基于RSVP-TE信令的GMPLS动态性能研究

主要介绍通用多协议标签交换信令性能及测试的相关工作.指出目前急需对多协议标签交换动态性能进行描述,并提出了一组多协议标签交换动态性能参数以期能对网络运营商、设备制造商和应用程序设计者有一定的帮助.最后给出了在现有多协议标签交换光网络平台上的测试结果并对其进行了分析,并讨论了进一步的研究方向.     

Fault management in IP-over-WDM networks: WDM protection versus IPrestoration

We consider an IP-over-WDM network in which network nodes employ optical crossconnects and IP routers. Nodes are connected by fibers to form a mesh topology. Any two IP routers in this network can be connected together by an all-optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) channel, called a lightpath, and the collection of lightpaths that are set up form a virtual topology. In this paper, we concentrate on single fiber failures, since they are the predominant form of failures in optical networks. Since each lightpath is expected to operate at a rate of few gigabits per second, a fiber failure can cause a significant loss of bandwidth and revenue. Thus, the network designer must provide a fault-management technique that combats fiber failures. We consider two fault-management techniques in an IP-over-WDM network: (1) provide protection at the WDM layer (i.e., set up a backup lightpath for every primary lightpath) or (2) provide restoration at the IP layer (i.e., overprovision the network so that after a fiber failure, the network should still be able to carry all the traffic it was carrying before the fiber failure). We formulate these fault-management problems mathematically, develop heuristics to find efficient solutions in typical networks, and analyze their characteristics (e.g., maximum guaranteed network capacity in the event of a fiber failure and the recovery time) relative to each other     

用于Mesh光网络快速保护恢复的GMPLS信令机制的扩展

分析了Mesh光网络保护机制和恢复机制,并对GMPLS信令机制进行了扩展,给出了扩展后实现保护恢复的协议格式和信令流程,最后依据实验数据给出扩展的GMPLS信令机制的保护、恢复时间的仿真结果.     

Improving TCP performance in ad hoc networks using signal strength based link management

Mobility in ad hoc networks causes frequent link failures, which in turn causes packet losses. TCP attributes these packet losses to congestion. This incorrect inference results in frequent TCP re-transmission time-outs and therefore a degradation in TCP performance even at light loads. We propose mechanisms that are based on signal strength measurements to alleviate such packet losses due to mobility. Our key ideas are (a) if the signal strength measurements indicate that a link failure is most likely due to a neighbor moving out of range, in reaction, facilitate the use of temporary higher transmission power to keep the link alive and, (b) if the signal strength measurements indicate that a link is likely to fail, initiate a route re-discovery proactively before the link actually fails. We make changes at the MAC and the routing layers to predict link failures and estimate if a link failure is due to mobility. We also propose a simple mechanism at the MAC layer that can help alleviate false link failures, which occur due to congestion when the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol is used. We compare the above proactive and reactive schemes and also demonstrate the benefits of using them together and along with our MAC layer extension. We show that, in high mobility, the goodput of a TCP session can be improved by as much as 75% at light loads (when there is only one TCP session in the network) when our methods are incorporated. When the network is heavily loaded (i.e., there are multiple TCP sessions in the network), the proposed schemes can improve the aggregate goodput of the TCP sessions by about 14–30%, on average.     

一种基于m:n策略的MPLS网络故障恢复性能评估方法

m:n结构是一种尚未得到深入研究的MPLS网络故障恢复策略。基于保护域的概念,针对m:n策略,本文提出了一种具有QoS约束的故障恢复机制,定义了故障恢复性能参量,给出了数学推导,提出了一种故障恢复性能的评估模型。分析表明,相对于1:1和1:n,基于m:n策略可使网络故障恢复性能得到改善。     

Path selection algorithms for fault tolerance in wireless mesh networks

Recently Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have emerged as a key technology for providing high-bandwidth networking among peer nodes over a specific coverage area. Features such as low cost, ease of deployment, self-configuration and self-healing make them one of the most promising global telecommunication systems. Despite their advantages, however, several research challenges remain in all protocol layers. In this paper, we address the main challenging issues related to the routing aspects in a WMN. Routing in such networks is performed through multi-hop paths where intermediate nodes cooperatively make forwarding decisions based on their knowledge regarding the network topology. However, in an unideal dynamic environment due to frequent or rare node failures/misbehavior, traditional ad-hoc routing protocols suffer from high routing overhead or energy consumption. Motivated by this, we propose several path selection algorithms which adapt to such topology dynamics. The main objective of these routing schemes is to provide fault tolerance without sacrificing the energy and computational complexity efficiency. Numerical investigations, based on extensive simulations, validate the effectiveness of our proposals even when faulty nodes subsist in the environment.     

Challenges and requirements for introducing impairment-awareness into the management and control planes of ASON/GMPLS WDM networks

The absence of electrical regenerators in transparent WDM networks significantly contributes to reduce the overall network cost. In transparent WDM networks, a proper resource allocation requires that the presence of physical impairments in routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) and lightpath provisioning be taken into account. In this article a centralized, a hybrid centralized-distributed and two distributed approaches that integrate information about most relevant physical impairments in RWA and lightpath provisioning are presented and assessed. Both centralized and hybrid approaches perform a centralized path computation at the management-plane level, utilizing physical impairment information, while the lightpath provisioning is done by the management plane or the control plane, respectively. The distributed approaches fall entirely within the scope of the ASON/GMPLS control plane. For these two approaches, we provide functional requirements, architectural functional blocks, and protocol extensions for implementing either an impairment-aware real-time RWA, or a lightpath provisioning based on impairment-aware signaling     

Mobility management using dynamic cross-layer signaling in heterogeneous wireless networks

Wireless Networks - Vertical handover cross-layer designs lack automatic adaption with different applications. The upper layers in a cross-layer design need to be aware of the events in the lower...     

Guest editorial. Common channel signaling networks: performance,engineering protocols, and capacity management

An introductory article covers SS7 protocol, services, reliability, performance, and congestion control. Following the introductory article, the papers are arranged in three sections. The largest section is on performance analysis and congestion control. The papers in the second section address several issues relevant to the network level, including the impact of new services. The last section of this issue contains papers that highlight technical issues for future studies. This section carries a dual purpose: to introduce the preliminary results achieved by the authors and to suggest directions for additional work in this area     

Design of a GMPLS control plane with PCE-based impairment-aware full restoration capability for translucent WSON: Enabling techniques,service demonstration,and performance evaluation

The control plane techniques based on the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) and Path Computation Element (PCE) architectures are promising candidates for potential industrial deployment in Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSON), because they can greatly reduce operational expenses and improve the network intelligence. Moreover, link failures have a critical effect on WSON, since a single failure may result in the loss of a huge amount of data. In light of this, in this paper, we detail the design and implementation of a GMPLS control plane, with PCE-based, impairment-aware, full restoration capability for translucent WSON. We investigate the enabling techniques for such a PCE/GMPLS control plane by surveying a series of solutions, and, based on these enabling techniques, we present an experimental demonstration of service recovery for uncompressed video stream in a GMPLS controlled WSON with PCE-based full lightpath restoration. We also quantitatively evaluate the performance of the PCE-based full restoration, and compare it with the PCE-based pre-planned restoration and the PCE-based pre-computed dynamic restoration in terms of signaling latency and restorability. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the PCE-based full restoration is experimentally investigated on an actual GMPLS controlled WSON testbed, which is beneficial for verifying the overall feasibility and efficiency of the proposed solutions, obtaining valuable insights for its future deployment in a real operational scenario, and providing active contribution in support of the on-going Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardization activities.     

Challenges for GMPLS lightpath provisioning in transparent optical networks: wavelength constraints in routing and signaling - [Topics in optical communications]

GMPLS has introduced several enhancements to the MPLS-TE routing and signaling control plane protocols to handle dynamic lightpath provisioning in wavelength-routed networks. Specifically, the GMPLS signaling protocol has been enhanced to support two new provisioning functionalities, namely, the minimization of the setup delay, and the setup of bidirectional connection requests. In both cases, the source node must perform a wavelength allocation for either minimizing the setup delay (i.e., the suggested label) or requesting a bidirectional connection (i.e., the upstream label). However, these GMPLS provisioning functionalities present important deficiencies when applied to wavelength-routed networks with the wavelength continuity constraint, degrading the network performance considerably. The reason is that the standard GMPLS routing protocols flood link attributes only at bandwidth granularity, that is, no per-wavelength channel granularity is disseminated. Therefore, the source node is unable to perform an optimal wavelength assignment that fulfils the wavelength continuity constraint along the complete route toward the destination. In this article we present and experimentally evaluate an enhanced routing-based solution in the ADRENALINE testbed to handle the wavelength continuity constraint.     

Integrated link adaptation and power control to improve error and throughput performance in broadband wireless packet networks

In this paper, we prove that the problem of maximizing data throughput by adaptive modulation and power control while meeting packet error requirements is NP-complete. A heuristic algorithm for integrated link adaptation and power control is, thus, proposed to achieve specified error rates and to improve overall throughput for real-time applications in broadband wireless packet networks. The algorithm divides terminals into groups according to their signal path gains and periodically adapts transmissions based on the required error rates, actual error statistics, and average transmission power of each terminal group. Transmission power is adjusted by an enhanced Kalman-filter method to ensure successful reception. Extensive simulation results reveal that the algorithm consistently delivers the specified error performance and attempts to maximize network throughput for a wide range of parameter settings.     

Capacity versus robustness: a tradeoff for link restoration in meshnetworks

Link recovery in high-speed four-fiber networks can be achieved using dynamic searches, covers of rings, or generalized loopback. We present a method to provide link recovery for all links in a network without using all links for backup traffic transmission. The method extends generalized loopback to operate on a subgraph of the full backup graph. The backup capacity on such links can then be used to carry unprotected traffic, i.e., traffic that is not recovered in case of a failure, while primary fibers on the links retain failure protection. Although all primary fibers remain fully robust to single-link failures, reserving links for unprotected traffic reduces a network's ability to recover from multiple failures. We explore the tradeoff between capacity and robustness to two-link failures for several typical high-speed optical fiber networks, comparing the properties of three link-restoration algorithms based on generalized loopback with the properties of covers of rings. Our results demonstrate robustness comparable or superior to that available with covers of rings while providing an additional unprotected traffic capacity of roughly 20% of the network's primary capacity     

Mobility management for all-IP mobile networks: mobile IPv6 vs. proxy mobile IPv6 [architectures and protocols for mobility management in all-IP mobile networks]

Recently, a network-based mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is being actively standardized by the IETF NETLMM working group, and is starting to attract considerable attention among the telecommunication and Internet communities. Unlike the various existing protocols for IP mobility management such as Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), which are host-based approaches, a network-based approach such as PMIPv6 has salient features and is expected to expedite the real deployment of IP mobility management. In this article, starting by showing the validity of a network-based approach, we present qualitative and quantitative analyses of the representative host-based and network-based mobility management approaches (i.e., MIPv6 and PMIPv6), which highlight the main desirable features and key strengths of PMIPv6. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison among the various existing well-known mobility support protocols is investigated. Although the development of PMIPv6 is at an early stage yet, it is strongly expected that PMIPv6 will be a promising candidate solution for realizing the next-generation all-IP mobile networks.     

Policy-driven automated reconfiguration for performance management in WDM optical networks

A key feature of optical networks based on WDM technology is the ability to optimize the configuration of optimal resources (i.e., wavelengths) with respect to a particular traffic demand. In the broadcast architecture, this involves the assignment of wavelengths to logical links, while in the optically switched architecture it additionally involves the routing of all-optical data paths known as lightpaths. This survey article is concerned with the problem of automatically updating the configuration of an optical network to accommodate changes in traffic demand, which entails making a reconfiguration policy decision, selecting a new configuration and migrating from the current to the new configuration. Existing solutions are classified according to their algorithmic properties, and compared on the basis performance, computational cost, and flexibility. Finally, open problems and research directions are discussed.     

TINA for services and advanced signaling and control in nextgeneration networks

This article describes solutions that use the Telecommunications Information Networking Architecture and its advanced service architecture and call model, for the definition of services and advanced signaling and control in next-generation networks. It presents both the solutions for extending traditional signaling and/or interacting and interworking with it, and the way the TINA service architecture can constitute an intelligent service platform providing multiple value-added services to the PSTN and the Internet. In each case, the article provides details and examples to demonstrate the case and illustrate the solutions for trendy technologies such as mobile and the Internet     

Performance management issues in ATM networks: traffic andcongestion control

The goal is first to introduce performance monitoring aspects of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks and then to focus on traffic and congestion control schemes. To deal with this performance monitoring management, a framework for defining a generic intelligent and integrated model for network management is described. As an example of the efficiency of this intelligent management architecture, we measure the performance of a new congestion control scheme. This scheme uses the cell loss priority (CLP) bit, the explicit forward congestion indicator and the explicit backward congestion indicator. The intelligent management uses different parameters and builds a complex but efficient control scheme. We show that this new control scheme allows performance to be increased by an order of magnitude     

A signaling and control architecture for mobility support in wireless ATM networks

This paper presents a signaling and control architecture for mobility support in a wireless ATM network that provides integrated broadband services to mobile terminals. A system level protocol architecture for a wireless ATM network is outlined. The proposed protocol stack incorporates new wireless link MAC, DLC and wireless control sublayers, together with appropriate mobility extensions to the existing ATM network control layer. Wireless control and ATM signaling capabilities required for mobility support are discussed, and preliminary solutions are given for selected major functions. Potential extensions to standard Q.2931 ATM signaling are proposed to support handoff and service parameter/QoS renegotiation required for mobility. An associated wireless control protocol for supporting terminal migration, resource allocation, and handoff is discussed. Preliminary experimental results are given which validate the proposed handoff control protocol on an ATM network testbed.     

Error control for multimedia communications in wireless sensor networks: A comparative performance analysis

The emerging multimedia applications of Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) impose new challenges in design of algorithms and communication protocols for such networks. In the view of these challenges, error control is an important mechanism that enables us to provide robust multimedia communication and maintain Quality of Service (QoS). Despite the existence of some good research works on error control analysis in WSNs, none of them provides a thorough study of error control schemes for multimedia delivery. In this paper, a comprehensive performance evaluation of Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), Forward Error Correction (FEC), Erasure Coding (EC), link-layer hybrid FEC/ARQ, and cross-layer hybrid error control schemes over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSNs) is performed. Performance metrics such as energy efficiency, frame Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), frame loss rate, cumulative jitter, and delay-constrained PSNR are investigated. The results of our analysis show how wireless channel errors can affect the performance of multimedia sensor networks and how different error control scenarios can be effective for those networks. The results also provide the required insights for efficient design of error control protocols in multimedia communications over WSNs.