Primary aromatic amine migration from polyamide kitchen utensils: method development and product testing

A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the identification, quantification and confirmation of six primary aromatic amines (PAAs) was developed and validated to ISO 17025:2005. From a literature survey, 57 frequently used PAA compounds were identified and subsequently reduced to six – aniline, 4,4′-MDA, 3,3′-DMB, 2,4-TDA, 2,6-TDA and o-T – based on results from migration studies on a range of utensils. Low LOQs of between 0.075 and 0.496?µg?l^?1 were determined for the six analytes, thereby quantifying well below the legal limit of 10?µg?kg^?1 total PAAs. Furthermore, low measurement uncertainties were calculated for the analytical method, in the range of 3.15–3.20%. Mean recoveries were between 98% and 102% and spanned over ±12% at 95% CI. Following the analysis of 84 black polyamide kitchen utensils, the migration of PAAs detected was significant and is therefore of concern. The six analytes identified, quantified and confirmed in this survey could be utilised as possible markers for the identification of PAA migration, thereby improving the time and cost-efficiency of food control laboratories.     

Development of a rapid screening method to determine primary aromatic amines in kitchen utensils using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS)

Primary aromatic amines (PAAs) are a group of substances with undesirable health effects, that are used in a variety of commercial products. Several recent studies, using a number of screening and confirmatory methods, have reported the migration of PAAs from some kitchen utensils into acetic acid 3% (w/v). Many of these methods require significant sample preparation, therefore the aim of this work was to determine if direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) could be utilised as a rapid screening tool for the determination of PAAs in kitchen utensils. DART-MS results from direct analysis of the utensil have been compared with results of PAA migration by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. The UPLC-MS/MS method had excellent linearity, appropriate sensitivity (LOD ≤ 1.5 µg L^?1; LOQ ≤ 4.5 µg L^?1), repeatability from 2.4 to 13.2% and acceptable recoveries. DART-MS results were in good agreement with UPLC-MS/MS data, with 100% of non-compliant (PAA positive) samples successfully identified by DART-MS.     

聚酰胺/聚丙烯蒸煮袋中2,4-二氨基甲苯和4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷向酸性食品模拟物的迁移分析

采用液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱（liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS）法,测定尼龙/聚丙烯（polyamide/cast polypropylene,PA/CPP）蒸煮袋中2 种初级芳香胺（primary aromatic amines,PAAs）物质2,4-二氨基甲苯（2,4-diaminotoluene,2,4-TDA）和4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷（4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane,4,4’-MDA）向4%乙酸食品模拟液的迁移量,并研究不同热处理及杀菌方式（巴氏杀菌、蒸、煮、高温灭菌、紫外杀菌）对蒸煮袋中这2 种物质向4%乙酸食品模拟物中迁移的影响。实验结果表明：LC-MS/MS检测2,4-TDA和4,4’-MDA迁移量的检出限均不大于0.02 μg/kg,定量限均不大于0.05 μg/kg,满足欧盟标准中对于PAAs限量的检测要求。在此基础上,研究发现除紫外杀菌对2,4-TDA和4,4’-MDA的迁移无显著影响外,巴氏杀菌、蒸、煮、高温灭菌均会促进PA/CPP蒸煮袋中2,4-TDA和4,4’-MDA向4%乙酸溶液的迁移,迁移量随着迁移温度的升高显著增加（P＜0.05）。根据迁移结果可知,在对蒸煮袋包装的食品进行杀菌处理时,紫外和巴氏杀菌是相对安全的处理方式;另外,在对蒸煮袋包装的食品进行加热时,相比煮,蒸是更为安全的一种加热方式。而在121 ℃高温灭菌15 min条件下,2 种PA/CPP样品袋中4,4’-MDA的迁移量分别达到2.733 μg/kg和3.113 μg/kg,均高于欧盟正在修订的对单个PAAs的迁移限量（0.002 mg/kg）,具有潜在的食品安全风险。可见,当利用PA/CPP蒸煮袋包装食品时,不同热处理方式对胶黏剂中PAAs的迁移量及食品安全的影响值得重点关注。     

Validation of a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determining the migration of primary aromatic amines from cooking utensils and its application to actual samples

Many cooking utensils are made of nylon, a material that may incorporate azodyes and where primary aromatic amines (PAAs) are the starting substances. Moreover, aromatic amines may also be present as technical impurities. Another source of PAAs could be aromatic isocyanates used as monomers in the production of polyurethanes. The aim of this work was to validate a simple LC–MS/MS method for the determination of eight primary aromatic amines (m-phenylenediamine, 2,6- and 2,4-toluenediamine, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, aniline, 4,4′-diaminonaphenylether, 4,4′-methylenedianiline and 3,3′-dimethylbenzidine) in the aqueous food simulant 3% acetic acid (w/v). The detection limits calculated were adequate with respect to present legislation. The method was validated at four concentration levels (2, 5 10 and 20 µg kg^?1). Global internal reproducibility was in the range 5.6–21.4% (RSD_R) depending on the compound and concentration. Mean recoveries for all levels varied between 89 and 100%, depending on the amine. A total of 39 samples of cooking utensils were analyzed using the described method and the results obtained after the third migration test were not compliant in approximately half of the samples.     

Determination of primary aromatic amines in cold water extract of coloured paper napkin samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

The aim of this study was the optimisation of a multi-analyte method for the analysis of primary aromatic amines (PAAs) from napkins in order to support official controls and food safety. We developed a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 36 toxicologically relevant PAAs for paper and board. Good regression coefficients of the calibration curves in a range of 0.992–0.999 and reproducibilities in a range of 2.3–15% were obtained. Limits of detections (LODs) were in the range of 0.03–1.4 µg l^–1 and recoveries were in a range of 21–110% for all the amines. A total of 93 coloured paper napkin samples from different European countries were bought and extracted with water to determine the PAAs. The results showed that 42 of 93 samples contained at least one PAA. More than half of the detected PAAs are considered as toxic, carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), or are classified as such in the European Union legislation on chemicals. Summed concentrations of PAAs in seven samples were higher than 10 µg l^–1, the limit of summed PAA in the European Union plastic food contact material regulation. Also, eight PAAs, classified as Category 1A and 1B carcinogen in the European Union legislation of chemicals, were detected at concentrations higher than 2 µg l^–1, exceeding the limit proposed by the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment in Germany. Aniline (n = 14) was most frequently present in higher concentrations followed by o-toluidine, o-anisidine, 2,4-dimethylaniline and 4-aminoazobenzene. Red, orange, yellow and multicoloured paper napkins contained the highest concentrations of total PAAs (> 10 µg l^–1). Although the European Union has not harmonised the legislation of paper and board materials and, thus, there is no specific migration limit for PAAs from paper napkins, the present study showed that coloured paper napkins can contain toxic and carcinogenic PAAs at concentrations that are relevant for monitoring.     

QuPPe-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中呋虫胺及其代谢物残留

建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测蔬菜中呋虫胺及其代谢物1-甲基-3-[（3-四氢呋喃）甲基]二氢胍盐（1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl) guanidium?dihydrogen,DN）、1-甲基-3-[（3-四氢呋喃）甲基]脲（1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl) urea,UF）残留的方法。蔬菜样品采用QuPPe分析方法处理后,经BEH-C18超高效液相色谱柱分离,采用电喷雾正离子模式,通过多反应监测方式测定,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。结果表明,呋虫胺及其代谢物在1.25～500?μg/L的质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.991,方法检出限为0.04～0.66?μg/L,定量限为0.13～2.20?μg/L。在3?个添加水平条件下,呋虫胺及其代谢物DN、UF在黄瓜、番茄、马铃薯、甘蓝4?种基质中的添加回收率为72.0%～109.1%,相对标准偏差为1.4%～12.8%,最低添加量均为10?μg/kg。基质效应结果显示,呋虫胺及其代谢物大都表现为中等强度基质效应或强基质效应。该方法简单、准确、高效,可用于蔬菜样品中呋虫胺及其代谢物农药残留的快速筛查和定量检测。     

Migration of monomers and primary aromatic amines from nylon products

Migration of 2 kinds of monomer and 21 kinds of primary aromatic amines (PAAs) from 21 kinds of nylon products such as turners, ladles and wrap film were determined. Samples were classified as regards materials by mean of pyrolysis-GC/MS. One sample was classified as nylon 6, 15 samples as nylon 66 and three samples as nylon 6/66 copolymers, while two samples were laminate of nylon 6 with polyethylene or polypropylene. All of the nylon 66 samples contained a small amount of ε-caprolactam (CPL), which is the nylon 6 monomer. Migration levels of monomers and PAAs at 60°C for 30 min into 20% ethanol were measured by LC/MS/MS. CPL was detected at the level of 0.015-38 μg/mL from all samples, excluding one wrap film sample, and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine was detected at the level of 0.002-0.013 μg/mL from all nylon 66 samples and one nylon 6/66 sample. In addition, 0.006-4.3 μg/mL of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane from three samples, 0.032-0.23 μg/mL of aniline from four samples, 0.001 μg/mL of 4-chloroaniline from two samples, and 0.002 μg/mL of 2-toluidine and 0.066 mg/mL of 1-naphthylamine from one sample each were detected. The migration levels at 95 or 121°C were about 3 and 10 times the 60°C levels, respectively.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物肌肉组织中氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂及其代谢物残留

建立动物组织中氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂及其代谢物(共16种)残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。样品经乙腈提取、浓缩、净化,液相色谱串联质谱测定,内标法定量。16种杀虫剂在1.0～100μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r＞0.9959);方法定量限为0.5～2.5μg/kg;样品添加5.0、10.0、20μg/kg时,加标回收率为71.4%～105.5%;相对标准偏差为3.2%～13.7%。该方法具有简便快捷、灵敏度高的特点,适用于动物肌肉中氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂及其代谢物残留量的检测。     

毛细管电泳法分析蜂花粉中黄酮类化合物(英文)

使用毛细管电泳法(CE)检测了健康食品中常见的六种黄酮类化合物:橙皮甙、海棠甙、异鼠李素、山奈酚、槲皮素、芦丁。研究了一系列的试验参数,如:pH、缓冲溶液浓度、分离电压以及UV检测器波长等,以确定出最佳条件。使用H3BO3-Na2B4O7缓冲液(pH9.2),各分析物可在8min内分出。相对标准偏差(RSD):8次进样的迁移时间为0.77%～0.93%;峰面积为3.8%～8.6%;各检测限(S/N=3)范围为0.34μg/ml～2.9μg/ml,回收率为80.4%～113.9%。方法简单、灵敏,重现性高,线性好,无须固相萃取前处理,用于蜂花粉分析结果准确。     

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定牛奶中6种玉米赤霉烯酮类毒素

建立QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测牛奶中6 种玉米赤霉烯酮类毒素残留量的检测方法。样品用1%乙酸-乙腈提取,乙腈饱和正己烷除脂,C18、N-丙基乙二胺和无水硫酸镁净化,在ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱上分离,以5 mmol/L NH4Ac溶液和乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾离子源负离子模式扫描,多反应监测测定,基质匹配外标法定量分析。牛奶中6 种玉米赤霉烯酮类毒素在0.1～50 μg/L质量浓度范围内呈线性关系,相关系数均高于0.995;检出限为0.05～0.1 μg/kg,定量限为0.25～0.5 μg/kg。牛奶中6 种玉米赤霉烯酮类毒素的3 个加标水平的平均回收率范围为91.8%～114.5%,相对标准偏差在3.2%～14.4%之间（n=6）。     

高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法研究塑料接触材料中酚类化合物向奶油中的迁移

建立奶油中14 种酚类化合物高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱的同时测定方法，研究裱花蛋糕塑料接触材料中酚类化合物在真实样品奶油中的迁移情况。塑料样品经奶油浸泡，乙腈-甲醇提取，T3色谱柱分离，以负离子-多反应监测模式进行测定，基质外标法定量；分析双酚A（bisphenol A，BPA）和4-壬基酚（4-nonylphenol，4-NP）在奶油样品中的迁移规律，用于14 种酚类化合物在奶油中迁移量的测定研究。结果表明，14 种酚类化合物的检出限为0.15～0.75 μg/kg，定量限为0.5～2.5 μg/kg，线性关系良好，相关系数均大于0.99；酚类物质在动物和植物奶油中的加标回收率分别为78.2%～117.1%、79.4%～114.6%，相对标准偏差分别为1.07%～12.1%、1.12%～12.5%；塑料接触材料中BPA和4-NP在奶油中的迁移量随着温度的升高和时间的延长逐渐增大。采用本方法对市售塑料蛋糕装饰摆件等在动物奶油中的迁移量等进行测定，迁出化合物BPA和双酚S迁移量最高值分别为4.61、0.94 μg/kg；4-NP迁移量最高值为125.1 μg/kg，检出样品数量最多。酚类化合物迁移到食品中的风险性应引起关注。     

TLC-UPLC-MS/MS法检测网红保健品中非法添加的8种化学药物

建立薄层色谱-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测网红保健品中非法添加的8 种化学药物。样品采用薄层色谱法进行前处理,采用Kinetex 100 RP-18（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.6 μm）色谱柱分离,以乙腈-1 mmol/L乙酸铵（含0.1%乙酸）溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,采用多重反应监测方式检测西布曲明、洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀、麻黄碱、咖啡因、酚酞、苯乙双胍和西地那非等8 种药物。结果表明,8 种化合物在0.5～100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数≥0.995 8,各组分的检出限在0.09～0.29 μg/kg之间,定量限在0.31～0.79 μg/kg之间。待测物在不同样品中的平均回收率介于67.3%～101.1%,变异系数≤16.5%。45 批保健食品检出23 批非法添加阳性样品。本法经方法学验证,可用于网红保健品中8 种非法添加药物的快速筛查和定量测定。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定糖果中2-(4-甲氧基苯氧基)-丙酸钠甜味抑制剂

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测糖果中的2-(4-甲氧基苯氧基)-丙酸钠的方法。采用水溶液(pH8.0):乙腈=1.5:1 (V/V)作为提取溶剂,然后用正己烷去除油脂,取水层清液过膜,进行检测。采用电喷雾负离子模式(ESI-)和选择反应监测扫描(SRM)模式,外标法定量。结果表明,该方法在6.25~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好(相关系数r=0.9998),检出限为8.0 μg/kg,定量限为20.0 μg/kg。回收率为82.7%~90.7%,相对标准偏差为2.5%~4.2%。该方法前处理简单、重现性好、灵敏度高,为糖果中的2-(4-甲氧基苯氧基)-丙酸钠的检测提供一种新的选择。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测鲜冻肉中违禁注水药物

建立鲜冻肉中同时检测阿托品、利多卡因、普鲁卡因、山莨菪碱、东莨菪碱、沙丁胺醇6?种违禁注水药物残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。样品经磷酸盐缓冲液提取,HLB固相萃取小柱净化,采用多反应监测模式检测,外标法定量分析。结果表明：6?种药物在0.25～50?ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数均大于0.99,检出限和定量限分别为0.5?μg/kg和2.0?μg/kg;回收率在78.07%～96.76%之间,精密度的相对标准偏差在0.4%～2.1%之间（n=6）。该方法前处理简单、快速、准确、灵敏,可以满足实际检测分析的需要。     

固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测猪肉中18种苯二氮卓类药物残留量

建立了同时检测猪肉中18种苯二氮卓类药物残留的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)分析方法。样品中的苯二氮卓类药物残留在pH 5.2的乙酸铵缓冲溶液中酶解后,用氨水调节pH值大于9.5,经乙酸乙酯-异丙醇(体积比5∶1)提取,正己烷去脂,MCX离子交换柱净化,采用电喷雾正电子模式电离,多反应监测模式检测,同位素内标法定量。结果表明:在0.5～50.0μg/L范围内18种苯二氮卓类药物的线性相关系数均大于0.999 0,检出限(S/N≥3)范围为0.01～0.13μg/kg,定量限(S/N≥10)范围为0.04～0.45μg/kg。添加浓度水平为1.0,2.0和5.0μg/kg时,平均回收率范围为76.0%～107.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)范围为2.3%～9.1%。     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间质谱检测猪肉和牛肉中30 种食源性兴奋剂类药物残留

建立猪肉和牛肉中30 种食源性兴奋剂的超高效液相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间质谱的快速筛查和确证方法。样品经37 ℃酶解16 h,体积分数1.0%甲酸-乙腈溶液提取后,经PRiME-HLB通过式固相萃取小柱净化,用Waters XBridge BEH C18柱分离,在飞行时间质谱模式和数据依赖扫描串联质谱模式对目标物进行检测,通过一次数据采集,可同时完成化合物的定性筛查和确证。结果表明：30 种食源性兴奋剂的精确质量数偏差小于5.0×10－6,在0.5～100.0 ng/mL范围内线性良好,相关系数大于0.998 0。检出限范围为0.1～2.0 μg/kg;定量限范围为0.2～4.0 μg/kg。方法回收率范围为77.99%～109.2%,相对标准偏差为0.29%～9.68%（n=6）。该方法有效提高了食源性兴奋剂检测的效率和准确度,具有较强的实用价值。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定保健食品中的安石榴甙和鞣花酸

目的建立同时测定保健食品中安石榴甙、鞣花酸的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)方法。方法采用迪马钻石Ⅱ(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,乙腈+0.2%磷酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,在波长256 nm下进行检测。结果方法的线性范围:α安石榴甙24～240μg/ml;β安石榴甙56.0～560μg/ml;鞣花酸60.0～600μg/ml。相关系数r为0.999 7～0.999 9;检出限:α安石榴甙、β安石榴甙、鞣花酸分别为2.36、2.78、2.67μg/g;定量限:7.08、8.34、8.01μg/g。高低两个浓度水平加标回收率97.5%～104%;相对标准偏差(RSD)均<2.5%。结论本方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,适用于保健食品中安石榴甙和鞣花酸的测定。     

动态基质固相分散-离子液体双水相微萃取结合高效液相色谱法检测粮谷中的三嗪类除草剂

将动态基质固相分散与离子液体双水相微萃取技术相结合,建立高效、绿色、快速的样品前处理方法用于萃取粮谷中残留的5 种三嗪类除草剂,通过高效液相色谱对目标物进行分离和测定。以离子液体为萃取溶剂,样品经基质固相分散法处理后,采用离子液体双水相体系富集目标分析物,通过Plackett-Burman试验判断各个因素对响应值的影响,采用Box-Behnken试验对显著性因素进行优化。在最佳实验条件时,目标物在线性范围内具有良好的线性关系（r≥0.996?9）,其检出限和定量限分别为0.62～0.76?μg/kg和2.06～2.53?μg/kg,加标回收率为82.92%～106.98%。本法具有萃取时间短、试剂用量少、操作简单、绿色环保等优点,可用于粮谷中三嗪类除草剂的分析与检测。     

分散固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定典型小宗作物中6种农药残留

建立生姜、红薯、土豆、荔枝中多菌灵、吡虫啉、涕灭威、三唑酮、乙草胺、苯醚甲环唑的液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品经乙腈溶液提取,50 mg N-丙基乙二胺吸附剂、25 mg十八烷基键合硅胶(C_(18))净化,C_(18)色谱柱分离,0.1%甲酸溶液-甲醇作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾正离子电离模式下,质谱多离子监测模式定量分析,基质标准曲线外标法定量。结果表明,6种农药在10~500μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)均大于0.995。3个加标水平下,6种农药的平均回收率为87.9%~110.3%,相对标准偏差不大于14.6%。该方法简单、快速、灵敏度高,能够满足小宗作物农药残留的监控要求。     

改良QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定水产品中的13种镇静剂

建立了改良的QuEChERS结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定水产品中13种镇静剂类药物的分析方法。样品经氨化乙腈提取,增强型去除脂类基质吸附剂(Enhanced matrix removal-lipid,EMR-Lipid)净化,然后用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪多反应监测模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明,13种镇静剂在0.5~40 μg/L浓度范围内均呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)均大于0.99,方法检出限为0.0103~0.1470 μg/kg,定量限为0.0340~0.4850 μg/kg。在3个不同添加水平下的平均回收率为70.7%~108.0%,RSD为1.4%~10.3%。本方法操作简单,灵敏度高,净化效果好,可用于水产品中13种镇静剂的快速分析。