快点火靶金锥制备工艺

锥壳靶是惯性约束聚变快点火实验研究中的一种重要靶型。本工作采用精密车床加工与电镀技术制备锥壳靶用不同角度的金锥。主要介绍金锥电镀金层的制备工艺,讨论了电镀液配方、pH值、镀前处理、尖端效应等对金锥金层质量的影响。     

低温冷冻靶用聚合物泡沫球壳研制

利用三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯（TMPTA）的溶液聚合反应，结合多次乳化技术，制备出了惯性约束聚变低温冷冻靶用泡沫空心微球，密度约为50mg/cm^3，微球直径150－300μm，最大球径可达400μm以上，球形度好于955，泡沫蜂窝直径2－5μm。     

快点火物理及其对数值模拟的要求

快点火(fast ignition)是一种新的惯性约束聚交点火方式。实验和理论研究表明其点火环节是非常复杂和困难的问题。研究快点火需要深入地进行数值模拟。报告主要从分析物理出发,探讨快点火对数值模拟的要求,同时结合实际情况进行讨论。快点火主要包括三个过程,即内爆预压缩、超强激光在次临界等离子体中和在超临界密度等离子体中的传播(成道和打洞)、超热电子的产生及其在介质,特别是稠密介质中的传输和高温点火区的形成。研究认为:研究预压缩不仅需要一维、二维,而且需要三维激光靶耦合总体程序;超热电子需要包括电磁场的Fokker-Planck方程描述;点火过程的等离子体流体力学则需要考虑电子、离子双流运动方程,而且应包括电磁场。PIC程序可用来研究局部的细节,并提供上述方程所需要的参数。此外,报告还简述了近两年来的快点火实验和一些国家的未来的计划。     

与ICF快点火相关的激光等离子体研究

高强度紫外飞秒激光作为ICF“快点火”的点火驱动器具有独特的优势。第一,紫外光具有更大的临界密度,产生超热电子区域更靠近燃料区,这就简化了所有与把能量输运到燃料区的物理过程;第二,按照超热电子温度Iλ2定标率,在“快点火”要求的强度下（1020w/cm2）,紫外光刚好能够产生可以与燃料区高效率耦合的超热电子温度（1MeV）;此外,紫外光具有更好的可聚焦性,在较低的能量下就可以达到要求的强度。目前,大多数关于紫外飞秒激光与固体靶相互作用的研究集中于吸收机制和软X射线方面,关于硬X射线和超热电子方面的研究非常缺乏。Teubner等利用K-α线谱方法研究了KrF激光在固体靶中的吸收和超热电子产生,Broughto和Fedosjevs等研究了脉冲宽度为1～100ps的KrF激光辐照固体靶产生     

飞秒激光-薄膜靶相互作用中快电子和快质子前向发射的研究

采用飞秒激光与金属薄膜靶相互作用,测量了前向(靶背方向)发射的快电子和快质子.实验显示:快电子主要沿靶背法线附近发射且有较大的发散角,这与PIC模拟的结果一致;快质子发射方向与快电子大体一致,但其发散角远小于快电子.原因在于电子产生和加速在靶前(激光辐照面),在输运中受过密等离子体和靶的散射;而质子来源于靶背的含H污染物,并由靶法线鞘加速机制(TNSA)加速,未受散射地到达探测器.快电子和快质子能谱给出的快电子有效温度和质子最大能量较好地满足定标关系Emax=αTh,其中α≈2.     

激光多层靶的研制

文章简述了Ｃｕ－Ｆｏｒｍｖａｒ－Ａｌ－Ｆｏｒｍｖａｒ多层芭的制备工艺。其工艺过程是：先在载玻片上蒸镀Ｃｕ，再涂Ｆｏｒｍｖａｒ膜，脱膜装靶后再蒸镀Ａｌ。由于Ｆｏｒｍｖａｒ只受一次热蒸发，制备出了平整度满足要求的激光多层靶。     

"神光Ⅱ"基频直接驱动内爆出中子靶制备工艺

描述了"神光Ⅱ"基频直接驱动内爆出中子靶制备工艺.用该工艺制备的爆推靶、烧蚀靶在"神光Ⅱ"装置上用基频光进行物理实验,分别获得了4×109个中子和6×108个中子的高中子产额,与理论计算的中子产额值符合较好.     

激光直接驱动内爆中子产额实验诊断

利用激光驱动充 DT燃料的内爆靶丸 ,完成了“神光 ”激光装置首轮内爆出中子实验。通过超快猝灭塑料闪烁探测器测到了直接驱动内爆中子产额。中子产额 10 7～ 10 9,测量误差± 7%～± 10 %。中子产额实验值与理论部提供的计算值 (爆推靶 )在± 2 0 %范围内一致。     

Investigation of Fuel Energy Gain for Tritium-Poor Fuels in Fast Ignition Fusion Approach

One of the most fascinating ignition schemes for the inertial fusion energy that might be feasible is fast ignition.Its targets are ignited on the outside surface so there is no need to low density and high temperature center is required by central hot spot ignition.Fast ignition concept is noteworthy for a simple but fundamental reason:In principle it requires less total energy input to achieve ignition.In this paper,fuel energy and fuel energy gain of nearly pure deuterium capsule are calculated.This capsule is ignited by a deuterium-tritium seed,which would reduce the tritium inventory to a few percentages.The variations of fuel energy gain versus fuel density have been studied and submitted.On the basis of different physical parameters the following results of the investigation are presented and discussed.The energy gain curves for different tritium concentrations are found and limiting gain curves are derived.Finally,tritium-poor fast ignitor is compared to equimolar deuterium-tritium fast ignitor.     

快点火用氘代聚合物空心微球研究进展

氘代聚合物空心微球是惯性约束聚变快点火物理研究中亟需的一类靶丸。本文总结近年来国内外快点火物理实验中使用的氘代聚合物空心微球种类,介绍快点火物理实验对氘代聚合物空心微球质量的严苛要求和各类氘代聚合物空心微球的制备方法,重点阐述氘代聚合物空心微球质量的影响因素和研制进展,并指出氘代聚合物空心微球研制的发展方向。     

快堆堆芯抗震实验研究与有限元分析进展

堆芯的安全评价是快中子增殖反应堆抗震设计的一个重要问题。发生地震时,应该确保堆芯组件的结构完整性和核电厂能按要求紧急停堆。数百根堆芯组件之间存在着间隙,组件与堆芯支承处也存在间隙,整个堆芯被液钠包围,堆芯的抗震计算比较困难。本文重点介绍近年来法国、日本、意大利以及中国等国家针对快堆做过的一系列实验和理论研究进展情况。     

电沉积铀靶制备技术研究

研究了在水溶液体系中采用电沉积法制备铀靶的方法。以0.15mol/L草酸铵为电解液,铂丝为电极,通过考察阴极处理工艺、电流密度、电沉积时间、pH、温度、搅拌速度、镀液中UO2(NO3)2浓度等对电沉积效率及镀层质量的影响,确定了制备电沉积铀靶的最佳工艺参数,其中,沉积效率通过紫外分光光度法测得。在pH=2～3、电流密度60mA/cm2、保持温度60℃、镀液中UO2(NO3)2浓度约1.67mg/mL时沉积效率可达约98%。采用红外光谱、X射线能谱和扫描电镜等对铀沉积层进行了测试。结果显示,铀以水合聚合物的形式存在,可能的结构为[UO2(H2O)4-O-UO2(H2O)4-O],铀的沉积层的纯度较高,除检测到铀(65.35%)、氧(27.38%)、碳(5.46%)和铂(1.81%)外未引入其他杂质,镀层表面平整、致密,与衬底结合牢固。单次铀的电沉积层厚度可达6mg/cm2,采用高温烧结后重复电镀的方法可将电沉积铀的密度提高到6～8mg/cm2。     

Ultrahigh Acceleration of Plasma Blocks by Nonlinear Forces for Side-On Laser Ignition of Solid Density Fusion Fuel

A fundamental difference of very high intensity laser interaction with plasmas from solid targets appears with lasing at picosecond (ps) pulse durations in contrast to pulses of nanosec- onds (ns). This can be seen from the more than 10,000 times higher acceleration with ps pulse du- rations than with thermal pressure determined interaction. A ps pulse duration produces instantly acting high-efficiency nonlinear (ponderomotive) electrodynamic force dominated acceleration in contrast to heating with longer pulses. The ps pulses accelerate high-density plasma blocks. This can be used by a new scheme of side-on driven laser fusion with generating a flame ignition in uncompressed fusion fuel of solid density resulting in a reaction velocity of more than 2000 km/s for DT.     

金属铋靶件制备研究

采用高温化学萃取法可以从反应堆辐照后的金属铋（²⁰⁹Bi）中分离²¹⁰Po。设计了两种规格的金属铋靶件,用MCNP程序模拟靶件在中国先进研究堆（CARR）中的中子注量率及核发热情况,对两种靶件的传热进行计算。用氩弧焊对金属铋靶件进行焊接,对焊接后的靶件进行密封性检查。结果表明：两种靶件在CARR反应堆中满功率60 MW运行时中子注量率最大为5.21×10¹⁴ n/cm²·s,靶件总发热量分别为1 707 W和2 220 W,经传热计算后靶件中心温度分别为163.5 ℃和191.8 ℃,低于金属铋的熔点（271.3 ℃）。焊接后的靶件经密封性检查,泄漏率小于3.2×10^-9 Pa·m³/s,金属铋靶件可用于CARR反应堆辐照制备²¹⁰Po核素。     

The Potential of Fast Ignition and Related Experiments with a Petawatt Laser Facility

A model of energy gain induced by fast ignition of thermonuclear burn in compressed deuterium-tritium fuel, is used to show the potential for 300× gain with a driver energy of 1 MJ, if the National Ignition Facility (NIF) were to be adapted for fast ignition. The physics of fast ignition has been studied using a petawatt laser facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Laser plasma interaction in a preformed plasma on a solid target leads to relativistic self-focusing evidenced by x-ray images. Absorption of the laser radiation transfers energy to an intense source of relativistic electrons. Good conversion efficiency into a wide angular distribution is reported. Heating by the electrons in solid density CD₂ produces 0.5 to 1 keV temperature, inferred from the D-D thermo-nuclear neutron yield.     

Direct-Drive Implosion Experiments on the SG-II Laser Facility

SG-II, a 8-beam Nd:glass laser with an output energy capability of 6kJ at 1.053m, was built and direct-drive implosions were successfully performed early in 2000. Both exploding pusher and ablative targets were imploded using glass capsules with diameters of 200 and 500m, and a wall thickness of about 1m. The deuterium and tritium (DT) gas pressure filled in these capsules were 2.0 and 0.5MPa, respectively. Sophisticated diagnostics were deployed to measure laser absorption, hot electron temperature and fraction, thermal electron temperature, neutron yields, ion temperature, temporally resolved x-ray images, fuel areal density, alpha particle image, and so on. Significant results, such as neutron yields up to 4 × 10⁹ for exploding pushers with 100-ps laser pulse irradiation and 6 × 10⁸ for ablative targets with 1-ns pulses and clear x-ray images to see the compression process, were obtained. Numerical simulations were conducted to optimize target and laser parameter design and to duplicate the results afterwards with the specific shot parameters used in the experiment.