Thermodynamic Analysis of Desul furization of Fine Coal by Electrochemical Reduction FIotation

Problems in desulfurization of coal by electrochemical reduction is analyzed and calculated. The result shows that 1 ) the △rGm function of the reaction of pyrite into FeS and the modifying reaction decreasing the oxygenous functions on coal surface is smaller than zero in a spontaneous reaction, and greater than zero in a non-spontaneous reaction; 2) the △rGm value can be adjusted by pH and the dosage of electrolyte to make it be greaterthan zero , which is favorable for the modifying reaction and useful for desulfurization of coal. The research has provided a theoretical foundation for determining reasonable technical parameters of desulfurization。     

Thermodynamic Analysis of Desulfurization of Fine Coal by Electrochemical Reduction Flotation

Problems in desulfurization of coal by electrochemical reduction is analyzed and calculated. The resultshows that 1) the △_rG_m function of the reaction of pyrite into FeS and the modifying reaction decreasing theoxygenous functions on coal surface is smaller than zero in a spontaneous reaction, and greater than zero in a non-spontaneous reaction; 2) the △_rG_m value can be adjusted by pH and the dosage of electrolyte to make it be greaterthan zero, which is favorable for the modifying reaction and useful for desulfurization of coal. The research hasprovided a theoretical foundation for determining reasonable technical parameters of desulfurization     

Cure behaviors and water up-take evaluation of a new waterborne epoxy resin

Cure behaviors and water up-take evaluation of a low cost, ecofriendly and water soluble epoxy resin prepared by reaction between epichlorohydrin and PEG400, PEG600 and PEG1000, respectively, were investigated using non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gravimetrical method, respectively. Factors affecting the cure behaviors as well as water up-take of waterborne epoxy resins, such as amount of triethylenetetramine (TETA) and triethylene diamine (TEDA), PEG molecular weight, curing temperature, were systematically investigated. The prepared water soluble epoxy resins can be cured under room temperature with the shape of the curing curves similar to that expected for an autocatalytic reaction.     

Predication of Atmospheric VLE for the Binary System Diethyl Oxalate-Ethanol by Using Visual Basic

The atmospheric vapor-liquid equilibrium system of diethyl oxalate-ethanol was reproduced through the visual basic ( VB6.0) computer language by using the Wilson, NRTL and the UNIFAC equation . The results of the three methods are all that could be desired. The calculated results of three different models are in perfect agreement with experiment data. The calculated results of UN1FAC equation is the optimum in several models . So the results can be used for chemical engineering calculation.     

Density Function Theory Study on the Reaction Mechanism of Cerium with Oxygen for Cebearing Aerosol Particle Formation

We obtained the reaction mechanism of cerium with oxygen by means of density functional theory(DFT) under the explosive or detonation situation. The energy level order of cerium was calculated and the potential energy profile was plotted. The properties of the bonds of all special structures in the reaction path were analyzed using the method of the electron localization function(ELF). The results indicate that the final reaction pathway can be expressed as Ce+O_2→ FC→TS→IM→O-Ce-O, and the formation of Ce_2O_3 has not been found. In addition, the ELF diagram of the final product CeO_2 shows that Ce bonds with both O atoms and the bond angles O, Ce, O increase significantly.     

Reaction products of MgO and microsilica cementitious materials at different temperatures

The paste was prepared by mixing MgO, microsilica and H2O in the presence of water reducer at different reaction ratios and temperatures, and characterized by XRD, DTA, TGA, IR, and solid-state 29Si NMR. The experimental results showed that, besides Mg(OH)2, magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H) was formed at a low temperature such as 25 and 50 ℃. At a high temperature of 100 ℃, Mg(OH)2 can be further transformed into M-S-H completely, for instance, within ca. 1 month in an excess of microsilica. The average composition and structure of M-S-H was mainly related to the reaction mixture and curing temperature and was discussed in detail.     

Assessment on reliability of water quality in water distribution systems

Water leaving the treatment works is usually of a high quality but its properties change during the transportation stage, Increasing awareness of the quality of the service provided within the water industry today and assessing the reliability of the water quality in a distribution system has become a major significance for decision on system operation based on water quality in distribution networks. Using together a water age model, a chlorine decay model and a model of acceptable maximum water age can assess the reliability of the water quality in a distribution system. First, the nodal water age values in a certain complex distribution system can be calculated by the water age model. Then, the acceptable maximum water age value in the distribution system is obtained based on the chlorine decay model. The nodes at which the water age values are below the maximum value are regarded as reliable nodes, Finally, the reliability index on the percentile weighted by the nodal demands reflects the reliability of the water quality in the distribution system. The approach has been applied in a real water distribution network. The contour plot based on the water age values determines a surface of the reliability of the water quality, At any time, this surface is used to locate high water age but poor reliability areas, which identify parts of the network that may be of poor water quality. As a result, the contour water age provides a valuable aid for a straight insight into the water quality in the distribution system.     

Multi-reservoir joint operating rule in inter-basin water transfer-supply project

The joint operation of inter-basin water transfer-supply(IBWTS)project can be more complex when there is joint water demand in multi-reservoir system and multi-importing reservoirs simultaneously transferring water from exporting reservoir.In this study,a joint operating rule is proposed for the purpose of solving such complex operation problem.This rule is composed of a set of sub-rules,including hedging rule curves of virtual aggregation reservoir(i.e.equivalent reservoir)and other individual reservoirs,water-transfer rule curves of each individual reservoir,as well as some of important assisted rules.These assisted rules refer to allocation models for water transfer-supply.In the proposed rule,an equivalent reservoir is established to determine under what condition the water supply should be reduced and specify the total supplied water for joint water demand(i.e.aggregation method).Allocation models are developed to distribute the total transferred water into each importing reservoir and determine the water releases for joint water demand by each member reservoir of the aggregation system(i.e.decomposition method).And these models are integrated with a set of influence factors such as hydrologic characteristics,reservoir storage or vacant storage,regulating ability,water-supply pressure,and so on.The aggregation of multi-reservoirs and the disaggregation of water quantities are taken into a whole consideration to reduce the complexity in reallocation of water target storage or water release.Finally,the proposed rule is applied to the North-line IBWTS Project in Liaoning Province,China.The results indicate that the proposed rule can take full advantage of hydrologic compensation in basins and capacity compensation in reservoirs.Thus it can improve the utilization efficiency of water resources in system.     

Tensile behavior of AA3104 aluminum sheets at low deformation degree

The texture of a rolled AA3104 aluminum sheet was measured by the X-ray transmission method. The Lankford values or r values (ratio of plastic strain) and yield strengths in directions of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90° to RD (rolling direction) of the sheet were tested during tensile loading at a strain of 2%. r values were predicted by the Sachs model and the reaction stress model in con- sideration of the measured texture. The simulated results indicate that r values calculated by the Sachs model are more exactly ap- proaching with the experimental values on the whole than those predicted by the reaction stress model. The deformation behavior of the AA3104 aluminum sheet reveals characteristic predicted by the Sachs model, which should be resulted from the sheet geometry different from bulk material as well as the low tensile deformation degree.     

Diffusion Models for Solid-state Homogenization of Dendrite Segregation

New mathematical diffusion models for solid state homogemzatton of dendrite segregatton were presented to calculate the concentration evolution of alloying elements during solid-state homogenization of dendrite segregation in any cross section of a three-dimensional dendrite system. With nuuhenuuical accunudation, all the individual concentration profiles of every dendrite can be accunudated to form a concentration equation, which may be required by sine model or not . Then diffusion homogenization processes for any cross sections of dendrites in solid state can be calculated from the equation. The only assumption of the new models was that any individual concentration profile in a dendrite system could be simulated by Gauss equation of Fick- 2 law.     

The fabrication of microstructure surface of super-hydrophobic coating by surface gelation technology

The microstructured surface of materials were fabricated by a two-step acid-base catalyzed sol-gel process. In fluorinated polymer with PTFE doping, the well-proportioned composite sols were prepared using sol-gel processing under the hydrochloric acid and deficiency of water conditions. After the substrate was coated by composite sols, and the gelation treatment on the surface of composite coating, the micrometer-scale and nanometer-scale hierarchical structures were formed in surface layer of material. XPS and TEM technologies were employed to identify that the gelation occurs just on the surface of composite coating. The morphology of coating surface was observed by SEM and AFM technologies. The microstructured surface of material can be fabricated using this inexpensive and easily controlled method on low surface energy resin materials, the super-hydrophobic coatings materials can be prepared.     

Modeling the Underwater Acoustic Field Excited by an Airborne Rapidly Moving Source Using Wavenumber Integration

It is complicated to model the acoustic field in stratified ocean for airborne aircraft,due to high speed of the source and air-to-water sound transmission.To our knowledge,there are very few papers in the open literature dealing with this complicated problem;but,in our opinion,they all require great amount of computation.We now propose a different method that requires much less computation.We improve the wavenumber integration method to model the received temporal signal for a moving source in stratified ocean and sum up in a concise form the core of our paper as follows:(A) Eq.(11) can be calculated by means of fast Chirp Z transform and the signals at all N time points are generated simultaneously;(B) direct numerical evaluation of the wavenumber integral in Eq.(4) produces large numerical errors;so it is necessary to shift the integration slightly below the real axis;(C) we compare the computation cost of direct calculation method with that of our fast calculation method;from the results presented in table 1,we can see that the fast calculation method consumes much less computation time,particularly for long duration signals;(D) for an airborne rapidly moving source,we compute the Doppler-shifted signals in shallow water and analyze their short-time Fourier transform;from Fig.1b,we can see that the received signals have multiple frequency components for a tonal source due to source motion and that each component corresponds to an arrival path.     

Hydrogen diffusion in aluminum melts: An ab initio molecular dynamics study

The diffusion process of hydrogen in aluminum melts was investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. The pair correlation function, first peak position, and coordination number was calculated and differences in the structural properties among Al-H, Cl-H, and Al-Cl pair were examined. The mechanism of chlorine on improving hydrogen diffusion was discussed. From an ab initio molecular dynamics calculations, the diffusivity of hydrogen in liquid aluminum as D(T)=(0.118×10-4 m2/s)exp(-0.316 eV/kT) is obtained, which is in good agreement with the experimental data. Correspondingly the diffusivity with presence of chlorine is promoted as D(T)=(0.09×10-4 m2/s)exp(-0.251 eV/kT). It can be concluded that the diffusion of hydrogen in aluminum melts can be enhanced in the presence of chlorine.     

In situ restoration of the surface defects on cement-based materials by bacteria mineralization with spraying method

Defects of cement-based materials can be restored by microbial carbonate precipitation, but in order to accelerate the completion of the mineralization process, previous studies all adopt the approach of immersion in bacterial liquid, which can not be applied for in situ repair. We investigated micro-environment, basophil-domestication of microorganism and effective absorption of micro-organisms by cement-based materials, and adopted spray technology to conduct in situ repairs on the defects on the surface of cement-based materials and enhance the repair process operability. Through microbial carbonate precipitation in the defects by spraying bacteria liquid, 100 μm thickness of calcium carbonate fi lm can be deposited on sample surface and in defects holes' microenvironment within 3 to 5 days. The capillary water absorption coeffi cient of specimen surface is 77% lower than the value before repair. The repairing effect is remarkable which makes it possible to conduct on-site repairs.     

Unsaturated Water Transport of Cement-based Materials

The slice-weighing method was used to investigate the unsaturated water transport of different cement pastes. The experimental results show that a sharp wetting front existed during water transport, the transport can be described by a non-linear diffusion equation, and transport coefficient of different materials exhibit various rules with water content of materials. The addition of fly-ash decreases transport coefficient of cement pastes in all the various water contents, even changes the transport mechanism.     

Synthesis of C_3S by Sol-Gel Technique and Its Features

Sol-gel method is a technique to synthesize inorganic materials based on wet-chemical reaction theory. The results have shown that reactants tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and Ca(NO3)2·4H2O can form sol and gel in solution at 50-60 ℃, and the cosolvents are propyl alcohol (NPA) and H2O, the catalyst is HNO3. This sol-gel is burned for 12 hat 1 350-1 450 ℃ so that the organic matter, free water (moisture) in sol-gel system are removed and a solid reaction has taken place to form the resulting product. The product has been confirmed to be C3S by XRD, SEM and 29Si MAS NMR, as well as free lime content of the product which is less than 0.2% was determined by propanetriol-ethanol-method. The analysis determined by EDXA has indicated that the n(Ca)/n(Si) ratio in corresponding to micro-region is close to theoretical value of 3∶1. This resulting product is C3S with Si sites of Q0 polymerization, and has higher purity and hydraulic activities at earlier age of hydration.     

Low power all optical switches

In this paper, we propose a new design of all fiber optical switches by using a high finesse ring resonator (RR) side coupled Mach-Zehnder interferometer. We will show that by compensating the total loss in the RR the switching power can be decreased greatly and by loss, compensating the bistability effect in RR can be cancelled and the switching performance can be improved. In addition, we will show that by using Erbium doped fiber for fabricating the RR we can obtain switching power threshold in mW range.     

Power law of particle size distributions in water treatment processes

In this paper,the power law of particle size distributions (PSDs) in conventional water treatment processes is developed. After measuring the particle size distributions of raw-water,settled water and filtered water,a mathematical model between particle diameter and the amount of particles was studied. The value of collision frequency factor β in the PSDs model can be used to represent the collision behavior of particles ,and can be used as foundation exponent to choose suitable coagulation to accelerate particles aggregation. At the same time,the relationship between the value of parameter K and the total particles volume V was deduced. K is defined as particle volume exponent,which can represent the total volume of particles. The degression degree of K shows the removal efficiency of potable water treatment units.     

Forward Modeling of Azimuthal Anisotropy to the Reflected P Wave of Coal Seam

Under the condition of weak anisotropy, the relation of P-wave anisotropy in direction to fractures of coal seams was researched in order to forecast the density and the direction of the fractures. Although the approximate solution by Rtiger is suitable for thick reservoirs, it has some limitations for the composite reflected wave from both roofs and floors of coal seams, as well as multiple reflections. So first, the phase velocity and group velocity as well as their travel time were calculated about the reflected P-wave of the coal seam. Then, the anisotropic coefficients of both roofs and floors were calculated by Rueger formulae and last, the section versus azimuth in fixed offset can be gotten by convolution. In addition, the relation of amplitude of the composite reflected wave to azimuth angle was discussed. The forward modelling results of the coal azimuth anisotropy show these： 1） the coal seam is the strong reflecting layer, but the change of the reflectivity caused by the azimuth anisotropy is smaller; 2） if the azimuth angle is parallel to the crack strike, the reflectivity reaches up to the maximum absolute value, however, if the azimuth angle is perpendicular to the crack strike, the absolute value of the reflection coefficient is minimum; and 3）the reflection coefficient is the cosine function of the azimuth angle and the period is π.     

Pilot scale treatment of low turbidity water using compound bioflocculant and polymerized aluminium ferrum chloride

To investigate the application of compound bioflocculant (CBF) in drinking water treatment at pilot plant,CBF and polymerized aluminium ferrum chloride (PAFC) coagulant were used to treat raw water taken from Longhupao Reservoir in Heilongjiang Province for the removal of turbidity,COD,UV254 and residual Al. Coagulation test shows that the coagulation enhanced by CBF and PAFC exhibits more effective performance than that enhanced by the individual of them,and the total combination dosage is lower than that of the individual. The residual Al from PAFC can be removed efficiently by CBF. The removal efficiency of turbidity reaches 76.6% by combining CBF of 2 mg/L and PAFC of 15 mg/L,COD is decreased from 3.80 mg/L to 1.62 mg/L,and the concentration of residual Al is only 0.033 mg/L in the product water. It can be speculated that adsorption-bridging and sweep-coagulation processes are predominant in the flocculation process by the combination of CBF and PAFC.