自适应概念漂移的在线集成分类器

数据流挖掘要求算法能快速地响应、占用少量内存和自适应概念漂移。根据以上要求提出一种自适应概念漂移的基于Hoeffding树在线Bagging分类算法。利用统计学理论,检验分类模型在自适应窗口内数据的分类精度是否落入真实错误率的单侧置信区间,由检测结果决定更新Hoeffding树或重建新Hoeffding树。实验结果表明,该算法在处理带有概念漂移的数据流上表现出较高的分类精度。     

Real-time data mining of non-stationary data streams from sensor networks

In real-world sensor networks, the monitored processes generating time-stamped data may change drastically over time. An online data-mining algorithm called OLIN (on-line information network) adapts itself automatically to the rate of concept drift in a non-stationary data stream by repeatedly constructing a classification model from every sliding window of training examples. In this paper, we introduce a new real-time data-mining algorithm called IOLIN (incremental on-line information network), which saves a significant amount of computational effort by updating an existing model as long as no major concept drift is detected. The proposed algorithm builds upon the oblivious decision-tree classification model called “information network” (IN) and it implements three different types of model updating operations. In the experiments with multi-year streams of traffic sensors data, no statistically significant difference between the accuracy of the incremental algorithm (IOLIN) vs. the regenerative one (OLIN) has been observed.     

一种基于哈希链表的高效概念漂移连续属性处理算法

本文重点研究了数据流挖掘中存在概念漂移情形的连续属性处理算法。数据流是一种增量、在线、实时的数据模型。VFDT是数据流挖掘中数据呈稳态分布情形下最成功的算法之一;CVFDT是有效解决数据流挖掘中概念漂移问题的算法之一。基于CVFDT,本文提出了有效地解决数据流挖掘中存在概念漂移情形的连续属性处理问题的扩展哈希表算法HashCVFDT。该算法在属性值插入、查找和删除时具有哈希表的快速性,而在选取每个连续属性的最优化划分节点时解决了哈希表不能有序输出的缺点。     

An incremental decision tree algorithm based on rough sets and its application in intrusion detection

As we know, learning in real world is interactive, incremental and dynamical in multiple dimensions, where new data could be appeared at anytime from anywhere and of any type. Therefore, incremental learning is of more and more importance in real world data mining scenarios. Decision trees, due to their characteristics, have been widely used for incremental learning. In this paper, we propose a novel incremental decision tree algorithm based on rough set theory. To improve the computation efficiency of our algorithm, when a new instance arrives, according to the given decision tree adaptation strategies, the algorithm will only modify some existing leaf node in the currently active decision tree or add a new leaf node to the tree, which can avoid the high time complexity of the traditional incremental methods for rebuilding decision trees too many times. Moreover, the rough set based attribute reduction method is used to filter out the redundant attributes from the original set of attributes. And we adopt the two basic notions of rough sets: significance of attributes and dependency of attributes, as the heuristic information for the selection of splitting attributes. Finally, we apply the proposed algorithm to intrusion detection. The experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm can provide competitive solutions to incremental learning.     

复杂数据流在线集成分类算法综述

复杂数据流中所存在的概念漂移及不平衡问题降低了分类器的性能。传统的批量学习算法需要考虑内存以及运行时间等因素,在快速到达的海量数据流中性能并不突出,并且其中还包含着大量的漂移及类失衡现象,利用在线集成算法处理复杂数据流问题已经成为数据挖掘领域重要的研究课题。从集成策略的角度对bagging、boosting、stacking集成方法的在线版本进行了介绍与总结,并对比了不同模型之间的性能。首次对复杂数据流的在线集成分类算法进行了详细的总结与分析,从主动检测和被动自适应两个方面对概念漂移数据流检测与分类算法进行了介绍,从数据预处理和代价敏感两个方面介绍不平衡数据流,并分析了代表性算法的时空效率,之后对使用相同数据集的算法性能进行了对比。最后,针对复杂数据流在线集成分类研究领域的挑战提出了下一步研究方向。     

A Semi-Random Multiple Decision-Tree Algorithm for Mining Data Streams

Mining with streaming data is a hot topic in data mining. When performing classification on data streams, traditional classification algorithms based on decision trees, such as ID3 and C4.5, have a relatively poor efficiency in both time and space due to the characteristics of streaming data. There are some advantages in time and space when using random decision trees. An incremental algorithm for mining data streams, SRMTDS （Semi-Random Multiple decision Trees for Data Streams）, based on random decision trees is proposed in this paper. SRMTDS uses the inequality of Hoeffding bounds to choose the minimum number of split-examples, a heuristic method to compute the information gain for obtaining the split thresholds of numerical attributes, and a Naive Bayes classifier to estimate the class labels of tree leaves. Our extensive experimental study shows that SRMTDS has an improved performance in time, space, accuracy and the anti-noise capability in comparison with VFDTc, a state-of-the-art decision-tree algorithm for classifying data streams.     

基于FIUT的并行频繁项集增量更新算法

针对目前大数据快速增加的环境下,海量数据的频繁项集挖掘在实际中所面临的增量更新问题,在频繁项超度量树算法（frequent items ultrametric trees,FIUT）的基础上,引入MapReduce并行编程模型,提出了一种针对频繁项集增量更新的面向大数据的并行算法。该算法通过检查频繁超度量树叶子节点的支持度来确定频繁项集,同时采用准频繁项集的策略来优化并行计算过程,从而提高数据挖掘效率。实验结果显示,所提出的算法能快速完成扫描和更新数据,具有较好的可扩展性,适合于在动态增长的大数据环境中进行关联规则相关数据挖掘。     

面向动态数据块的非平衡数据流分类算法

动态非平衡数据分类是在线学习和类不平衡学习领域重要的研究问题,用于处理类分布非常倾斜的数据流。这类问题在实际场景中普遍存在,如实时控制监控系统的故障诊断和计算机网络中的入侵检测等。由于动态数据流中存在概念漂移现象和不平衡问题,因此数据流分类算法既要处理概念漂移,又要解决类不平衡问题。针对以上问题,提出了在检测概念漂移的同时对非平衡数据进行处理的一种方法。该方法采用Kappa系数检测概念漂移,进而检测平衡率,利用非平衡数据分类方法更新分类器。实验结果表明,在不同的评价指标上,该算法对非平衡数据流具有较好的分类性能。     

概念漂移数据流挖掘算法综述

数据流是一种新型的数据模型,具有动态、无限、高维、有序、高速和变化等特性。在真实的数据流环境中,一些数据分布是随着时间改变的,即具有概念漂移特征,称为可变数据流或概念漂移数据流。因此处理数据流模型的方法需要处理时空约束和自适应调整概念变化。对概念漂移问题和概念漂移数据流分类、聚类和模式挖掘等内容进行综述。首先介绍概念漂移的类型和常用概念改变检测方法。为了解决概念漂移问题,数据流挖掘中常使用滑动窗口模型对新近事务进行处理。数据流分类常用的模型包括单分类模型和集成分类模型,常用的方法包括决策树、分类关联规则等。数据流聚类方式通常包括基于k- means的和非基于k- means的。模式挖掘可以为分类、聚类和关联规则等提供有用信息。概念漂移数据流中的模式包括频繁模式、序列模式、episode、模式树、模式图和高效用模式等。最后详细介绍其中的频繁模式挖掘算法和高效用模式挖掘算法。     

Evolving Fuzzy Min–Max Neural Network Based Decision Trees for Data Stream Classification

Learning from data streams is a challenging task which demands a learning algorithm with several high quality features. In addition to space complexity and speed requirements needed for processing the huge volume of data which arrives at high speed, the learning algorithm must have a good balance between stability and plasticity. This paper presents a new approach to induce incremental decision trees on streaming data. In this approach, the internal nodes contain trainable split tests. In contrast with traditional decision trees in which a single attribute is selected as the split test, each internal node of the proposed approach contains a trainable function based on multiple attributes, which not only provides the flexibility needed in the stream context, but also improves stability. Based on this approach, we propose evolving fuzzy min–max decision tree (EFMMDT) learning algorithm in which each internal node of the decision tree contains an evolving fuzzy min–max neural network. EFMMDT splits the instance space non-linearly based on multiple attributes which results in much smaller and shallower decision trees. The extensive experiments reveal that the proposed algorithm achieves much better precision in comparison with the state-of-the-art decision tree learning algorithms on the benchmark data streams, especially in the presence of concept drift.     

Interactive mining of high utility patterns over data streams

High utility pattern (HUP) mining over data streams has become a challenging research issue in data mining. When a data stream flows through, the old information may not be interesting in the current time period. Therefore, incremental HUP mining is necessary over data streams. Even though some methods have been proposed to discover recent HUPs by using a sliding window, they suffer from the level-wise candidate generation-and-test problem. Hence, they need a large amount of execution time and memory. Moreover, their data structures are not suitable for interactive mining. To solve these problems of the existing algorithms, in this paper, we propose a novel tree structure, called HUS-tree (high utility stream tree) and a new algorithm, called HUPMS (high utility pattern mining over stream data) for incremental and interactive HUP mining over data streams with a sliding window. By capturing the important information of stream data into an HUS-tree, our HUPMS algorithm can mine all the HUPs in the current window with a pattern growth approach. Furthermore, HUS-tree is very efficient for interactive mining. Extensive performance analyses show that our algorithm is very efficient for incremental and interactive HUP mining over data streams and significantly outperforms the existing sliding window-based HUP mining algorithms.     

A hybrid decision tree training method using data streams

Classical classification methods usually assume that pattern recognition models do not depend on the timing of the data. However, this assumption is not valid in cases where new data frequently become available. Such situations are common in practice, for example, spam filtering or fraud detection, where dependencies between feature values and class numbers are continually changing. Unfortunately, most classical machine learning methods (such as decision trees) do not take into consideration the possibility of the model changing, as a result of so-called concept drift and they cannot adapt to a new classification model. This paper focuses on the problem of concept drift, which is a very important issue, especially in data mining methods that use complex structures (such as decision trees) for making decisions. We propose an algorithm that is able to co-train decision trees using a modified NGE (Nested Generalized Exemplar) algorithm. The potential for adaptation of the proposed algorithm and the quality thereof are evaluated through computer experiments, carried out on benchmark datasets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository.     

Learning accurate very fast decision trees from uncertain data streams

Most existing works on data stream classification assume the streaming data is precise and definite. Such assumption, however, does not always hold in practice, since data uncertainty is ubiquitous in data stream applications due to imprecise measurement, missing values, privacy protection, etc. The goal of this paper is to learn accurate decision tree models from uncertain data streams for classification analysis. On the basis of very fast decision tree (VFDT) algorithms, we proposed an algorithm for constructing an uncertain VFDT tree with classifiers at tree leaves (uVFDTc). The uVFDTc algorithm can exploit uncertain information effectively and efficiently in both the learning and the classification phases. In the learning phase, it uses Hoeffding bound theory to learn from uncertain data streams and yield fast and reasonable decision trees. In the classification phase, at tree leaves it uses uncertain naive Bayes (UNB) classifiers to improve the classification performance. Experimental results on both synthetic and real-life datasets demonstrate the strong ability of uVFDTc to classify uncertain data streams. The use of UNB at tree leaves has improved the performance of uVFDTc, especially the any-time property, the benefit of exploiting uncertain information, and the robustness against uncertainty.     

不确定数据流最大频繁项集挖掘算法研究

对于大型数据,频繁项集挖掘显得庞大而冗余,挖掘最大频繁项集可以减少挖出的频繁项集的个数。可是对于不确定性数据流,传统判断项集是否频繁的方法已不能准确表达项集的频繁性,而且目前还没有在不确定数据流上挖掘最大频繁项集的相关研究。因此,针对上述不足,提出了一种基于衰减模型的不确定性数据流最大频繁项集挖掘算法TUFSMax。该算法采用标记树结点的方法,使得算法不需要超集检测就可挖掘出所有的最大频繁项集,节约了超集检测时间。实验证明了提出的算法在时间和空间上具有高效性。     

新型含噪数据流集成分类的算法

针对数据流中概念漂移和噪声问题,提出一种新型的增量式学习的数据流集成分类算法。首先,引入噪声过滤机制过滤噪声;然后,引入假设检验方法对概念漂移进行检测,以增量式C4.5决策树为基分类器构建加权集成模型;最后,实现增量式学习实例并随之动态更新分类模型。实验结果表明,该集成分类器对概念漂移的检测精度达到95%~97%,对数据流抗噪性保持在90%以上。该算法分类精度较高,且在检测概念漂移的准确性和抗噪性方面有较好的表现。     

一种动态数据流的实时趋势分析算法

有效的趋势提取可提供监控对象早期预警、评估监控对象状态和决策支持信息.基于增量递推最小二乘回归参数估计和广义似然比变化点检测算法,提出一种动态数据流趋势分析算法.其计算实时性和分精度均比现有算法有明显的改进.仿真实验结果验证了该算法的有效性.     

Web数据中频繁模式树的挖掘

为了高效地从半结构化WEB数据中挖掘频繁模式树,提出了把半结构化数据表示为标记、有序树,并基于最右路径扩展技术在有序树中发现所有频繁模式树的算法.其基本思想是,首先从只有一个节点的模式树开始,而新增节点只能通过添加到最右路径上来生成新的模式树,另外,还通过维护最右叶子出现次数列表来实现支持度的逐步计算.理论分析和试验结果表明该算法是可行的,并且具有计算性能线性于最大频繁模式总和的优点.     

基于概率相关性的多标签数据流变化检测

由于传统的概念漂移检测研究主要针对单标签数据流,对现实中常见的多标签数据流却缺乏足够的关注,多标签数据流概念漂移检测问题有待进一步的研究。因此,通过分析多标签数据流中存在的特殊依赖关系,提出了一种基于概率相关性的多标签数据流概念漂移检测算法。其基本思想是从概念漂移的产生原因出发,利用概率相关性近似描述数据分布来监测新旧数据分布变化,判断概念漂移是否发生。实验结果表明,提出的算法能够比较快速、准确地检测到概念漂移,并在多标签概念漂移数据流分类问题上取得了预期的学习效果。     

基于少量类标签的概念漂移检测算法

传统的概念漂移数据流分类算法通常利用测试数据的真实类标来检测数据流是否发生概念漂移,并根据需要调整分类模型。然而,真实类标的标记需要耗费大量的人力、物力,而持续不断到来的高速数据流使得这种解决方案在现实中难以实现。针对上述问题,提出一种基于少量类标签的概念漂移检测算法。它根据快速KNNModel算法利用模型簇分类的特点,在未知分类数据类标的情况下,根据当前数据块不被任一模型簇覆盖的实例数目较之前数据块在一定的显著水平下是否发生显著增大,来判断是否发生概念漂移。在概念漂移发生的情况下,让领域专家针对那些少量的不被模型簇覆盖的数据进行标记,并利用这些数据自我修正模型,较好地解决了概念漂移的检测和模型自我更新问题。实验结果表明,该方法能够在自适应处理数据流概念漂移的前提下对数据流进行快速的分类,并得到和传统数据流分类算法近似或更高的分类精度。     

数据流上概念漂移的检测和分类

挖掘带有概念漂移的数据流对于许多实时决策是十分重要的.本文使用统计学理论估计某一确定模型在最新概念上的真实错误率的置信区间,在一定概率保证下检测数据流中是否发生了概念漂移,并将此方法和KMM(核平均匹配)算法引入集成分类器框架中,提出一种数据流分类的新算法WSEC.在仿真和真实数据流上的试验结果表明该算法是有效的.