普米克令舒联合沐舒坦雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎评价

目的评价普米克令舒和沐舒坦注射液联合雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎的疗效。方法将临床确诊为毛细支气管炎患儿76例随机分为两组:两组均在给予利巴韦林注射液抗病毒感染、吸氧、止咳祛痰、维持水、电解质平衡等综合治疗基础上,治疗组38例加用普米克令舒和沐舒坦注射液联合雾化吸入;对照组38例只给予地塞米松雾化吸入。观察用药后患儿咳嗽、喘息、呼吸困难及肺部喘鸣音减轻、消退时间。结果与对照组比较,治疗组的症状、体征改善优于对照组,病程缩短,且显效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患儿均未发现副作用及不良反应。结论普米克令舒和沐舒坦注射液联合雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎,可以明显改善症状及缩短病程,提高治愈率,值得临床推广。     

雾化吸入治疗支气管哮喘急性发作疗效观察

目的探讨雾化吸入治疗支气管哮喘急性发作的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院收治的162例支气管哮喘急性发作患者,治疗组81例,采用沙丁胺醇溶液联合布地奈德混悬液雾化吸入治疗,对照组81例,采用吸入性低分子肝素联合布地奈德混悬液雾化治疗,比较2组疗效。结果治疗组总有效率明显高于对照组,有显著统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论雾化吸入治疗可直接作用与支气管平滑肌,起效快、副作用少,迅速缓解喘息等症状,提高治愈率,是治疗哮喘的最直接、有效地方法,值得在临床中使用。     

156例治疗小儿急性喉炎疗效观察

目的 观察布地奈德雾化吸入治疗小儿急性喉炎的疗效。方法 通过随机分组156例患儿分为观察组(80例)和对照组(76例),观察组给予雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液,对照组加用全身肾上腺皮质激素,吸入生理盐水,2组其他治疗相同,比较2组治疗后症状、体征持续时间。结果 观察组的疗效与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论 雾化吸入布地奈德治疗小儿急性喉炎能有效缩短病程,改善缺氧,减少心力衰竭的发生。     

沙丁胺醇、布地奈德联合雾化吸入治疗儿童哮喘急性发作的疗效观察

目的探讨沙丁胺醇、布地奈德联合吸入治疗小儿哮喘急性发作的临床疗效。方法 118例患儿随机分为治疗组60例,对照组58例。治疗组给予0.5%沙丁胺醇雾化液及布地奈德雾化吸入,对照组仅给予0.5%沙丁胺醇雾化液,2组均雾化吸入3.00mL。结果治疗组临床控制率48.3%,显效率31.7%,好转率16.7%,总有效率96.7%;对照组临床控制率32.8%,显效率29.3%,好转率24.1%,总有效率86.2%;治疗组明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论沙丁胺醇、布地奈德联合雾化吸入起效快,能有效改善肺功能,控制哮喘症状,优于单纯吸入沙丁胺醇。     

鼻吸入布地奈德对支气管哮喘的影响

目的研究鼻局部吸入布地奈德治疗过敏性鼻炎对哮喘发作的影响。探讨患者用布地奈德治疗过敏性鼻炎对哮喘症状及肺功能变化的影响。方法采用临床试验方法研究门诊63例支气管哮喘合并过敏性鼻炎患者。随机分为布地奈德组(30例)和对照组(33例)。所有患者均规律经口吸入哮喘常规药物,布地奈德组规律加用鼻吸布地奈德。随访12周后再次进行研究,比较患者哮喘症状以及肺功能变化。结果布地奈德组在经过鼻吸布地奈德12周后与对照组ACT记分和肺功能比较有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2组在治疗前的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论过敏性鼻炎是哮喘发病的危险因素,鼻局部吸入布地奈德治疗伴有轻、中度哮喘的过敏性鼻炎患者,当鼻炎症状改善的同时,哮喘症状亦获得缓解,气道反应性降低。     

普米克令舒、博利康尼联合雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎疗效观察

目的观察普米克令舒、博利康尼联合雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎的疗效。方法将临床确诊为毛支气管炎患儿272例随机分为两组:在抗感染、吸氧吸痰、镇静、静注盐酸氨溴索等全身用药综合治疗的基础上,观察治疗组136例加用普米克令舒、博利康尼液联合雾化吸入;对照组136例只给予博利康尼吸入。结果与对照组比较,治疗组的症状、改善优于对照组,病程缩短,且治愈率明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。两组患儿均未发现的副作用及不良反应。结论普米克令舒、博利康尼液联合雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎,可以明显改善症状及缩短病程,提高治愈率,值得临床推广。     

联合吸入舒喘灵、嗅化异丙阿托品及丙酸培氯米松作为婴幼儿早期喘气治疗的观察及与常规治疗的疗效比较

对2月～2岁下呼吸道感染伴有喘息症状的患儿79例采用联合雾化吸入舒喘灵、嗅化异丙阿托品、丙酸培氯米松,观察该方法对婴幼儿下呼吸道感染伴有喘息症状的治疗效果。结果显示该方法疗效迅速可靠,患儿用药后喘息可迅速缓解,显效率92.3%,与对照组相比较有较好的疗效,用药期间未发现副作用。表明联合吸入舒喘灵、嗅化异丙阿托品及丙酸培氯米松治疗婴幼儿急性喘息发作有很好疗效,可迅速缓解喘息症状,特别对伴有高危因素的喘息患儿还可作为早期干预措施,可达到减少喘息反复发作的目的。     

不同药物雾化吸入治疗小儿支气管哮喘急性发作疗效观察

目的探讨不同药物雾化吸入治疗小儿支气管哮喘急性发作的临床疗效。方法本文采用布地奈德联合沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗支气管哮喘急性发作患儿,并与单独使用布地奈德或沙丁胺醇治疗的对照组进行临床疗效比较。结果联合组治疗后各项肺功能指标明显高于对照Ⅰ组和对照Ⅱ组。联合组的有效率和总有效率均明显高于对照Ⅰ组和对照Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。结论联合应用布地奈德和沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗支气管哮喘急性发作患儿,疗效确切,治疗安全可靠,副作用少,值得临床广泛应用。     

沙美特罗治疗成人支气管哮喘临床疗效分析

目的探讨沙美特罗治疗成人支气管哮喘的临床效果。方法选择80例支气管哮喘患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组用沙美特罗吸入治疗,对照组用布地奈德吸入治疗,比较2组疗效、症状改善和不良反应。结果观察组治疗总有效率为92.5%,对照组治疗总有效率为80%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),观察组治疗效果要优于对照组;观察组患者呼吸困难消失时间、喘息消失时间、啰音消失时间和咳嗽消失时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组不良反应发生率为15%,对照组不良反应发生率为17.5%,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论沙美特罗治疗成人支气管哮喘疗效肯定,不良反应轻微,值得在临床推广应用。     

布地奈德吸入治疗毛细支气管炎疗效观察

目的探讨布地奈德氧驱动吸入治疗毛细支气管炎的疗效。方法将80例毛细支气管炎患儿随机分成两组,两组均采用综合治疗,治疗组加用布地奈德氧驱动吸入,对治疗后症状、体征改善时间进行比较。结果治疗组缓解喘憋、缩短哮鸣音持续时间均明显优于对照组。结论布地奈德氧驱动吸入治疗毛细支气管炎有效、安全、方便,明显加快治愈过程。且不良反应小,值得临床推广。     

Prototype e-cigarette and the capillary aerosol generator (CAG) comparison and qualification for use in subchronic inhalation exposure testing

Our objective was to evaluate the suitability of using a capillary aerosol generator (CAG) instead of using e-cigarette devices in 90-day or longer inhalation studies. Aerosol characteristics for both the CAG (which uses heat to produce a condensation aerosol) and e-cigarette generators have been previously reported, but a side-by-side comparison with the identical formulation has not been reported. Aerosols from both devices were analyzed immediately after generation for chemicals in the formulation (propylene glycol [PG], glycerin, water, and nicotine), selected carbonyls (acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (UPLC-UV), and a chemical fingerprint analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Aerosol capture methods for chemical analysis included Cambridge filter pads or two impingers in series each containing solution to trap and stabilize selected carbonyl compounds. Particle size distribution (cascade impactor) and exposure port uniformity (gravimetric) was measured in four rodent inhalation exposure chambers under inhalation study conditions. The aerosol of both generators contained the same known and unknown chemicals. Similar levels of compounds in the formula except for PG were detected in the aerosol of both generators. CAG produced more consistent particulate aerosol than e-cigarette generator and had lower levels of carbonyls primarily due to lower levels of formaldehyde. Exposure port concentrations were consistent and closer to target values with the CAG compared to the e-cigarette aerosol generator. CAG was easier to operate on a daily basis although more difficult to maintain because it required daily cleaning compared to single-use e-cigarettes. CAG was determined to be suitable for use in 90-day or longer inhalation studies.

Copyright © 2016 American Association for Aerosol Research     

小牛胸腺素的动物实验及临床应用

目的　提取胸腺素并检测药物指标 ,观察其临床应用和动物实验效果 ,探讨胸腺素对哮喘豚鼠肺组织Gα表达的影响。方法　采用酸碱沉淀加离心法制备胸腺素 ,经多肽定量、活性鉴定、细菌培养、毒性试验和热原实验 ,临床疗效观察 ,并以卵蛋白雾化吸入致敏法复制哮喘模型 ,Westernblot分析法测定哮喘豚鼠肺组织Gα水平。结果　所制胸腺素符合中国药典标准。临床疗效确切 ,经治疗后 ,哮喘豚鼠肺组织Giα、Gqα水平显著降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,Gsα无显著变化。结论　采用酸碱沉淀加离心法可制备胸腺素 ,其治疗哮喘动物的机理可能是通过改变肺组织Gα水平来达到。     

Size Distribution and Morphology of Liposome Aerosols Generated By Two Methodologies

Pulmonary delivery of sustained release formulations needs drug encapsulation in a suitable matrix, as well as the generation of aerosols with high lung penetration and suitable release characteristics. Nanometer sized liposomes offer the potential for biocompatibility, controlled release and easy internalization in the lung. For uniform dose delivery and drug release kinetics, it is of interest to understand generation techniques to obtain aerosols containing nearly monodispered nanometer sized dry particles. Two aerosolization techniques, air-jet atomization and electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) were studied to identify conditions under which the inclusion of one-liposome-per-drop could be achieved. In air-jet atomization, low lipid concentrations resulted in a unimodal aerosol with a median mobility diameter of 94 (± 3.5) nm, while higher concentrations led to larger median diameters, implying possible inclusion of multiple liposomes per drop. In EHDA, tuning drop sizes in the range of 130 to 200 nm, as well as the use of high lipid concentrations, resulted in a bimodal aerosol distribution, with peaks at 35 and 100 nm mobility diameters. TEM images of the liposome aerosol from EDHA showed fused liposomes, resulting in cylindrical structures with different physical diameters. It was hypothesized that deformation of liposomes to cylindrical structures in the micro-capillary liquid tip of the electrospray, and interactions along the axial or cross sectional surfaces led to dry particles with different mobility sizes.     

Asthma and Allergy: Unravelling a Tangled Relationship with a Focus on New Biomarkers and Treatment

Asthma is a major driver of health care costs across ages. Despite widely disseminated asthma-treatment guidelines and a growing variety of effective therapeutic options, most patients still experience symptoms and/or refractoriness to standard of care treatments. As a result, most patients undergo a further intensification of therapy to optimize symptom control with a subsequent increased risk of side effects. Raising awareness about the relevance of evaluating aeroallergen sensitizations in asthmatic patients is a key step in better informing clinical practice while new molecular tools, such as the component resolved diagnosis, may be of help in refining the relationship between sensitization and therapeutic recommendations. In addition, patient care should benefit from reliable, easy-to-measure and clinically accessible biomarkers that are able to predict outcome and disease monitoring. To attain a personalized asthma management and to guide adequate treatment decisions, it is of paramount importance to expand clinicians’ knowledge about the tangled relationship between asthma and allergy from a molecular perspective. Our review explores the relevance of allergen testing along the asthma patient’s journey, with a special focus on recurrent wheezing children. Here, we also discuss the unresolved issues regarding currently available biomarkers and summarize the evidence supporting the eosinophil-derived neurotoxin as promising biomarker.     

Combustion Generated Nickel Species Aerosols: Role of Chemical and Physical Properties on Lung Injury

Systematic manipulation of furnace temperature, residence time, and dilution air was used to study the formation of submicrometer nickel oxide (NiO) or nickel sulfate hexahydrate (NiSO 4 ) particles in a horizontal, laminar flow tube reactor. Chemical speciation, morphological changes, and aerosol size distributions were measured using x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and diffusion mobility analysis, respectively. A technique was developed to use these submicrometer nickel species aerosols in animal inhalation studies. Representative aerosols were administered to C57BL/6J mice by intratracheal instillation or whole-body inhalation to study the effect of submicrometer particles on pulmonary injury. For instillation, NiO particles having a geometric mass mean diameter ( d pg ) of 40, 300, and 1000 nm were generated by pyrolysis of nickel nitrate hexahydrate aerosol suspended in physiological saline and administered at a dose corresponding to 3, 30, 300, or 3000 w g Ni/kg body weight. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected 18 hr after instillation and analyzed for total and differential cell counts, cell viability, and total protein. For inhalation experiments, an acute, whole-body exposure was conducted, exposing mice to 6, 24, 48, or 72 hr of continuous submicrometer NiO aerosol ( d pg = 50 nm; 340 w g Ni/m 3 ) or 24, 48, or 72 hr of NiSO 4 aerosol ( d pg = 60 nm; 420 w g Ni/m 3 ; d pg = 250 nm; 480 w g Ni/m 3 ). Exposure to NiO produced no significant lung injury when either instilled or inhaled, whereas inhaled NiSO 4 caused significant increases in protein content and neutrophil count in lavage following 48 or 72 hr of exposure. These findings suggest that submicrometer NiSO4 aerosols generated in combustion processes are more acutely injurious to the lung than an equivalent mass of NiO aerosol.     

Effect of atomization methods on the size and morphology of Gd0.1Ce0.9O2−δ powder synthesized by aerosol flame synthesis

Nano-sized gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) powders were successfully synthesized by aerosol flame deposition (AFD) with two different atomization methods; ultrasonic and electrostatic atomization. The effect of the atomization method on the size and morphology of GDC particles were investigated. It was observed that the diameter range of the GDC small primary particles synthesized by the ultrasonic atomization method was 10–50 nm while with the electrostatic method was 5–25 nm. In addition, the size of primary large particle found to be decreased from 200 nm to 50 nm with increasing electric field up to 15 kV. The GDC powder synthesized by the electrostatic atomization exhibited reduced crystallite size, particle size, and similar electrical conductivity compared to GDC powder synthesized by ultrasonic atomization. This work demonstrated the benefits of the electrostatic atomization for producing smaller-sized GDC nanopowders for the application in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells.     

P(AM-co-AA)放射性气溶胶压制剂的制备及表征

以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)为反应单体,在水溶液中采用自由基聚合法制备得到一种可用于放射性气溶胶粉尘快速去除的聚合物溶液。通过红外、核磁、热重、扫描电镜、表面张力、接触角测试方法对产物的结构及性能进行了测定,结果表明:丙烯酰胺与丙烯酸反应生成了共聚物P(AM-co-AA);聚合物在水相中呈现出多孔的交联结构,其结构形态与单体配比有相关性,其中,n(AA)∶n(AM)=1∶9的压制剂更容易与气溶胶粉尘结合;所制压制剂对气溶胶粉尘有较好的润湿性,且不同单体配比的压制剂对气溶胶粉尘的润湿性有影响,当n(AA)∶n(AM)=3∶7时,压制剂与气溶胶粉尘的接触角最小,为64.3°;模拟雾化喷淋实验测试其压制效果表明:与自然沉降法相比,n(AA)∶n(AM)=1∶9的压制剂将气溶胶粉尘浓度降为原始值一半所用的时间从9.4 min缩短到了2.0 min,大大加速了气溶胶粉尘的沉降,且具有明显的压制效果。     

Experimental Investigation of Ethanol Enrichment Behavior in Batch and Continuous Feed Ultrasonic Atomization Systems

The fragmentation of a liquid layer to form a fine droplet mist by high frequency ultrasonic atomization of liquids has been applied to a range of industrial applications such as fine chemical manufacturing, pharmaceutical production, and food processing. A recent development is the separation of alcohol from miscible alcohol‐water mixtures using ultrasonic atomization. In this work, the effect of high frequency ultrasonic atomization at 1.6 MHz on the enrichment of ethanol from ethanol‐water feed mixtures has been studied. Experiments for evaluating this enrichment process were conducted in batch and continuous feed processing systems. The continuous enrichment process generated product concentrations that were higher than the equivalent vapor‐liquid equilibrium curve at feed concentrations greater than 40 mol.‐% in a single stage. The role of the ultrasonic jet formed at the surface of the feed solution combined with the ethanol separation characteristics has been discussed.     

Direct evidence on reduced adhesion of Salbutamol sulphate particles due to L-leucine coating

Attractive van der Waals forces are responsible for unwanted agglomeration of fine dry powder particles which can cause problems e.g. with inhalable drugs in the treatment of asthma. In this article we report on experimental evidence of reduced adhesion of salbutamol sulphate particles when they are coated with L-leucine. Particle production and coating was performed using an aerosol flow reactor. The L-leucine-containing particles were fully covered with L-leucine as evidenced by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy findings. With a suitable concentration of precursor solution the particles become rough and adhesion diminished to one fifth of the adhesion of uncoated particles. The main reason for this reduced adhesion was an increase in surface roughness, which reduced the contact area and the number of contact points thus increasing the effective separation between particles.