深圳市大型综合医院建筑实态分析

以深圳市500床位以上的大型综合医院为研究对象,从功能与空间演变、交通与流线组织两方面入手,对特区成立30年来的大型综合医院建筑存在的问题和发展趋势进行了深入分析,以期对今后的医院设计提供参考。     

Epidemiological monitoring in the vicinity of a coal-fired power plant

An epidemiological monitoring program has been designed and put into operation in response to a health monitoring requirement of a permit to build a coal-fired power plant. It will consist of four 350 megawatt units and is being built on the Mediterranean coast about halfway between Tel-Aviv and Haifa; the first unit became operational in 1981.The resident population within a 10 km. radius consists of about 69,000 persons. The permit to build this power plant required the installation of a comprehensive monitoring network including environmental, health and agricultural monitoring. Four types of studies are included in the epidemiological monitoring program: mortality analyses, monitoring of requests for health services, studies of pulmonary symptoms and lung function in school children, and panel studies of children and adults with chronic pulmonary conditions. Areas of maximal expected exposure risk and two other comparable areas of lesser risk were chosen, based on expected emissions, meteorological and topographical considerations; baseline data were gathered for a year prior to the operation of the first unit of the power plant. Subsequent data are planned to be collected for another 10 years. The program permits detection of short-term effects based on increases in health service requests, medium-term effects by repeat examination of panelists, and long-term effects based on pulmonary conditions among school children. The initial survey, before plant operations showed, among other things, lower flow rates for children in the area expected to have medium levels of exposure.     

生物传感器在环境监测中的应用进展

介绍了生物传感器的基本组成、工作原理、分类及其在环境监测上的应用,主要有生化需氧量的测定、酸雨、水体富营养化、细菌总数、硫化物、有机农药、表面活性剂、酚等的测定等,同时探讨了生物传感器存在的不足,并对生物传感器的发展方向及前景进行了展望。     

A survey of environmental tobacco smoke controls in California office buildings

A survey of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) controls in California office buildings was carried out to obtain information of the type and distribution of ETS controls in office buildings and to evaluate the effectiveness of various ETS controls. A total of 118 smoking areas in 111 county and city buildings were inspected to collect information on the type of ETS controls. Only 31% of the smoking areas inspected were physically separated from nonsmoking areas with full floor-to-true-ceiling walls, 25% exhausted air to the outside, and 38% did not recirculate air to non-smoking areas. A total of 23 smoking areas and their adjacent non-smoking areas in 21 buildings were monitored for nicotine and fluorescent particulate matter (FPM). A tracer gas, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), was released in smoking areas to measure the air leakage from smoking areas to adjacent non-smoking areas. The measurements of nicotine, FPM, and SF6 have shown large variations of the effectiveness of ETS controls. The least effective type of smoking area studied were open areas with no physical barriers between smoking and nonsmoking areas, no exhaust to the outside and no return air separation. On the contrary, smoking rooms with three ETS controls (i.e., physical separation, exhaust to outside, and no air recirculation) were the most effective design in containing ETS within smoking areas.     

环境监测中有机污染物分析的特点

论述了环境监测中有机污染物分析的特点,包括样品前处理、监测仪器、人员要求等,内容涉及有机污染物监测的流程、各种前处理技术、分析仪器等,提出了我国培养有机污染物监测技术人员的必要性。     

Stable lead isotopes in environmental health with emphasis on human investigations

There has been widespread use of stable lead isotopes in the earth sciences for more than 40 years focussed on the origin and age of rocks and minerals with lesser application in environmental investigations where the emphasis has been directed typically to the source of lead in environmental media such as air, water and soils.In contrast, the number of environmental health investigations focussed on humans (and primates) is limited in spite of the demonstrated utility of the approach in pioneering studies in the early 1970's. This paper reviews the status of lead isotopes in human investigations especially over the past 2 decades, the period over which most activity has taken place. Following a brief introduction to the method, examples are provided illustrating the use of lead isotopes in a wide spectrum of activities including sources and pathways of lead in diverse environments from urban to mining communities, various applications associated with pregnancy, the contribution of bone lead to blood lead including in the elderly, the half-life of lead in blood, and lead in bones and other media. A brief outline of critical research on non-human primates is also given. The lead isotope method is a powerful technique for tracing lead and could be employed more widely in human investigations.     

Regional variations in particulate matter composition and the ability of monitoring data to represent population exposures

Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that relative risks for mortality associated with ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations vary with location in the U.S. with larger associations in both magnitude and strength observed in the East compared to the West. Two factors potentially contributing to the regional heterogeneity in PM-mortality associations observed are regional variations in PM composition and the ability of a single PM concentration estimate to represent the community-average exposure for an entire study area, which may lead to regional differences in exposure error. Variations in PM composition and the proportion of the population living in proximity to ambient monitors, an indicator of potential exposure error, are examined for the 20 most populated and 10 mid-size study areas included in the National Morbidity, Mortality and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS). Clear differences in PM and in the proportion of the population living in proximity to ambient monitors are found for some of these cities. Differences in these exposure parameters may be interpreted more reasonably in terms of north-south differences compared to east-west differences, and may need to be considered when conducting future epidemiologic studies that aim to examine the factors that influence the regional variability in PM-mortality associations.     

Examining development-related uncertainties for environmental management: Strategic planning scenarios in Southern California

While landscape planning can help society meet its goals, the ultimate success of today's decisions will be determined, in part, by factors that are difficult to control or to forecast. This study explored how uncertainties related to urban growth in the biologically rich, but rapidly developing area between Los Angeles and San Diego might influence the natural systems of the region and, in turn, contribute to land stewardship pressures. The work was focused through a set of ecological management concerns of the region's military installations. As urbanization removes or degrades habitat, these large and largely un-built properties are increasingly important for the maintenance of regional biodiversity. Looking forward, stakeholders are asking how might growth affect the “rules of engagement” that allow the military to fulfill its mission and native species to continue to exist in the area? A set of scenarios describe possible interactions of macro-scale forces of change and commensurate regional responses; associated analyses locate and quantify the consequences. Each scenario presents unique potential challenges and the set captures a range of alternative management contexts. In examining what the future might become rather than what it should become, this approach provides a geographic vulnerability analysis that can help stakeholders assess the long-term success of pending local environmental plans and, thereby, make decisions that are more robust to uncertainties related to exogenous forces of change.     

Predicting blood lead levels from current and past environmental data in Europe

The present case study on lead in Europe illustrates the use of the Integrated Monitoring Framework Strategy to assess the health outcome of environmental pollution by evaluating the associations between lead in various environmental compartments (air, soil, dust, drinking water and diet) and lead concentrations in blood (B-Pb) for various age-related sub-populations. The case study was aimed to investigate whether environmental, exposure and biomonitoring data at general population level, covering all EU member states, could be integrated. Although blood lead has been monitored extensively in Europe, consistent datasets are not yet available. Data diverge with regard to objectives, regional scale, sampling years, gender, age groups and sample size.Significant correlations were found between B-Pb and the concentrations of Pb in air and diet. The significant decrease of the Pb in air over time from 0.31 μg/m³ (P95: 0.94; n = 98) prior to 1990 to 0.045 μg/m³ (P95: 0.11; n = 256) in 2007 (latest observations included) (Δ = − 85%) corresponds to a decline in B-Pb by 48% and 57% in adult women and adult men, respectively. For pre-school children a more shallow decline in B-Pb of 16% was calculated over the same period. Similarly, the reduction in Pb-dietary intake from on average 68.7 μg/d (P95: 161.6; n = 19) in 1978 to 35.7 μg/d (P95: 82.3; n = 33) in the years post 2000 (Δ = − 48%) is paralleled by a decline in B-Pb of 32, 33 and 19% in adult women, primary- and pre-school children, respectively. Insufficient data exist for other age groups to calculate statistically significant correlations.Although regression models have been derived to predict B-Pb for different sub-populations in Europe based on Pb concentrations in air and soil as well as dietary intake, it is concluded that the available data are insufficient to accurately predict actual and future simultaneous exposure to Pb from various environmental compartments, and as a consequence the health impact of Pb for various target populations at EU scale. At least due to data availability, air Pb remains the best predictor of B-Pb in the population. However, lead emission sources have largely been reduced and inhalation of lead in air is not causal to B-Pb levels. Therefore, there is a need of adequate data for Pb in soil and house dust, and in diet and drinking water as these are causal exposure sources with a longer Pb half-life than air. An extended and more harmonized surveillance system monitoring B-Pb, especially in children, is urgently required in order to identify, quantify and reduce still remaining sources of Pb exposure.     

Risk of birth defects in a population exposed to environmental lead pollution.

To investigate the relation between environmental lead and risk of birth defects in humans, we examined the prevalence at birth of congenital anomalies in an industrial area of northern Italy heavily polluted with lead. Through a population-based registry of birth defects, we identified anomalies diagnosed during three consecutive periods characterized by decreasing environmental lead exposure, 1982-1986, 1987-1990 and 1991-1995. In the lead-polluted area, we observed an excess risk of cardiovascular defects which decreased from 2.59 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.68-3.82] in the first period to 1.18 (95% CI 0.62-2.06) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.57-1.54) in the subsequent periods. We also found an excess risk of oral clefts and musculoskeletal anomalies, with decreasing trends over time. We could not identify homogeneous patterns of temporal variation for other congenital anomalies, neither did we detect cases of neural tube defects. These results appear to support an association between severe parental lead exposure and specific birth defects.     

The graphical presentation of lead isotope data for environmental source apportionment

Lead isotope ratios are widely used to identify original sources of Pb in the environment. Such source apportionment depends on the ability to distinguish potential sources on the basis of their isotopic composition. However, almost all terrestrial Pb is co-linear in some of the plots i.e. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁸Pb versus ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb commonly presented in the literature. These diagrams are unable to distinguish more than two sources of environmental Pb. Linear trends in such plots are an inevitable consequence of the co-linearity of terrestrial leads and should not be taken necessarily to indicate simple binary mixing of sources. A more reliable test for multiple source mixing can be obtained from plots involving ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and therefore requires measurements of the minor ²⁰⁴Pb isotope.     

Morphology of enamel in primary teeth from children in Thailand exposed to environmental lead

Lead is one of the major environmental pollutants and a health risk. Dental hard tissues have a capacity to accumulate lead from the environment. Eighty exfoliated primary teeth were collected from children residing around a shipyard area in southern Thailand, known for its lead contamination. The morphology of the enamel was examined by polarized light microscopy (PLM), microradiography (MRG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The specimens derived from two groups of children, one group with high blood levels of lead (57 teeth) and one group having low blood levels of lead (23 teeth). The enamel irrespective of group appeared normal. However, in a majority of the specimens the enamel surface appeared hypomineralized, which was confirmed in SEM. No morphological changes connected to lead in blood could be found. The hypomineralized surface zone could possibly be attributed to an acid oral environment.     

Biological monitoring of environmental contaminants: Chlorinated hydrocarbons in eggs of hens

High concentrations of persistent chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues were detected by gas-liquid chromatography with an electron capture detector (³H), in eggs of hens collected from Lucknow under the pesticide monitoring programme. The present study reveals extremely high contamination of eggs, particularly with DDT and HCH residues. The eggs may be an important source of DDT and HCH build-up in the human body. Residue levels of p,p′-DDT and its metabolites p,p′-DDE and α, β and γ-isomers of HCH were higher in eggs of poultry-farm hens compared to those of domestic hens. Egg yolk contained higher levels compared with egg white, because of the lipophilic nature of pesticides and the high lipid content in the yolk. Average levels of total DDT and HCH residues in the yolk and white in the whole egg of a poultry-farm hen were found to be 18.5 and 4.6 μg respectively, whereas the average levels were 7.4 and 4.1 μg, respectively, in the whole egg of a domestic hen.     

A stable lead isotopic investigation of the use of sycamore tree rings as a historical biomonitor of environmental lead contamination

The validity of the use of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) tree-rings for the reconstruction of atmospheric lead pollution histories was investigated. Tree cores spanning 1892-2003 were collected from several sycamores from the eastern shore of Loch Lomond, Scotland, an area with no local point sources of lead emission. The lead concentration and 206Pb/207Pb profiles of the Loch Lomond region cores were compared with corresponding data for the 210Pb-dated loch sediment, and also with data for moss of known age from a Scottish herbarium collection. Two of the seven sycamore cores showed the same lead concentration trend as the lead flux to the loch, the rest having no similarity to either each other or the loch sediment record. Two further sycamore cores showed some similarity in their temporal 206Pb/207Pb trends to those seen in the sediment and moss records, but only in part of their profiles, whilst the 206Pb/207Pb ratios of the other sycamore cores remained relatively unchanged for the majority of the time covered, or exhibited an opposite trend. The 206Pb/207Pb ratios of the tree cores were also mostly higher than those of the previously established records for any given time period. Tree cores covering 1878-2002 were also collected along transects from Wanlockhead and Tyndrum, two areas of former lead mining and smelting associated with distinct 206Pb/207Pb ratios of 1.170 and 1.144, respectively. The Wanlockhead tree cores exhibited a generally decreasing trend in lead concentration with both time and distance from the lead mine. The characteristic 206Pb/207Pb ratio of 1.170 was observed in samples close to the mine but a decrease in the influence of the mine-derived lead was observed in more distant samples. The tree sampled at Tyndrum showed elevated lead concentrations, which decreased with time, and a fairly constant 206Pb/207Pb ratio of 1.15 reflecting input from the mine, features not observed in any other trees along the transect. Overall the data suggest that sycamore tree-ring analysis is an unsuitable method for obtaining records of historical lead deposition in areas with no large local lead input, although it can reveal some information about the temporal and spatial influence of point source emitters. The unsuitability probably arises from the number of active annual rings in a single year, the post-uptake radial translocation of elements, the relative importance of the different routes of uptake, and the soil depth(s) from which trees draw nutrients.     

Biological monitoring of lead effects in a smelter community before and after emission control

Biological monitoring of lead effects in specific population groups living in the vicinity of a lead smelter has been followed up after effective emission control, in order to estimate the length of time necessary before the characteristic indicators of increased lead absorption normalize. The period established could be a realistic basis for predicting the time necessary to elapse before a lead contaminated area can be proclaimed as safe for normal living. Three groups of subjects were examined: preschool children, school children and mothers. The biological monitoring included the measurement of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity (ALAD) and the concentration of zinc-protoporphyrin (ZPP), blood lead (Pb-B) and hemoglobin (Hb). The results obtained demonstrated a gradual normalization of the characteristic indicators of lead absorption, although they were still outside corresponding values in the control group even four years after the installation of effective emission control. These findings emphasize the advantages of biological monitoring over environmental for objective assessment of internal and external lead exposure following effective engineering control of the emission source.     

公路环境监理监测及与施工期环境监测的区别

阐述了公路工程环境监理监测的主要影响要素,如大气环境、水环境、声环境以及水土保持监理监测等,并分析了公路工程环境监理监测与施工期环境监测的区别,以更好地开展公路工程环境监理工作.     

建设项目竣工验收监测中环保设施效益分析

针对建设项目环境保护设施竣工验收监测工作，分析了在监测报告编制方面对环保设施效益分析不足或短缺的现象，论述了在监测报告编写当中进行环保设施效益分析的必要性，并研究了造成这种现象发生的主要原因，且根据工作实践，结合实例提出效益分析的一般思路和主要内容。