基于多种监测手段的黄土坡滑坡变形演化规律

依托巴东黄土坡滑坡地表及深部位移监测点,收集相关的监测数据,分析黄土坡滑坡变形破坏特征。结果表明,黄土坡滑坡地表位移量从后缘向前缘逐渐增大;深部位移监测表明,黄土坡滑坡深部变形大部分发生在主滑带附近,少量次级滑带也发生了错动变形,主滑带附近的位移速率一般大于次滑带附近的位移速率,地表与深部位移均有分区性,前缘地带深部位移最大,中部次之,侧缘较小;地表监测与深部位移监测对比分析表明,黄土坡滑坡地表位移是由深部位移引起,有整体变形迹象。同时,结合三峡库区水位升降和降雨的变化情况,研究黄土坡滑坡变形破坏与库水位升降和降雨间的关系。黄土坡滑坡稳定性与库区水位升降和降雨有一定相关性,在评价其稳定性时应当考虑库水位升降和降雨的作用。     

库水与降雨联合作用下藕塘滑坡稳定性研究

三峡库区因降雨充沛、地质环境脆弱而地质灾害频发,库水及降雨作用是导致库区滑坡变形破坏的重要影响因素。藕塘滑坡为一滑体深厚、多序次解体、规模巨大的靠椅状顺层岩质涉水滑坡,通过建立藕塘滑坡多滑带地质模型,来研究库水联合降雨作用下滑坡的变形和稳定性。结果表明,藕塘滑坡为动水压力型滑坡,浅层滑体对降雨强度和库水位波动敏感性较高,其稳定性主要受库水位波动影响;深层滑体稳定性在降雨强度低于160 mm/d时受库水位波动和降雨强度综合作用影响,反之主要受降雨强度影响;虽然前缘反翘段和前期治理工程具有一定阻滑作用,但藕塘滑坡整体处于潜在欠稳定状态,在大暴雨及库水位骤降作用下可能发生失稳破坏。     

三峡库区树坪滑坡地下水变动研究

以三峡库区树坪滑坡为研究对象,利用监测仪器对该滑坡地下水位进行监测,并结合库水位、日降水量及位移监测数据分析库水位和降水对滑坡变形的影响,结果表明:降水对滑坡体高程约180 m处地下水位影响不大;树坪滑坡变形主要为局部变形,变形主要发生在滑坡前缘,滑坡前缘变形主要是库水位升降引起的。利用Geo-studio软件进行渗流数值模拟,模拟4种库水位上升或下降工况下滑坡体前缘地下水位的变动情况,结果表明:库水位上升或下降时对滑坡体前缘地下水位影响较大,且地下水位随库水位的波动而变化;在库水长期浸泡作用下,滑坡体发生软化,强度降低,且库水入渗后,因滑坡体渗透性小而在土体内产生渗流力及超静孔压,并缓慢消散,进而引起滑坡体局部变形。     

三峡库区三门洞滑坡稳定分析及抗滑桩模拟研究

为研究降雨和库水作用对三峡库区三门洞滑坡抗滑桩加固的影响,通过对监测资料的分析,以降雨、库水、桩位等组合不同工况,运用有限元分析软件建立模型并模拟抗滑桩加固效果。采用强度折减法得出多种工况的抗滑桩内力分布图。结果表明:三门洞滑坡为前缘变形大于后缘变形的牵引式滑坡;库水位涨落是导致滑坡变形的主要因素,降雨加速了滑坡变形;通过模拟得到最佳抗滑桩桩位,其距离滑坡前缘剪出口245m,且建议初步设计桩长为30m。     

蓄水条件下库岸滑坡形成机制研究

以九甸峡库区燕子坪滑坡为例,采用GPS对滑坡外部进行变形监测的方法确定滑坡的变形特征。结合库水位变化及降雨等影响因素,定量研究蓄水条件下库岸滑坡的水力触发因素及形成机制,并采用极限平衡法对分析规律进行验证。结果表明:(1)库岸滑坡的变形破坏是一个蠕变破坏过程,主要因素是较大蓄水速率的加剧条件下短时间发生的,次要因素是强降雨;(2)燕子坪滑坡主要是由于库水位上升和开挖公路的共同作用导致了滑坡体中部及前缘牵引后部滑坡体滑动。     

库区水位变动对花莲树滑坡局部与整体稳定性影响分析

利用Geo-Studio软件,在6种库水位升降工况下,对花莲树滑坡的渗流场与稳定性进行计算。结果表明,滑坡前缘在库水位变动期呈现出阶跃式变形特征,局部稳定性受库水位变化影响显著;库水位下降工况下,滑坡前缘地下水位线呈现出内凹现象,稳定性系数先下降后上升,库水位下降速率越大,稳定性系数下降越快,当库水位下降速率达到1.5 m/d,滑坡整体稳定性较好,但此时滑坡前缘的稳定性系数已经低于临界值1,将会发生失稳破坏;滑坡变形程度从滑体后部至前部逐渐增大,前缘局部的不稳定特征使得滑动模式向牵引式滑坡演变。     

基于SBAS-InSAR的大型滑坡变形分区及时序监测研究

为了研究三峡库区大型滑坡的变形分区，基于2021年1～12月共29景Sentinel-1A数据，通过小基线集干涉测量(SBAS-InSAR)技术研究了师专-群沱子滑坡的变形分区和时序监测。解译结果表明：与全球定位系统监测结果对比，师专-群沱子滑坡的SBAS-InSAR解译结果具有一定准确性；滑坡的蠕变过程表现出明显的时空变形差异，变形区主要集中在未布设治理工程区域，且受场地整平工程的影响，滑坡北部边界出现新的变形区域；滑坡不同区域的主控因素存在差异，前缘变形主要受库水位波动影响；滑坡中部受库水位、降雨联合作用；滑坡后缘主要受长历时降雨控制。所得结果证明SBAS-InSAR技术可以对大型滑坡进行时序监测，为防灾减灾提供技术参考。     

三峡库区曾家棚滑坡变形破坏影响因素分析

三峡库区曾家棚滑坡是三峡水库蓄水以来继千将坪滑坡后第二个发生整体滑移破坏的特大型滑坡。通过对滑坡变形速率与库水位、降雨之间的相关性分析,建立了滑坡变形与外界动态影响因素之间的响应关系,分析了其主要诱因及变形机理。分析结果表明：暴雨或久雨以及首次水库高水位的浸泡是引起曾家棚滑坡变形的主要因素,库水位上升乃至骤升及缓降对滑坡影响不大;在水库高水位运行和暴雨的耦合作用下,导致了曾家棚滑坡最终发生变形破坏。      

三峡库区水位变幅对奉节何家坡滑坡稳定性影响分析

为了更好地研究在三峡库区增大库水降幅条件下奉节何家坡滑坡稳定性,预测评判其发展趋势,通过现场地质调查和勘探,分析了何家坡滑坡的变形模式与形成机制,并考虑了库水位骤降作用。利用Geo Studio有限元分析软件对滑坡在增大库水位变幅的极端工况下进行渗流场模拟与稳定性计算。研究表明,何家坡滑坡变形主要集中在坡体前缘与中部,表现为逐级牵引式变形破坏,库水位降幅1.2 m/d条件下整体处于基本稳定状态。随着库水位下降速率增大,滑坡稳定性系数不断降低,属典型的动水压力型滑坡。     

三峡库区木鱼包滑坡不同库水升降速率变形响应离心模型试验研究

本文采用地表位移监测和离心机模型试验研究了木鱼包滑坡在不同库水升降速率条件下的变形响应规律,取得以下认识:(1)木鱼包滑坡在重力和库水等因素作用下,促滑段不断挤压抗滑段而发生推移式蠕滑变形.(2)木鱼包滑坡变形主要受库水位高程和升降速率影响,降雨对滑坡的变形影响有限.165 ～ 175 m水位时,较高的库水上升速率才能...     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。