干湿循环对坝体土体孔隙影响研究

针对干湿循环对土体结构的影响,通过模型试验获取模型坝坡不同部位基质吸力变化,据此绘制土水特征曲线;根据土水特征曲线分析土体孔隙孔径,在假定土体孔隙为球体的基础上分析受旱过程中孔隙半径的变化,据此研究整个受旱过程中土体孔隙体积的改变。研究表明,对于未产生裂缝的土体在受旱过程中孔隙体积将增大,且这种变化受干湿循环条件影响越大越明显,孔隙体积的增大将降低土体的密实度,威胁填土工程的安全。     

饱和黄河岸滩粉土循环荷载后的变形强度特性

对黄河岸滩饱和粉土在固结不排水条件下进行了一系列单调加载、循环荷载后单调加载的三轴试验,研究了动应力幅值、围压及动孔压比对循环荷载后力学特性的影响,提出了可考虑围压及动孔压比影响的粉土循环荷载后单调加载应力应变关系的变形模式。试验结果表明:循环荷载作用完全液化时,动应力幅值变化对液化后力学特性的影响很小;循环荷载后单调加载的有效应力临界状态线与单调加载时相同,不受循环荷载作用历史的影响。与单调加载时相比,循环荷载后的不排水强度及初始切线模量皆产生衰化,衰化程度随动孔压比的增大而增大,初始切线模量的衰化程度更明显;不同围压下循环荷载后的不排水强度比、初始切线模量比及破坏比,皆与动孔压比之间有良好的归一化关系;粉土循环荷载后的应力应变关系可以用双曲线模型来描述,模型计算值与试验实测值基本吻合。     

降雨条件下双层土坡的模型实验研究

针对降雨入渗非均质土坡的稳定问题,建立双层边坡模型进行人工降雨实验,对坡体进行含水率和孔隙水压力监测,得到了非均质土坡在降雨条件下含水率和孔隙水压力更真实的变化。基于模型实验结果的分析,得出变化规律如下:①坡体渗流趋于稳定时,含水率、孔隙水压力不仅和深度有关系,而且也与土体物理性质有关。这与均质土坡的渗流状态明显不同;②坡体含水率、孔隙水压力在降雨过程中,响应时间随深度增大而增大。雨后过程中,下层土体含水率、孔隙水压力降低速度大于上层;③相同雨强条件下,坡体含水率和孔隙水压力随降雨历时而不断增大。降雨强度越大,坡体的孔隙水压力和含水率响应时间越早,但在坡体浅表层这种时间效应不明显;④对于降雨过程中能达到稳定渗流状态的土坡,前期降雨量主要影响降雨过程中含水率和孔隙水压力的变化。研究成果为降雨入渗条件下非均质非饱和土边坡的稳定分析提供了依据。     

不同动应力比下加筋前后砾性土的动三轴试验分析

针对加筋前后饱和砾性土填料的动力特性,开展循环荷载下饱和砾性土动三轴试验。对比分析不同动应力比下加筋作用对饱和砾性土轴向累积应变、回弹模量和动孔隙水压力等动力特性的影响,并对不同动应力比下的轴向累积应变与振次关系进行拟合分析。结果表明:加筋前后,试样的轴向累积应变均随动应力比的增大而增大;与加筋前相比,加筋后的试样轴向累积应变均有减小;加筋前后,试样的回弹模量均随动应力比的增大而增大,且加筋试样的回弹模量均大于无筋试样;随着动应力比的增大,无筋试样的动孔隙水压力减小,加筋试样动孔隙水压力变化不大。加筋前后,砾性土轴向累积应变与振次的拟合公式和拟合参数可为预测加筋砾性土在长期循环荷载作用下的累积变形提供参考。     

坝前淤泥土固结-渗透耦合特性试验研究

为研究坝前淤泥土在不同荷载下固结-渗透耦合特性,对分别取自10、50、100 cm深度处的坝前淤泥土样进行固结-渗透耦合试验,研究其孔隙比、渗透系数随固结压力的变化规律以及不同深度处孔隙比与渗透系数之间的关系。结果表明:在同一荷载作用下,随着深度的增加,淤泥土样的变形量逐渐减小,当荷载达到800 kPa时,10 cm深度处的压缩变形量为5.32 mm,50 cm深度处的压缩变形量为4.92 mm,100 cm深度处的压缩变形量为4.54 mm;不同深度处的淤泥土孔隙比随着荷载的增大逐渐减小,e—lg p曲线均表现出直线状态,孔隙比与固结压力之间呈现明显的对数关系;不同深度处的淤泥土渗透系数均随着固结压力的增大而减小,后期降低较缓慢,呈现明显的非线性,且孔隙比与渗透系数关系密切,渗透系数随孔隙比的减小而逐渐减小,利用单指数衰减方程可以较好地表达淤泥土渗透系数与固结压力及孔隙比与渗透系数之间的关系。     

动荷载作用下饱和粉土动力特性研究

为了分析不同动强度影响因素的动荷载作用下黄河冲洪积粉质土的动应力—动应变发展规律,模拟了一定振动频率的循环荷载的动三轴试验。试验选用郑州市东北部分布广泛的粉土,分析了动应力幅值、循环振动次数、固结围压、固结比等对粉土动力特性的影响,从动应力—动应变关系研究了动荷载作用下粉土的动力特性。试验结果表明:饱和粉土的动应力—动应变的发展与土样的动强度影响因素有关;在循环荷载作用下,因动荷载与围压比值的不同,试样呈现出三种形态;随动荷载作用次数的增加,在同等动应力幅值作用下,试样抵抗外力引起变形的能力越来越差,其弹性模量随振动次数增加而减小、随围压的增加而增大。     

干湿循环条件下不同初始干密度土体的力学特性

利用应力-应变控制式三轴剪切渗透试验仪,测试了大连地区典型粉质黏土试样干湿循环前后的力学特性。通过对干湿循环前后试样固结不排水剪切试验的应力-应变关系、孔隙水压力和有效应力路径等试验结果的对比分析,探讨了干湿循环对不同初始干密度土体力学特性的影响,结果表明：土体对干湿循环的响应与土体的初始干密度有关。干湿循环使得初始干密度为1.61g/cm3的试样的应力-应变关系曲线由应变硬化转变为应变软化,孔隙水压力的发展由先增加后减小转变为孔压持续增长,循环前后有效应力路径的发展趋势发生了明显变化。初始干密度1.71g/cm3和1.76g/cm3试样干湿循环前后的应力-应变关系曲线形式未发生明显改变,干湿循环致使孔隙水压力的峰值所有增加,剪切初始阶段的有效应力路径位于未循环试样的左侧。干湿循环前后土体的电镜扫描（SEM）试验发现,干湿循环导致土骨架的结构性转变。干湿循环过程中试样内部结构调整和基质吸力的压密作用使得土体的力学特性发生了不可逆转的变化。     

干湿循环条件下不同初始干密度土体的力学特性

利用应力-应变控制式三轴剪切渗透试验仪,测试了大连地区典型粉质黏土试样干湿循环前后的力学特性。通过对干湿循环前后试样固结不排水剪切试验的应力-应变关系、孔隙水压力和有效应力路径等试验结果的对比分析,探讨了干湿循环对不同初始干密度土体力学特性的影响,结果表明:土体对干湿循环的响应与土体的初始干密度有关。干湿循环使得初始干密度为1.61g/cm3的试样的应力-应变关系曲线由应变硬化转变为应变软化,孔隙水压力的发展由先增加后减小转变为孔压持续增长,循环前后有效应力路径的发展趋势发生了明显变化。初始干密度1.71g/cm3和1.76g/cm3试样干湿循环前后的应力-应变关系曲线形式未发生明显改变,干湿循环致使孔隙水压力的峰值所有增加,剪切初始阶段的有效应力路径位于未循环试样的左侧。干湿循环前后土体的电镜扫描(SEM)试验发现,干湿循环导致土骨架的结构性转变。干湿循环过程中试样内部结构调整和基质吸力的压密作用使得土体的力学特性发生了不可逆转的变化。     

干湿循环条件下干燥应力历史对粉质黏土饱和力学特性的影响

以大连地区典型粉质黏土为研究对象,对经历不同干燥应力历史的粉质黏土试样在饱和条件下进行了固结不排水三轴剪切试验。通过对各组试样固结不排水剪切试验的应力-应变关系、孔隙水压力和有效应力路径等试验结果的对比分析,探讨了干燥应力历史对粉质黏土饱和力学特性的影响。固结不排水三轴剪切试验结果表明:干湿循环过程中粉质黏土在饱和条件下的力学特性变化与历史干燥应力有关,历史干燥应力越大,土体在饱和条件下的力学特性变化越明显。相同围压条件下,干湿循环试样的初始剪切刚度比未经历干湿循环的原始试样要高,历史干燥应力越大,初始剪切刚度增长越明显。随着历史干燥应力的增加,干湿循环试样的应力-应变曲线逐渐由应变硬化转变为应变软化,孔隙水压力的发展由先增加后减小转变为孔压持续增长,有效应力路径逐渐由"S"型转变为向左下方发展。干湿循环过程引起了土体的不可逆体积压缩和微裂隙的发展,进而影响土体的饱和力学特性。     

低液限粉土力学特性及其在渠道工程中的应用

低液限粉土是一种劣质填料,在我国西北部地区分布广泛,压实度是影响低液限粉土力学性质的重要因素之一。为分析压实度对低液限粉土力学特性的影响,分别对不同压实度低液限粉土和低液限粉土渠道和进行饱和固结不排水三轴压缩试验和三维有限差分元计算。结果表明,随压实度增大,低液限粉土破坏强度逐渐增大,且随围压增大,压实度对低液限粉土强度影响逐渐减小;压实度越大,颗粒接触越紧密,剪切过程中颗粒仍然是接触的,原本由颗粒承担的压力仍然基本由原有的颗粒承担,颗粒传给孔隙水的压力很小,压实度增大孔隙水压力越小;随压实度增大,低液限粉土渠道最大沉降量逐渐减小,渠道最大沉降量与压实度呈指数关系。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。