废旧锂电池再生过程中铜资源回收工艺研究

研究了在废旧锂离子电池回收技术中的除铜工艺,对比了置换法、硫化沉淀法、溶剂萃取法的除铜效果,得出采用溶剂萃取法能较好的除去和回收铜。采用20%的N902,经四级逆流萃取、两级逆流洗涤,控制萃余液pH为2.5左右,能将铜除到0.005 g/L。     

Integration of High‐Conductivity Graphite Foam to Metallic Systems Using Ag‐Cu‐Ti and Ag‐Cu‐Pd Braze Alloys

Graphite foams with low, medium, and high densities were joined to Cu‐clad‐Mo, 430 stainless steel, titanium, and Inconel 625 using Cusil‐ABA^® and Palcusil‐5^®. Copper‐clad‐molybdenum and steel were also joined to SiC‐coated foam. Well‐bonded joints with partially infiltrated foam and with carbon ligaments enriched with Ti formed in Cusil‐ABA joints of coated and uncoated foam. Low‐density foams showed greatest braze penetration and penetration distance decreased with increasing foam density. Foam/metal joints with Palcusil‐5 showed less penetration than Cusil‐ABA. The tension test on foam/Cu‐clad‐Mo and foam/430 stainless steel joints made using Cusil‐ABA revealed that the joints were always stronger than the foam.     

丙酮溶解分离废旧锂离子电池中金属的方法

根据粘结剂PDVF的性质,选择使用极性较小且较廉价的丙酮溶解PDVF粘结剂,分离正极材料和集流体铝片,并优化出最佳分离条件。实验表明废旧锂电池正极材料在丙酮溶剂中配比为30mL／g、50℃下搅拌100min的联合作用下与集流体铝片分离效果最好。本实验丙酮和铝片均可回收再利用,节约试剂和成本,是一种经济环保的绿色技术。     

Co‐Culture of Keratinocyte‐Staphylococcus aureus on Cu‐Ag‐Zn/CuO and Cu‐Ag‐W Nanoparticle Loaded Bacterial Cellulose:PMMA Bandages

Pressurized gyration and its sister processes are novel methods to produce polymeric fibers. Potential applications for such fibers include wound dressings, tissue engineering scaffolds, and filters. This study reports on a pressurized gyration technique that employs pressured N₂ gas to prepare biocompatible wound dressing bandages from bacterial cellulose and poly (methylmethacrylate) polymer blended with alloyed antimicrobial nanoparticles. Resulting bandages are manufactured with high product yield and characterized for their chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Increased density in solutions with additional antimicrobial nanoparticles results in increased fiber diameters. Also, addition of antimicrobial nanoparticles enhances ultimate tensile strength and Young's modulus of the bandages. Typical molecular bonding in the bandages is confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, with peaks that have higher intensity and narrowing points being caused by additional antimicrobial nanoparticles. More so, the cellular response to the bandages and the accompanying antimicrobial activity are studied in detail by in vitro co‐culture of Staphylococcus aureus and keratinocytes. Antimicrobial nanoparticle‐loaded bandage samples show increased cell viability and bacteria inhibition during co‐culture and are found to have a promising future as epidermal wound dressing materials.     

分离提取铟的几种新方法

按照分离技术的种类对分离回收铟的几种新方法进行了综述。这些新技术使用的主要分离材料包括液膜、螯合树脂、浸渍树脂和微胶囊。在合适的条件下,运用这些技术可对铟进行有效地分离回收。这些新技术为分离回收铟提供了新的选择。今后应加强这些技术使用的分离材料强度和稳定性、分离机理以及传质模型的研究,以期为工业化提供理论依据。     

The effect of mixing on Co‐precipitation and evolution of microstructure of Cu‐ZnO catalyst

The influence of feeding point in conventional stirred tank reactor and flow characteristics in micro‐reactor on the microstructure of Cu‐ZnO catalyst was studied. Cu‐Zn distribution in co‐precipitate was characterized by EDS and Zn fraction in zincian malachite was estimated from the 20 peak shift in XRD pattern. The theory analysis and experimental results, combining with measurement of segregation index, show that the contact pattern and mixing of reactants in precipitation process determine the uniformity of Cu‐Zn distribution in initial co‐precipitates at the micro‐scale. The uniform Cu‐Zn distribution is favorable for the formation of zincian malachite with higher Zn fraction, whereas the uneven distribution could lead to either zincian malachite with lower Zn fraction or aurichalcite‐like nonmalachite. These differences in the precursor structure act on subsequent calcination and reduction, as well as their products. Along this path, mixing affects the evolution of the catalyst microstructure by means of Cu‐Zn distribution. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2647–2654, 2018     

乳状液膜法分离富集废旧镍镉电池中的镉

该文介绍了乳状液膜法分离富集废旧镍镉电池中的镉离子。乳状液膜主要由溶剂(煤油)、表面活性剂(Span80)、载体〔二(2-乙基己基)膦酸,P204〕和内水相氨水组成。对影响镉离子渗透和分离过程的重要变量进行了考察,分析了乳状液膜的载体体积分数、外水相pH、搅拌时间、乳水比(乳液与外水相体积比)及Span80体积分数对镍镉分离效果的影响,从而选择出最佳的分离条件为:φ(P204)=4.4%,φ(Span80)=8.8%,pH=5.5,乳水比0.5,搅拌时间10min。用此乳状液膜进行100L反应釜的工业放大实验,镉的迁移率可达93.3%,而镍的迁移率仅为14.6%。     

Separation of Americium,Curium, and Plutonium from Irradiated Targets

Abstract

The Radiochemical Engineering Development Center (REDC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) processes highly irradiated targets for the Mark 42 program to separate Am, Cm, and Pu. The target feed material for each assembly was 3.3 kg of plutonium (78% ²³⁹Pu) that was irradiated at the Savannah River Site to yield approximately 100 g each of ²⁴³Am and ²⁴⁴Cm, and 100-g quantities of ²⁴²Pu for special DOE projects. The REDC has plans to process ten of these target assemblies over the next few years. The first assembly has been dissolved, and approximately 1/4 of this material has been used to test the processing flowsheet. Various aqueous processes developed at the REDC over the past years were utilized to dissolve the target segments, separate the bulk of the impurities from the transuranics, separate the plutonium from the transplutonium actinides, and separate the rare earth fission products from the Am-Cm. The separation of the Am-Cm products to the desired purity levels presented new processing challenges for REDC operations. Through a combination of precipitation and cation-exchange operations, an Am product containing part-per-million levels of Cm was obtained. Standard REDC processing techniques were used to prepare the products as oxides for shipment. Future processing will focus on the reduction of waste solutions, improvement of yields, and application of new technologies for improved processing.     

Separation and Recovery of Nickel from Spent Electroless Nickel-Plating Solutions with Hydrometallurgical Processes

A method of recovering nickel from spent electroless nickel-plating solutions has been investigated through the electrowinning method, following the precipitation of nickel by adding alkali and then dissolving this nickel precipitate with sulfuric acid. When sufficient caustic soda was added to a spent electroless nickel-plating solution to increase the pH to higher than 13, fine nickel particles, below 4 microns in size, along with nickel hydroxide were formed. After filtering the nickel precipitate, it was dissolved with a sulfuric acid solution of over 2 vol%, with which more than 95% of the nickel precipitate could be dissolved. For nickel recovery by electrowinning, the pH of the nickel solution required an adjustment of nearly 2.0.     

Separation off Silica from Spent Geothermal Fluids by Adsorptive Bubble Techniques

Abstract

A method is described for the separation of amorphous silica from supersaturated high ionic strength geothermal fluids produced by the Hawaii Geothermal Project Well-A. A bench-scale technique which makes use of adsorptive bubble flotation is employed to remove silica after flocculation by the addition of polyvalent metal ions to hot (60–90°C) spent brine discharge. Ferric and aluminum salts are evaluated as flocculants under varying conditions. The anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate and the cationic surfactant lauryl amine hydrochloride (LA) are utilized as the collectors below and above the isoelectric point, respectively. Efficiency of removal of the silica is pH, metal concentration, and surfactant-type dependent. Best results are achieved under slightly alkaline conditions (pH=8), using 3.75 × 10E^?4 M ferric ion present as its sulfate, LA as the collector, and with a gas flow of 15 ± 3 mL/min. Under these conditions, approximately 70 ± 2% of the total silica is separated from the brine discharge; this value, although not quantitative, represents more than 85% removal of the silica present above its amorphous solubility at the operating temperature. After the separation process, fluids contain residual concentrations of silica which are not expected to result in scale deposition and which can then be passed through heat exchangers to extract further energy for secondary uses.     

铜铟硫纳米粒子的溶剂热合成及表征

采用溶剂热法,以二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸铜和二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸铟配合物为前体,油胺为配体,合成了铜铟硫纳米粒子。研究了配体与前体的配比、反应时间、反应温度以及添加剂对产物的影响,采用XRD、SEM等测试方法对产物进行了表征。结果表明,在配体和铜的物质的量比为5∶1,180℃反应,反应时间为8 h,能够得到具有较好的粒度和晶度的铜铟硫纳米粒子。     

Thermoelectric properties and stability of glasses in the Cu‐As‐Te system

Chalcogenide glasses and more importantly their glass‐ceramics counterparts have been an interesting but very peculiar class of thermoelectric materials, with inherently low thermal conductivity (<0.3 W/m·K). In this study, we report on the fabrication of glasses in the ternary system Cu‐As‐Te (Cu_xAs_55?xTe₄₅ [5≤x≤20], Cu₁₅As_85?yTe_y [45≤y≤70], and Cu₂₀As_80?yTe_y [45≤y≤65]) by melt‐quenching and subsequent spark plasma sintering treatment. Their thermal and structural properties have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy, leading to give insights into the structural evolution of the glassy matrix. Coupling this information with the analysis of their electrical transport properties allowed us to deepen further our understanding of the compositional effect on their thermoelectric properties, and indirectly how the evolution of their electronic band structure is at play. Despite exhibiting low ZT values by themselves, Cu‐As‐Te glasses may still be interesting candidates for thermoelectricity through partial crystallization for which knowing the relationship between composition and properties remains essential.     

The Liquidus in Cu–O–CaO System at Metallic Copper Saturation up to 1698 K

We present experimental results for the liquidus of the pseudo binary system Cu₂O–CaO at metallic copper saturation up to 1698 K in steps of 25 K. In this study, we quantified the liquidus (on the CaO side of the binary) by the equilibration, quench, and analysis technique, with Cu₂O, CaO, and Cu as the only primary crystalline phases. Experiments were conducted in an atmosphere of pure argon up to the critical temperature (1618 K) in the Cu–O system. Above this temperature, experiments were performed at a fixed oxygen pressure of (P_O2 = 1.01 kPa). Equilibrated specimens were quenched in ice‐cold water. We then quantified the liquid chemical compositions by means of energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and electron probe micro‐analyzer. Results from this study reveal that below the critical point, some previous studies have overestimated CaO solubility amounts in the molten phase of the system, by up to 4.35 wt% CaO. Thermodynamic modeling of systems containing this binary should therefore also account for this variance.     

铜铟镓硒粉体的溶剂热法合成及表征

采用溶剂热法制备了铜铟镓硒(CuInxGa1-xSe2,CIGS)粉体.对合成的粉体采用X射线衍射进行物相分析,结果表明反应温度为230℃时可以得到单相CIGS粉体.对所制备的样品采用扫描电镜和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪等方法进行了表征,结果表明,反应温度对粒子大小的影响不大.反应时间对产物的形貌有较大的影响,230℃...     

废旧锂离子电池正极有价金属的分离和提取方法

介绍了废旧锂离子电池回收处理的意义和必要性,对溶剂萃取法、化学沉淀法、电沉积法、络合离子交换法等提取和分离正极中钴、铝、镍、锂等有价金属的研究现状进行了评述。     

Efficient Removal of Anionic Organic Dyes from Aqueous Solution with Cu‐Organic Frameworks

Cu‐metal‐organic frameworks (Cu‐MOFs) were synthesized in one step using copper acetate, glutamic acid, and small‐molecular organic amines at room temperature. Organic amines served as modulators to modify the structure of Cu‐MOFs. Characterization results proved that the addition of modulators changes the surface morphology. Batch adsorption data indicated high adsorption capacities for anionic organic dyes with glutamic‐Cu‐triethylamine (Glu‐Cu‐TA), higher than that of most MOFs reported. An acid pH was the optimum adsorption parameter. The easy regeneration of recycled Cu‐MOFs suggested there were weak intermolecular interactions between Cu‐MOFs and dyes. The main adsorption forces included electrostatic interaction, ion exchange, π‐π complexation, and hydrogen bonds.     

Separation of Indium from Acid Sulfate-Containing Solutions by Ion Exchange with Impregnated Resins

Indium separation using ion exchange resins from acidic polymetallic and very diluted solutions are investigated. Since the selectivity of commercial ion exchange resins have proven to be too low for an effective separation from solutions with high content of other metals, Lewatit® TP 208 was impregnated with common extractants to enhance its properties. By resin impregnation with D2EHPA and Cyanex 272, not only the selective indium recovery was reached but also the resin capacity was increased approx. two times. The best loading and elution performance were shown by Cyanex 272-impregnated Lewatit® TP 208, increasing the indium purity in the eluate from 0.75 % to 85 %.     

Simulation of NOx and soot abatement with Cu‐Cha and Fe‐ZSM5 catalysts

The embodiment of the NO_x selective catalytic reduction (SCR) functionality in a diesel particulate filter (DPF), so‐called SCR‐on‐Filter (SCRoF), is investigated through numerical modeling with SCR kinetics corresponding to Cu‐Chabazite and Fe‐ZSM5 catalysts. The results of the simulations of the SCR activity, performed in the absence and presence of soot, indicate that the presence of soot negligibly affects the NO_x conversion efficiency, given the slow dynamics of passive regeneration. Conversely, the reduction in cake thickness by soot passive oxidation is significantly different in the absence of SCR activity (uncatalyzed DPF) compared to that in its presence (SCRoF). In fact, in the SCRoF only 60–80% of the original soot consumption obtained in the absence of SCR reaction over 1 h can be achieved. Individual Cu‐Chabazite and Fe‐ZSM5 catalysts, as well as in‐series layers of the two catalysts, are investigated to devise the widest temperature window for SCRoF. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 238–248, 2017     

Electrodeposited Cu–ZnO and Mn–Cu–ZnO nanowire/tube catalysts for higher alcohols from syngas

Cu–ZnO and Mn–Cu–ZnO catalysts have been prepared by electrodeposition and tested for the synthesis of higher alcohols via CO hydrogenation. The catalysts were prepared in the form of nanowires and nanotubes using a nanoporous polycarbonate membrane, which served as a template for the electrodeposition of the precursor metals from an aqueous electrolyte solution. Electrodeposition was carried out using variable amounts of Zn(NO₃)₂, Cu(NO₃)₂, Mn(NO₃)₂ and NH₄NO₃ at different galvanostatic conditions. A fixed bed reactor was used to study the reaction of CO and H₂ to produce alcohols at 270 °C, 10–20 bar, H₂/CO = 2/1, and 10,000–33,000 scc/h g_cat. In addition to methane and CO₂, methanol was the main alcohol product. The addition of manganese to the Cu–ZnO catalyst increased the selectivity toward higher alcohols by reducing methane formation; however, CO₂ selectivity remained high. Maximum ethanol selectivity was 5.5%, measured as carbon efficiency.