia was removed from the solution. The removed one was subsequently found in the form of N(2) in the produced gas. The rate at which Cl(-) lost electrons at the anode was a major factor in the overall ammonia oxidation. Current density and Cl(-) concentration affected the constant of the pseudo zero-order kinetics, expressed by k=0.0024[Cl(-)]xj. The ammonia was reduced to less than 0.5 mg N L(-1) after 2h of electrochemical oxidation for the effluent from aerobic or anaerobic reactors which treated municipal wastewater. This result was in line with the strict discharge requirements.     

膜吸收法应用于氨氮废水净化的研究

在去除废水里氨氮的3种膜吸收方式中,吸收式膜吸收法能在最短时间内将水中氨氮降至较低水平.因此,它被认为是最有效的方法.研究表明,废水的pH是影响传质系数的最主要因素;氨氮浓度对膜通量影响较大,氨氮浓度越高,氨的膜通量越大;废水中氨氮或盐量较高时,能有效抑制水的渗透蒸馏通量,减弱对吸收液的稀释作用.通过运用吸收式膜吸收法对以无机污染物为主的高氨氮废水和以有机污染物为主的剩余氨水处理效果作对比研究,进而得出以下结论:膜吸收法适用于处理含盐量较高、中温、油性污染物含量较低的高氨氮废水.最后还初步探讨了膜的污染和再生情况.     

Catalytic wet oxidation of ammonia solution: activity of the nanoscale platinum-palladium-rhodium composite oxide catalyst

Aqueous solutions of 400-1000 mg/L of ammonia were oxidized in a trickle-bed reactor (TBR) in this study of nanoscale platinum-palladium-rhodium composite oxide catalysts, which were prepared by the co-precipitation of H(2)PtCl(6), Pd(NO(3))(3) and Rh(NO(3))(3). Hardly any of the dissolved ammonia was removed by wet oxidation in the absence of any catalyst, whereas about 99% of the ammonia was reduced during wet oxidation over nanoscale platinum-palladium-rhodium composite oxide catalysts at 503 K in an oxygen partial pressure of 2.0 MPa. A synergistic effect exists in the nanoscale platinum-palladium-rhodium composite structure, which is the material with the highest ammonia reduction activity. The nanometer-sized particles were characterized by TEM, XRD and FTIR. The effect of the initial concentration and reaction temperature on the removal of ammonia from the effluent streams was also studied at a liquid hourly space velocity of under 9 h(-1) in the wet catalytic processes.     

反应离化团束（RICB）法生长CN硬质薄膜

用反应离化团束（ＲＩＣＢ）法，以低分子量聚乙烯为蒸发材料，氨气为反应气体，在ＮａＣｌ（１００）和Ｓｉ（１００）衬底上淀积Ｃ－Ｎ薄膜，透射电子衍射（ＴＥＭ）分析表明薄膜中含有β－Ｃ３Ｎ４晶粒，Ｘ射线光电子谱（ＸＰＳ）和红外吸收谱（ＩＲ）表明存在Ｃ，Ｎ原子的化学键合。     

Line-pair selections for remote sensing of atmospheric ammonia by use of a coherent CO2 differential absorption lidar system

Research on wavelength selection of CO2 laser lines for range-resolved remote sensing of atmospheric ammonia by use of a coherent differential absorption lidar system is described. Four laser line pairs are suggested for different levels of ammonia concentrations from approximately a few parts per billion to 1 part per million in a polluted atmosphere. The most suitable line for measuring ambient ammonia concentrations is 9R(30), because it has the highest absorption coefficient. 10R(14) has the lowest absorption coefficient, making it suitable for strong source mapping. 10R(8) and 10P(32) are best for intermediate levels of ammonia concentration. Absorption coefficients of ammonia calculated from the HITRAN96 database are in good agreement (mostly within +/-10% )with other experimental results.Sensitivity of measurement, interference from water-vapor lines with typical humidity in the summer,and sensitivity of ammonia absorption cross section to temperature and pressure are analyzed and calculated for the four wavelength pairs. The results show that the interference from water-vapor lines is easily correctable to a negligible amount, and errors caused by uncertainties in temperature and pressure are insignificant.