Stable isotopes applied as water tracers for infiltration experiment

The δD and δ18O vertical profiles of soil water were measured prior to and after a rainfall event.Mechanisms of soil water movement were deciphered by comparing the soil water isotope profiles with the isotopic composition of precipitation.The results show that evaporation at the upper depth led to enrichment of the heavy isotopes.Compared to the loess profile,the shallow soil water of sand profile is relatively enriched in D and 18O due to macro-pore and low water-holding capacity.The precipitation is infiltrated into soil in piston mode,accompanied with significant mixing of older soil water.The preferential fluid flow in loess was observed at depths of 0-20 cm,caused by cracks in the depths.The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions in outflow are close to the precipitation,which shows a mixing of the precipitation and old soil water,and indicates that the isotopic composition of outflow water is mainly controlled by that of the precipitation.The δD and δ18O in outflow decreased with time until stable δ values of outflow are close to those of the precipitation.     

Surface atomic structures of Fe2O3 nanoparticles coated with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate:an extended x-ray absorption fine-structure study

Fe2O3 nanoparticles coated with sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate(DBS)or cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB) were prepared by using a microemulsion method in the system water/toluene.The nanoparticles were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy and average particle sizes of 5.0nm and 6.0nm were found for DBS-modified and CTAB-modified nanoparticles respectively.The local atomic structures of these iron(Ⅲ） oxide nanoparticles were probed by using the extended x-ray absorption fine-structure technique.Fe K absorption spectra were collected at beam line 4W1B of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility.A structureal model was proposed for describing their atomic structures.The Fe-O bond length at the surface of DBS-coated Fe2O3 nanoparticles was found to be similar to that in bulk Fe2O3.but there was about 0.04A expansion for the CTAB-coated Fe2O3 nanoparticles.On the basis of the model proposed in this paper,the thicknesses of the surface layers were estimated to be 0.5nm and 0.7nm.respectively,for the DBS-coated and CTAB-coated Fe2O3 nanoparticles.The anharmonicity of the atomic vibration and the asymmetry of atom-pair distribution were found to be larger at the surface of the nanoparticles than in the bulk material,while the Debye-Waller factors are almost the same for the surface and the core parts of the nanoparticles.It can be concluded that the atomic structure of the nanoparticle surface is ordered.but the atom-pari distribution is asymmetric.     

PREFACE

Annual Report 1998 of Southwestern Institute of Physics (SWIP), the first formal edition as a national publication published by the China Atomic Energy Press,is now issued. The Annual Report was started in 1983. In the Annual Report the main achievements of controlled nuclear fusion research and spin-off development of the year in the Institute are presented. The publication will certainly be beneficial to the exchange and collaboration at home and abroad, and it will promote the development of scientific research and civilian production as well, so it is to be congratulated.     

Radiolytic degradation and mechanism study of electron beam-irradiated solutions of 4-tert-octylphenol

In this study, we have investigated the degradation and primary radiolytic degradation mechanism of 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) by using of electron beam (EB) -irradiation. The results show that at an absorbed dose of 10 kGy and an initial concentration of 25 mg·L -1 , the degradation of 4-t-OP in a methanol/water reduction system is higher than in a acetonitrile/water oxidation system by 19.4% and higher than in an acetone/water system by 26.8%, which is due to both of ·OH and e aq - playing an important role in the decomposition of 4-t-OP, although the latter is more effective. The degradation rate of 4-t-OP will decrease with increment of absorbed dose in a methanol/water solution, and increase with decrement of initial concentration at a constant absorbed dose. The degradation efficiency will also decrease with the addition of anions and H 2 O 2 into the solution. A system saturated with N 2 will make an increment in the degradation of 4-t-OP. The pH value of solution has been also found to affect the degradation efficiency, while the degradation is more efficient in alkaline conditions. Finally, the initial products involved in degradation reaction have been determined to be ethylbenzene, styrene, bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and p-tert-butyl-phenol, which may arise from e aq - attack at the position of the alkyl side chain of 4-t-OP molecule. The results have been revealed that EB irradiation is a promising method for degradation of 4-t-OP, and e aq - may be main reactive species to attack at the position of the alkyl side chain of 4-t-OP.     

Design of snowflake-diverted equilibria of CFETR

The Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) represents the next generation of full superconducting fusion reactors in China.Recently,CFETR was redesigned with a larger size and will be operated in two phases.To reduce the heat flux on the target plate,a snowflake (SF) divertor configuration is proposed.In this paper we show that by adding two dedicated poloidal field (PF) coils,the SF configuration can be achieved in both phases.The equilibria were calculated by TEQ code for a range of self-inductances li3.The coil currents were calculated at some fiducial points in the flattop phase.The results indicate that the PF coil system has the ability to maintain a long flattop phase in 7.5 and 10 MA inductive scenarios for the single null divertor (SND) and SF divertor configurations.The properties of the SF configuration were also analyzed.The connection length and flux expansion of the SF divertor were both increased significantly over the SND.     

Formulae for secondary electron yield from insulators and semiconductors

The processes and characteristics of secondary electron emission in insulators and semiconductors were studied, and the formulae for the maximum yield(δ_m) at W_(pOm)≤ 800 eV and the secondary electron yield from insulators and semiconductors δ at the primary incident energy of 2 keV≤ W_(pO) 10 keV(δ_(2-10)) and10 keV ≤ W_(pO)≤100 keV(δ_(10-100)) were deduced. The calculation results were compared with their corresponding experimental data. It is concluded that the deduced formulae can be used to calculate δ_(2-100)at W_(pOm)≤ 800 eV.     

Investigation of solid-state reaction by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS)was utilized to investigate the solid-state reaction between L(+)-Tartaric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate.Solid sodium hydrogen L(+)-tartrate monohydrate was synthesized efficiently by mechanical grinding,which is particularly sustainable and environmentally benign.Distinct THz absorptions were observed for pure reactants and the proposed product.The reaction process could be clearly visualized by THz spectral patterns of the reaction mixtures at different grinding time.The observed results were further confirmed by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction(SRXRPD)and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)spectroscopy.The study demonstrates that THz-TDS is an effective novel tool to monitor solid-state reactions in pharmaceutical industry.     

Surface Modification of Fluororubber Using Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge （DBD）

Fluoride rubber F2311 film, an alternating copolymer of CF2-CFC1 （CTFE） and CH2-CF2 （VF2） components, was treated by atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） in air. The surface structure, topography and surface chemistry of the treated F2311 films were characterized by contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy （AFM）, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, respectively. The experimental results showed that a short time air plasma treatment led to morphological, wettability and chemical changes in the F2311 films. The surface hydrophilicity increased greatly after the plasma treatment, the static water contact angle decreased from 98.6° to 32°, and oxygen containing groups （C=O, O-C=O, etc. ） were introduced. Atomic force microscopy revealed that plasma produced by DBD etched F2311 films obviously. The roughness of the samples increased remarkably with the formation of peaks and valleys on the treated surfaces. The increased surface wettability may be correlated with both the introduction of hydrophilic groups due to air plasma oxidation of the surface and the change in surface morphology etched by DBD.     

Effect of Oxygen Plasma on Low Dielectric Constant HSQ (Hydrogensilsesquioxane) Films

The commercially available hydrogensilsesquioxane (HSQ) offers a low dielectric constant. In this paper, the impact of oxygen plasma treatment has been investigated on the low-k HSQ films. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to identify the network structure and cage structure of Si-O-Si bonds and other possible bonds after treatments. C-V and I-V measurements were used to determine the dielectric constant, the electronic resistivity and the breakdown electric field, respectively. The result indicates that oxygen plasma treatment will damage the HSQ films by removing the hydrogen content. Both dielectric constant and leakage current density increase significantly after oxygen plasma exposure. The dielectric constant and leakage current density can both be decreased by annealing at 350℃ for 1.5 h in nitrogen ambient. The reason is that the open porous of the external films can be modified and density of thin film be increased. The rough surface can be smoothed.     

Preparation of ~(67)Ga-EDTMP and its biodistribution studies

67Ga-EDTMP was synthesized in a single step by adding 67GaCl3 to EDTMP solution. Dependences of the radiolabeling yield of 67Ga-EDTMP on EDTMP concentration, pH and reaction time were examined. Under the optimum conditions, the radiolabeling yield of 67Ga-EDTMP was more than 97%. A biodistribution experiment in mice showed that 67Ga-EDTMP was mainly absorbed by skeleton and reached 13.25% at 0.5 h after injecting, then kept a high level in 72 h with a maximum value of 16.82% at 48 h. The results suggest that 67Ga-EDTMP might be a potential bone pain palliation radiopharmaceutical due to its high skeletal uptake, rapid blood clearance and relatively low soft-tissue absorption. But further work must be done to determine whether 67Ga-EDTMP is useful in the treatment of painful osseous metastases.     

Cu2O nanoparticles:Radiation synthesis,and photocatalytic activity

<正>Cu_2O nanocrystals were synthesized by irradiating an aqueous solution of CuSO_4·5H_2O(1.25g),polyvinyl alcohol(PVA,0.8 g),and isopropanol(3.1 mL).The products were characterized by powder XRD,TEM and SEM. Methyl orange degradation under visible light using the Cu_2O nanocrystals as catalyst was studied by UV-Vis absorption method.The results show that the products are nanocrystals of pure Cu_2O.Morphology and size of the nanoparticles are affected by the irradiation dose and pH value of the initial solution.Octahedral Cu_2O nanocrystals of 116 nm in size can be obtained at the initial pH of 8.0 and 280-kGy irradiation.The nanocrystals have excellent catalytic activity for photodegradation of the methyl orange solution bubbled at the air-flow rate of 750 mL·min~(-1),due to the large {111} facets of octahedral Cu_2O particles.     

Optimization of plasma-processed air(PPA)inactivation of Escherichia coli in button mushrooms for extending the shelf life by response surface methodology

The effect of plasma-processed air(PPA) treatment with different conditions(time, power andflow rate) on the inactivation of Escherichia coli(E. coli) in button mushroom was evaluated.Response surface methodology(RSM) was applied to optimize PPA treatments on the E. coli of button mushrooms. According to the response surface analysis, the optimal treatment parameters were a treatment time of 12 min, treatment power of 90 W and flow rate of 1.2 l min~(-1). As with verifying tests from the optimization exercise, the number of E. coli reduced by 5.27 log CFU/g at the determined optimum conditions. The scanning electronic microscopy(SEM) micrography showed that the surface of the E. coli was significantly changed under the optimized PPA treatment. Quality parameters of button mushrooms treated at the determined optimum conditions were compared with untreated samples during the storage for 12 d at 4 °C?±?1 °C.The PPA treatment was found to be effective in inhibiting microbes and preserving postharvest quality in button mushrooms, and these results suggested PPA treatment may provide an alternative for the sterilization of foodborne and maintaining postharvest of fruits and vegetables.     

Pharmacological studies of dopamine transporter imaging agent 125／131I－β－CIT

To prepare ^125/131I-β-CIT(2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)tropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter (DAT),the labeling method from tributylstannyl precursor with peracetic acid has been reported in this article.The radiochemical purity(RCP) of the labeled compound was over 95% determined by HPLC and TLC.The stability,partition coefficients were also determined.The pharmacological studies of the imaging agent were performed in rats,mice,rabbits and normal monkey.The ligand showed preferable uptake in rats,mice,rabbits and normal monkey.The ligand showed preferable uptake in brain (1.9%ID/organ in rats and 4.5%ID/organ in mice at 5min).The ratios of striatum/cerebellum,hippocampus/cerebellum and cortex/cerebellum were 29.8,3.97and 4.75 at 6h in rats,and 8.52,2.99 and 3.06 at 6h in mice,respectively.In monkey brain imaging the ratios of striatum/frontal cortex(ST/FC)and striatum/occipital cortex(ST/OC) were 5.14 and 5.97 at 4h.respectively,All of above showed the high affinity of the ligand to DAT,The compound was primarily metabolized in liver because the hepatic uptake was much higher than other organs(75.4%ID/organ at 18h).The half-life of blood elimination was 5min.The dose received by mice was 2500 times as high as that received by human in the test of undue toxicity,which evaluated the safety of the agent.All the results suggest that β-CIT can be used as a potential DAT imaging agent.     

The Dynamic Volt-Ampere Characteristics of a Vacuum Arc at Intermediate-Frequency Under a Transverse Magnetic Field

In this study, the changes of a vacuum arc’s appearance were observed and the volt-ampere characteristics of the vacuum arc at intermediate frequency were analyzed under a transverse magnetic field (TMF). The TMF and phase shift time were calculated by using the TMF contact model and the large phase shift of the magnetic field at a higher frequency was conductive to the dispersion process of residual plasma. The arc velocity was higher at 800 Hz than at 400 Hz. It can be inferred that TMF will encourage arc movement at 800 Hz. Moreover, the arc movement has an impact on the arc voltage. Because of the increasing length of the arc column with a high arc velocity, the elongated arc causes the arc voltage to increase. Specifically, the volt-ampere characteristics of the vacuum arc are divided into three stages in this paper. The higher the frequency, the greater the initial rate of rise in the arc voltage and the larger the area surrounded by arc volt-ampere characteristics. The correlations between the arc voltage and the amplitude and frequency of the current are also presented.     

Preparation and preliminary biological evaluation of 99Tcm-TADP as bone imaging agent

TADP, 2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid, was synthesized by three step reactions from the raw material 1H-1,2,4-triazole. 99Tcm-TADP was prepared with 5 mg TADP at Ph 7.0 by joining 99TcmO4 with SnCl2·2H2O in aqueous solution for 10 min at room temperature. Both labeling yield and radiochemical purity of 99Tcm-TADP were more than 95%. The biodistribution in rats and bone scan in rabbits were also studied. The uptake of organ was expressed as %ID/g. The results showed that the bone uptake is up to 17.17%ID/g which is the maximum of bone uptake at 30 min after injection of 99Tcm-TADP in rats, bone-to-muscle and bone-to-blood uptake ratios were 61.32 and 13.21, respectively. The clear bone image of rabbit was obtained at 120 min after injection of 99Tcm-TADP and clearance in soft tissue was visible. The preparation of 99Tcm-TADP was convenient and 99Tcm-TADP exhibited high uptake in bone, and it would be a potential new bone imaging agent.     

Effect of inorganic salts on Se(Ⅳ) and Re(Ⅶ) diffusions in bentonite

Diffusion behaviors of Se(IV) and Re(VII) in bentonite were investigated by a through-diffusion method in nitrate, sulfate, carbonate and silicate solutions. SEM-EDS analysis showed that Se(IV) was reduced to red precipitate Se(0) by sulfite. Se(IV) was sorbed on bentonite with distribution coefficient Kd of(2.6–5.3)×10-4m3/kg in sulfite, nitrate and sulfate solutions, whereas it was hardly sorbed in carbonate and silicate solutions. The effective diffusion coefficients were De =(0.81–7.0)×10-11m2/s for Se(IV) and De =(1.4–4.4)×10-11m2/s for Re(VII). The De value of Se(IV) exhibited a dependence on the inorganic salts in the order of sulfite ≈ nitrate ≈ sulfate silicate carbonate, whereas the salts had insignificant effect on Re(VII) diffusion. The results suggest that the discrepancy in diffusion mechanism may lead to the different impact of the salts on the diffusion of Se(IV) and Re(VII) in GMZ bentonite.     

FREE ELECTRON LASER PROJECT AT SINR

The Shanghai FEL (SFEL) project at SINR is based on a RF linac in collaboration with the SIOFM. The prime goal of the project is to provide laser beams from the ultraviolet,visible to mid-IR with a few tens of MW in peak power and of Watts in average power. In the future, the wavelength region will be extend to the far-IR and vacuum ultraviolet. The SFEL will be a user facility for interdisciplinary studies.     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

Improvement of the electrical resistivity of epoxy resin at elevated temperature by adding a positive temperature coefficient BaTiO_3-based compound

The DC electrical resistivity-temperature characteristic is an important property for insulating materials to operate at a high stress level. In order to improve the DC electrical resistivity at elevated temperature in a targeted way, a positive temperature coefficient(PTC) material(Ba Ti O3-based compound(BT60)) was selected as the filler in this paper, whose electrical resistivity has a PTC effect when the temperature exceeds its Curie temperature. The BT60 was treated with hydrogen peroxide and(3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane. Epoxy composites with different loadings of BT60 fillers(0 wt%, 0.5 wt%, and 2 wt% of epoxy) were prepared, denoted as EP-0, EP-0.5, and EP-2. It was shown that BT60 was able to maintain the DC breakdown strength when its loading was less than 2 wt% of epoxy. As the temperature exceeds 60 °C,BT60 will compensate for the negative temperature coefficient effect of epoxy resin to some extent. The electrical resistivity of EP-2 was improved by 55% compared with that of neat epoxy at 90 °C. It was found that the potential barrier at the grain boundary of BT60 and the deep traps in the interface between BT60 and the epoxy resin hinder the migration of carriers and thus increase the electrical resistivity of epoxy composite.     

Tuning Effect of N2 on Atmospheric-Pressure Cold Plasma CVD of TiO2 Photocatalytic Films

To deposit TiO2 films through plasma CVD, the partial pressure ratio of O2 to TiCl4 should be greater than the stoichiometric ratio (pO2 /pTiCl4>1). However, this may lead to the formation of powder instead of film on the substrate when using volume dielectric barrier discharge (volume-DBD) at atmospheric pressure. In this study, by adding N2 into the working gas Ar, TiO2 photocatalytic films were successfully fabricated in the presence of excess O2 (pO2 /pTiCl4=2.6) by using a wire-to-plate atmospheric-pressure volume-DBD. The tuning effect of N2 on the deposition of TiO2 film was studied in detail. The results showed that by increasing the N2 content, the deposition rate and particle size of the TiO2 film were reduced, and its photocatalytic activity was enhanced. The tuning mechanism of N2 is further discussed.