催化重整反应对层流火焰传播速度的影响

通过对冲火焰实验台测量了不同当量比下的甲烷与空气的预混气和经预催化后的预混气的层流火焰传播速度。结果表明，当甲烷和水蒸气经过催化重整反应后，预混气的火焰传播速度明显提高。同时，反应产生的氢气还扩展了甲烷的火焰传播界限（贫限）。此研究从实验角度证明催化重整反应产生的氢气对烃类燃料的火焰传播和稳定均有积极的影响。     

爆炸波除灰器中火焰传播及压力波形研究

燃烧气脉冲发生器应用于电站锅炉除灰。其工作原理是预混可燃气体在右端部分开口,内部有障碍物的容器中快速燃烧。形成一定的压力脉冲。并产生作用于积灰表面的射流和冲击波。火焰在湍流扰动装置的作用下不断加速。容器中的压力不断上升。火焰传播愈快,压力波形愈陡。压力锋值愈高。针对这些现象。主要研究了乙块、水煤气、液化石油气和甲烷四种燃料,在不同燃料浓度、不同阻塞比时对火焰传播的影响,分析了不同燃料浓度下对压力波形的影响。     

发动机缸内自燃着火与火焰传播的调控

在一台轻型光学发动机上对比了部分预混压燃(PPC)和燃料活性控制压燃(RCCI)两种燃烧模式的着火及燃烧发展过程,并分别探究了不同喷射策略对两种燃烧方式的影响.研究发现,对于PPC燃烧模式,混合气浓度分层越小,燃烧过程中自燃占比越高;混合气浓度分层越大,燃烧过程中火焰传播占比越高.对于RCCI燃烧模式,缸内直喷高活性燃料比例较高时,燃烧是从高活性区到低活性区分阶段顺序自燃;缸内直喷高活性燃料比例较低时,燃烧是火焰传播与自燃共同主导的过程.从而阐明了PPC和RCCI相较于均质压燃(HCCI)能够实现更高负荷高效清洁燃烧的本质是,燃烧发展历程从单纯的多点自燃燃烧转变为火焰传播与自燃共存.     

热薄材料表面火焰传播的三维效应

利用能够限制自然对流的水平窄通道,对薄材料表面逆风传播火焰的三维效应进行了实验研究,参数包括气流速度、氧气浓度、燃料宽度等.结果表明,在足够宽的通道内,火焰传播随燃料宽度的变化,表现出随氧气浓度和气流速度的不同而变化的三维特性.侧面热损失和氧气扩散对火焰传播的影响,在各种氧气浓度和气流速度下,都限于燃料宽度小于10倍扩散长度.     

逆风和静止环境中火焰沿柱状燃料传播的实验研究

本文测量不同直径的ＰＭＭＡ燃料捧在逆风和静止环境中的火焰传播速度，裂解长度和火焰形状，实验结果表明，在相同的燃料直径下，逆流风速越大，火焰传播速度较小，裂解区长度越小。火焰形状越平；在相同的逆流风速下，（１）当逆流风速于０．７ｍ／ｓ时，燃料直径越大，火焰传播速度越小；（２）当逆流风速大于０．７ｍ／ｓ时，燃料直径越大，火焰传播速度越大，当逆流风速较大时，不同直径燃料的无因次裂解长度趋现一致。     

缸内直喷CNG发动机喷射方式对火焰传播特性及性能的影响

火焰传播是点燃式发动机的主要燃烧方式,为了有效控制缸内直喷CNG发动机更稳定的稀薄燃烧过程,以实现高效率低排放,利用试验用单缸光学发动机,采用双喷射器缸内直喷CNG方式,在双火花塞点火的条件下,分析研究了不同喷射方式对火焰形成及传播特性以及发动机性能的影响.结果表明,双点点火时,缸内气流对首先形成的火焰具有"牵引"作用,而两个火焰由于形成时刻不同传播方式就有区别,且两个火焰之间具有"挤压或推动"作用,由此影响整体火焰传播速度;缸内火花塞附近混合气浓度越浓或不均匀性越大,循环波动越小,燃烧更稳定,但随混合气浓度分布不均匀性的增加,NOx排放也增加,表明基于混合气浓度不均匀性分布特性的燃烧过程中,NOx的生成机理不仅与高温富氧条件有关,而且还与浓度场分布特性有直接的关系.     

可燃固体颗粒堆中的逆向火焰传播

本研究考察了火焰在可燃固体颗粒堆中的传播过程．选取5 mm直径PMMA小球作为特征可燃物,以氧气和氮气的混合气作为氧化剂,在不同氧浓度和流速条件下对火焰传播速度和固体质量消耗速率进行了测量．研究表明,氧通量是影响火焰传播和质量消耗的主导因素．氧通量保持不变时,增大流速会缩短火焰前锋的气相预热长度,使其传播速度降低;同时,固相预热长度拉长导致质量消耗速率升高,使火焰传播速度与质量消耗速率呈现相反的变化趋势．     

大分子碳氢燃料预混射流火焰的化学反应器模拟

针对大分子碳氢燃料预混射流火焰进行模拟,建立一个基于化学反应器网络(CRN)的快速预测模型,对不同工况的大分子碳氢燃料预混射流火焰进行快速模拟.通过对3种(正庚烷、正癸烷、正十二烷)燃料在进口流量0.268～0.343 g/s,当量比0.8～1.2,混合气进口温度380～500 K下的射流火焰进行计算流体力学方法(CF...     

二甲醚湍流射流推举火焰的燃烧机理研究

对长、宽、高为650 mm×400 mm×12 mm的半闭口狭窄矩形通道（海伦-肖装置）内的甲烷/空气层流预混火焰传播过程进行了实验研究,探究当量比φ在0.6~1.2范围内、火焰传播角度ω在垂直向下-90°至垂直向上90°区间对火焰前锋轮廓发展及非标准层流火焰速度的影响。结果表明：火焰在通道内的传播分为热膨胀、准稳态传播和端壁效应3个阶段,每个阶段具有各自不同的前锋轮廓特征。由于瑞利-泰勒不稳定性机制的作用,所有当量比工况下向上传播的火焰均在准稳态传播阶段中呈现出明显的锋面褶皱与胞状结构;对向下传播的火焰而言,其在贫燃工况（φ为0.6,0.8）下的胞状不稳定性得到了有效抑制,而在当量比φ=1.0及富燃工况（φ=1.2）下,该稳定性效应并不显著。火焰瞬时速度与标准层流速度的比值Ui/UL,在φ=0.6的极贫燃工况与其他当量比工况下展现出明显不同的发展特性,极贫燃工况火焰向上传播时（ω=90°）,Ui/UL随着传播过程的进行一直增大,直到火焰触碰壁面末端熄灭,整个过程Ui/UL与火焰传播方向呈正相关关系;而对于其他当量比工况,Ui/UL在传播过程中均先升高后下降,火焰触碰壁面末端熄灭前其值趋于稳定,其平均速度与标准层流速度的比值Ua/UL在水平传播（ω=0°）时达到最大值。     

异丁醇/辛酸甲酯混合燃料预混层流火焰速度的研究

针对生物柴油与醇类混合燃料燃烧机理研究的需求,采用高速纹影光学诊断方法和定容燃烧弹系统试验研究了异丁醇/辛酸甲酯混合燃料的预混层流燃烧特性。测量了不同当量比和初始压力条件下的不同配比混合燃料—空气预混合气的层流燃烧火焰速度,火焰拉伸率以及马克斯坦长度。分析了燃烧初始条件及异丁醇掺混比例对混合燃料的无拉伸层流燃烧速度及火焰不稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:异丁醇/辛酸甲酯混合燃料的拉伸层流火焰传播速度和层流火焰燃烧速度随着当量比的增加先增加后减少,随着初始压力的增加而减小;马克斯坦长度随着当量比和初始压力的增加而减小;异丁醇掺混比例的增加加快了层流火焰燃烧速度,但使得火焰的不稳定性倾向增加。     

Extinction of laminar partially premixed flames

Flame extinction represents one of the classical phenomena in combustion science. It is important to a variety of combustion systems in transportation and power generation applications. Flame extinguishment studies are also motivated from the consideration of fire safety and suppression. Such studies have generally considered non-premixed and premixed flames, although fires can often originate in a partially premixed mode, i.e., fuel and oxidizer are partially premixed as they are transported to the reaction zone. Several recent investigations have considered this scenario and focused on the extinction of partially premixed flames (PPFs). Such flames have been described as hybrid flames possessing characteristics of both premixed and non-premixed flames. This paper provides a review of studies dealing with the extinction of PPFs, which represent a broad family of flames, including double, triple (tribrachial), and edge flames. Theoretical, numerical and experimental studies dealing with the extinction of such flames in coflow and counterflow configurations are discussed. Since these flames contain both premixed and non-premixed burning zones, a brief review of the dilution-induced extinction of premixed and non-premixed flames is also provided. For the coflow configuration, processes associated with flame liftoff and blowout are described. Since lifted non-premixed jet flames often contain a partially premixed or an edge-flame structure prior to blowout, the review also considers such flames. While the perspective of this review is broad focusing on the fundamental aspects of flame extinction and blowout, results mostly consider flame extinction caused by the addition of a flame suppressant, with relevance to fire suppression on earth and in space environment. With respect to the latter, the effect of gravity on the extinction of PPFs is discussed. Future research needs are identified.     

非预混火焰中温度与全息干涉测得的折射率之间的新状态关系

通过对3个非预混火焰的详细数值模拟,获得了一个全新的温度和折射率之间的状态关系.利用该状态关系能直接从折射率计算温度,而不需要当地组分信息.利用全息干涉实验和数值模拟结果,对4个不同高度的横断面的温度计算表明,这个状态关系将空气组分假设带来的误差从48.8%降低到4%以下.分析表明,该状态关系具有应用于化学当量比较大的预混合部分预混火焰的潜力.     

Radiation intensity imaging measurements of methane and dimethyl ether turbulent nonpremixed and partially premixed jet flames

Quantitative time-dependent images of the infrared radiation intensity from methane and dimethyl ether (DME) turbulent nonpremixed and partially premixed jet flames are measured and discussed in this work. The fuel compositions (CH₄/H₂/N₂, C₂H₆O/H₂/N₂, CH₄/air, and C₂H₆O/air) and Reynolds numbers (15,200–46,250) for the flames were selected following the guidelines of the International Workshop on Measurement and Computation of Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames (TNF Workshop). The images of the radiation intensity are acquired using a calibrated high speed infrared camera and three band-pass filters. The band-pass filters enable measurements of radiation from water vapor and carbon dioxide over the entire flame length and beyond. The images reveal localized regions of high and low intensity characteristic of turbulent flames. The peak mean radiation intensity is approximately 15% larger for the DME nonpremixed flames and 30% larger for the DME partially premixed flames in comparison to the corresponding methane flames. The trends are explained by a combination of higher temperatures and longer stoichiometric flame lengths for the DME flames. The longer flame lengths are attributed to the higher density of the DME fuel mixtures based on existing flame length scaling relationships. The longer flame lengths result in larger volumes of high temperature gas and correspondingly higher path-integrated radiation intensities near and downstream of the stoichiometric flame length. The radiation intensity measurements acquired with the infrared camera agree with existing spectroscopy measurements demonstrating the quantitative nature of the present imaging technique. The images provide new benchmark data of turbulent nonpremixed and partially premixed jet flames. The images can be compared with results of large eddy simulations rendered in the form of quantitative images of the infrared radiation intensity. Such comparisons are expected to support the evaluation of models used in turbulent combustion and radiation simulations.     

Structure of hydrogen triple flames and premixed flames compared

Triple flames consisting of lean, stoichiometric, and rich reaction zones may be produced in stratified mixtures undergoing combustion. Such flames have unique characteristics that differ from premixed flames. The present work offers a direct comparison of the structure and propagation behavior between hydrogen/air triple and premixed flames through a numerical study. Important similarities and differences are highlighted. Premixed flames are generated by spark-igniting initially quiescent homogeneous mixtures of hydrogen and air in a two-dimensional domain. Triple flame results are also generated in a two-dimensional domain by spark-igniting initially quiescent hydrogen/air stratified layers. Detailed flame structure and chemical reactivity information is collected along isocontours of equivalence ratio 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 in the triple flame for comparison with premixed flames at the same equivalence ratios. Full chemistry and effective binary diffusion coefficients are employed for all computations.     

A numerical study on NOx formation in laminar counterflow CH4/air triple flames

Formation of NO_x in counterflow methane/air triple flames at atmospheric pressure was investigated by numerical simulation. Detailed chemistry and complex thermal and transport properties were employed. Results indicate that in a triple flame, the appearance of the diffusion flame branch and the interaction between the diffusion flame branch and the premixed flame branches can significantly affect the formation of NO_x, compared to the corresponding premixed flames. A triple flame produces more NO and NO₂ than the corresponding premixed flames due to the appearance of the diffusion flame branch where NO is mainly produced by the thermal mechanism. The contribution of the N₂O intermediate route to the total NO production in a triple flame is much smaller than those of the thermal and prompt routes. The variation in the equivalence ratio of the lean or rich premixed mixture affects the amount of NO formation in a triple flame. The interaction between the diffusion and the premixed flame branches causes the NO and NO₂ formation in a triple flame to be higher than in the corresponding premixed flames, not only in the diffusion flame branch region but also in the premixed flame branch regions. However, this interaction reduces the N₂O formation in a triple flame to a certain extent. The interaction is caused by the heat transfer and the radical diffusion from the diffusion flame branch to the premixed flame branches. With the decrease in the distance between the diffusion flame branch and the premixed flame branches, the interaction is intensified.     

Effects of the external turbulence on centrally-ignited spherical unstable Ch4/H2/air flames in the constant-volume combustion bomb

In the present study, we conducted experiments to investigate the effects of external turbulence on the development of spherical H₂/CH₄/air unstable flames developments at two different equivalence ratios associated with different turbulent intensities using a spherical constant-volume turbulent combustion bomb and high speed schlieren photography technology. Flame front morphology and acceleration process were recorded and different effects of weak external turbulent flow field and intrinsic flame instability on the unstable flame propagation were compared. Results showed the external turbulence has a great influence on the unstable flame propagation under rich fuel conditions. For fuel-lean premixed flames, however, the effects of external turbulence on the morphology of the cellular structure on the flame front was not that obvious. Critical radius decreased firstly and then kept almost unchanged with the augment of the turbulence intensity. This indicated the dominating inhibiting effect of flame stretch on the turbulent premixed flame at the initial stage of the flame front development. Beyond the critical radius, the acceleration exponent was found increasing with the enhancement of initial turbulence intensity for fuel-lean premixed flames. For fuel-rich conditions, however, the initial turbulence intensity had little effect on acceleration exponent. In order to evaluate the important impact of the intrinsic flame instability and external turbulent flow field for spherical propagating premixed flames, intrinsic flame instability scale and average diameter of vortex tube were calculated. Intrinsic flame instability scale decreased greatly and then stayed unchanged with the propagation of the flame front. The comparison between intrinsic flame instability scale and average diameter of vortex tube demonstrated that the external turbulent flow filed will be more important for the evolution of wrinkle structure in the final stage of the flame propagation, when the turbulence intensity was more than 0.404 m/s.     

Experimental study on cellular instabilities in hydrocarbon/hydrogen/carbon monoxide–air premixed flames

To investigate cell formation in methane (or propane)/hydrogen/carbon monoxide-air premixed flames, the outward propagation and development of surface cellular instabilities of centrally ignited spherical premixed flames were experimentally studied in a constant pressure combustion chamber at room temperature and elevated pressures. Additionally, unstretched laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths of the mixtures were obtained by analyzing high-speed schlieren images. In this study, hydrodynamic and diffusional-thermal instabilities were evaluated to examine their effects on flame instabilities. The experimentally-measured unstretched laminar burning velocities were compared to numerical predictions using the PREMIX code with a H₂/CO/C₁-C₄ mechanism, USC Mech II, from Wang et al. [22]. The results indicate a significant increase in the unstretched laminar burning velocities with hydrogen enrichment and a decrease with the addition of hydrocarbons, whereas the opposite effects for Markstein lengths were observed. Furthermore, effective Lewis numbers of premixed flames with methane addition decreased for all of the cases; meanwhile, effective Lewis numbers with propane addition increase for lean and stoichiometric conditions and increase for rich and stoichiometric cases for hydrogen-enriched flames. With the addition of propane, the propensity for cell formation significantly diminishes, whereas cellular instabilities for hydrogen-enriched flames are promoted. However, similar behavior of cellularity was obtained with the addition of methane, which indicates that methane is not a candidate for suppressing cell formation in methane/hydrogen/carbon monoxide-air premixed flames.     

Experimental investigation on flame pattern formations of DME-air mixtures in a radial microchannel

Flame pattern formations of premixed DME-air mixture in a heated radial channel with a gap distance of 2.5 mm were experimentally investigated. The DME-air mixture was introduced into the radial channel through a delivery tube which connected with the center of the top disk. With an image-intensified high-speed video camera, rich flame pattern formations were identified in this configuration. Regime diagram of all these flame patterns was drawn based on the experimental findings in the equivalence ratio range of 0.6-2.0 and inlet velocity range of 1.0-5.0 m/s. Compared with our previous study on premixed methane-air flames, there are several distinct characteristics for the present study. First, Pelton-wheel-like rotary flames and traveling flames with kink-like structures were observed for the first time. Second, in most cases, flames can be stabilized near the inlet port of the channel, exhibiting a conical or cup-like shape, while the conventional circular flame was only observed under limited conditions. Thirdly, an oscillating flame phenomenon occurred under certain conditions. During the oscillation process, a target appearance was seen at some instance. These pattern formation characteristics are considered to be associated with the low-temperature oxidation of DME.     

Measurement of the instantaneous flame front structure of syngas turbulent premixed flames at high pressure

Instantaneous flame front structure of syngas turbulent premixed flames including the local radius of curvature, the characteristic radius of curvature, the fractal inner cutoff scale and the local flame angle were derived from the experimental OH-PLIF images. The CO/H₂/CO₂/air flames as a model of syngas/air combustion were investigated at pressure of 0.5 MPa and compared to that of CH₄/air flames. The convex and concave structures of the flame front were detected and statistical analysis including the PDF and ADF of the local radius of curvature and local flame angle were conducted. Results show that the flame front of turbulent premixed flames at high pressure is a wrinkled flame front with small scale convex and concave structures superimposed with large scale flame branches. The convex structures are much more frequent than the concave ones on flame front which reflects a general characteristic of the turbulent premixed flames at high pressure. The syngas flames possess much wrinkled flame front with much smaller fine cusps structure compared to that of CH₄/air flames and the main difference is on the convex structure. The effect of turbulence on the general wrinkled scale of flame front is much weaker than that of the smallest wrinkled scale. The general wrinkled scale is mainly dominated by the turbulence vortex scale, while, the smallest wrinkled scale is strongly affected by the flame intrinsic instability. The effect of flame intrinsic instability on flame front of turbulent premixed flame is mainly on the formation of a large number of convex structure propagating to the unburned reactants and enlarge the effective contact surface between flame front and unburned reactants.     

Research on cellular instabilities in outwardly propagating spherical hydrogen-air flames

Experiments were conducted in a closed vessel using Schlieren system to study the cellular instabilities of hydrogen-air premixed flames at different equivalence ratios (from 0.6 to 2.5), initial temperatures (from 300 K to 450 K), and initial pressures (from 0.1 MPa to 0.3 MPa). The cellular instabilities of hydrogen-air flames were interpreted and evaluated in the viewpoint of the diffusive-thermal and hydrodynamic instabilities. Also, critical flame radius and critical Peclet number were measured. The results showed that for lean hydrogen-air flames, the cellular instabilities are dominantly influenced by the diffusive-thermal instability; for stoichiometric and rich hydrogen-air flames, the cellular instabilities are just influenced by the hydrodynamic instability. Critical flame radius is increased with the increase of equivalence ratio and/or initial temperature, and is decreased with the increase of initial pressure. Critical Peclet number is increased with the increase of equivalence ratio, and is insensitive to initial temperature and initial pressure.