A Cyclodespreader Architecture for Detecting Multiple Downlink Aperiodic CDMA Signals

Although a code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system is spectrally efficient and has some immunity against intentional reception, its capacity and performance are generally limited by multiple access interference (MAI) caused by other users. For an aperiodic CDMA system, the spreading sequences span multiple symbol intervals, and the cross-correlations between these sequences, which are a measure of the MAI, are periodic over multiple symbols. In this paper, we present a receiver with a parallel architecture that converts an aperiodic CDMA sequence into a piecewise periodic sequence in each arm. We refer to this receiver as a cyclodespreader because the despreader exploits the cyclostationary property of an aperiodic signal. As a result, the transmitted data can be detected separately in each arm of the receiver using low-complexity conventional algorithms proposed for periodic CDMA systems. The goal of the receiver is to decode several signals received from different cochannel base stations. The performance of the system is evaluated using real aperiodic CDMA signals, and it is compared to that of a conventional matched filter (MF) receiver using the number of correctly decoded messages as the performance measure.     

Removing Cyclostationary Properties in a Chaos-Based Communication System

Chaotic signals are used in digital communications primarily in a bid to increase the security of transmissions. Moreover, second-order cyclostationary characteristics can easily be identified in chaotic signals used in communication systems. The detection of the cyclostationary properties in the transmitted signal decreases the security level for such systems. In this paper, we focus our attention on the eradication of cyclostationary properties present in chaotic signals, and to that end, we introduce a new method based on symbol period randomization to eliminate the spectral lines corresponding to the multiples of the baud rates. Finally, we compare our proposed method with another existing method in order to show the efficiency of ours in eliminating the cyclostationary properties.     

On the cyclostationary statistics of ultra-wideband signals in the presence of timing and frequency jitter

Cyclostationarity is an inherent characteristic of many man-made communication signals, which, if properly recognized, can be exploited for performing various signal-processing tasks. Determining the cyclostationary characteristics of a signal of interest is the first step in the design of signal processing systems exploiting this cyclostationary behaviour. This paper investigates the cyclostationary statistics of various signalling schemes employed in ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems. Analytical expressions are derived for the cyclic autocorrelation and spectral correlation density functions in the presence of random timing and frequency jitter, which are characterized by discrete-time stationary random processes with known distribution functions.     

DS-CDMA中扩频信号的循环平稳特性分析

介绍了循环平稳信号的基本概念，对DS—CDMA系统中直接序列扩频信号的循环平稳特性进行了详细的理论分析，通过计算机仿真实验验证了分析结果；仿真同时说明了利用信号的循环平稳特性可以进行有效地信号提取和干扰抑制，具有极大的应用前景。     

On spectral theory of cyclostationary signals in multirate systems

This paper studies two problems in the spectral theory of discrete-time cyclostationary signals: the cyclospectrum representation and the cyclospectrum transformation by linear multirate systems. Four types of cyclospectra are presented, and their interrelationships are explored. In the literature, the problem of cyclospectrum transformation by linear systems was investigated only for some specific configurations and was usually developed with inordinate complexities due to lack of a systematic approach. A general multirate system that encompasses most common systems-linear time-invariant systems and linear periodically time-varying systems-is proposed as the unifying framework; more importantly, it also includes many configurations that have not been investigated before, e.g., fractional sample-rate changers with cyclostationary inputs. The blocking technique provides a systematic solution as it associates a multirate system with an equivalent linear time-invariant system and cyclostationary signals with stationary signals; thus, the original problem is elegantly converted into a relatively simple one, which is solved in the form of matrix multiplication.     

A class of signal-processing schemes for reducing the envelope fluctuations of CDMA signals

In this paper, we present a class of nonlinear signal-processing schemes to reduce the envelope fluctuations in the downlink transmission within code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. These schemes are compatible with conventional CDMA receivers since they just require some modifications at the transmitter side. The proposed transmitter structure includes a nonlinear operation in the time-domain followed by a linear frequency-domain filtering operation. We also include a semi-analytical statistical characterization of the transmitted signals, which takes advantage of the Gaussian-like nature of CDMA signals with a high number of users. This characterization is used for an analytical performance evaluation of the proposed techniques. A set of performance results is presented showing that we can reduce significantly the envelope fluctuations of the transmitted signals, while maintaining the spectral occupation of the corresponding conventional CDMA signals. Moreover, the performance degradation due to the nonlinear distortion effects on the transmitted signals can be kept relatively low.     

Blind MIMO FIR channel identification based on second-order spectra correlations

We consider a problem of identifying a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) finite impulse response (FIR) system excited by colored inputs with known statistics. We propose a new, nonlinear optimization-based method that involves the power spectra and cross-spectra of the system output. The proposed algorithm is tested for the case of cyclostationary inputs (CDMA scenario) and stationary inputs (SDMA scenario). Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme works well, even for large order systems, and is robust to noise and channel length mismatch.     

宽带信号下的双基地MIMO雷达收发角估计

针对双基地多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达收发角联合估计问题,利用信号的循环平稳特性,构造宽带循环平稳信号下接收数据的循环自相关矩阵。对矩阵进行特征值分解,利用MUSIC, ESPRIT等空间谱估计算法估计出信号的收发角。宽带信号能够携带更多的信息量,利于不断增加的实际需求,而信号的循环平稳特性能够很好地抗干扰以及消除高斯噪声带来的影响。实验仿真结果表明,算法在宽带循环平稳信号下具有良好的角度估计性能。     

The Cyclostationary Nature of Crosstalk Interference from Digital Signals in Multipair Cable--Part I: Fundamentals

This paper considers the cyclostationary nature of digital signals when determining crosstalk interference between such signals in multipair cable. This approach is necessary as the interference is only relevant at the decision instants in the receivers of the disturbed systems and any time variation of this interference with respect to the sampling instants changes the effect of this interference; previous studies in the area have ignored the cyclostationary nature of the digital signal. Expressions for the time-varying mean and variance of far-end and near-end crosstalk (FEXT and NEXT) have been derived. These expressions demonstrate the inherently smaller time variation of the NEXT interference when compared to the FEXT interference. An interesting result is that the calculation of the time-averaged value of the variance of FEXT and NEXT interference still requires the use of the cyclostationary properties of the digital signal. The results of this paper are extended and applied to various examples of the engineering of digital line systems in multipair cable in Part II of this paper.     

Characterization of soft handoff in CDMA systems

Many analytical approaches have been proposed for handoff analysis based on hard handoff in mobile communication systems. In code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems with soft handoff, mobile stations (MSs) within a soft handoff region (SR) use multiple radio channels and receive their signals from multiple base stations (BSs) simultaneously. Therefore, the SRs should be considered for handoff analysis in CDMA systems. An analytical model for soft handoff in CDMA systems is developed by introducing an overlap region between adjacent cells and the handoff call attempt rate and the channel holding times are derived. Applying these results to a nonprioritized CDMA system, the effects of soft handoff and the mean cell residual time are investigated and compared with hard handoff     

A Two-Stage Capacity-Achieving Demodulation/Decoding Method for Random Matrix Channels

Iterative processing for linear matrix channels, aka turbo equalization, turbo demodulation, or turbo code-division multiple access (CDMA), has traditionally been addressed as the concatenation of conventional error control codes with the linear (matrix) channel. However, in several situations, such as CDMA, multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) channels, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), and intersymbol–interference (ISI) channels, the channel itself either contains inherent signal redundancy or such redundancy can readily be introduced at the transmitter. For such systems, iterative demodulation of the linear channel exploiting this redundancy using simple iterative cancellation demodulators, followed by conventional feedforward error control decoding, provides a low-complexity, but extremely efficient decoding alternative. This two-stage demodulator/decoder outperforms more complex turbo CDMA methods for equal power modes (users). Furthermore, it is shown that arbitrary numbers of modes can be supported if an unequal power distribution is adopted. These power distributions are nested, which means that additional modes can be added without disturbing an existing mode population. The main result shows that these nested power distributions enable the two-stage receiver to approach the Shannon capacity of the channel to within less than one bit for any signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).      

A Novel Detection Algorithm Efficient for Turbo Coded CDMA Signals in Detect and Forward Cooperative Channels

In this paper, a new detection algorithm is proposed for turbo coded Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) signals in detect and forward cooperative channels. Use of user cooperation makes much improvement in the performance of CDMA systems. Due to the special structure of CDMA systems, cooperative schemes increase the sum and cutoff capacities of CDMA based wireless systems and improve the quality of user-partner link which enhances the overall performance of the system. In this paper, a new combining scheme is proposed that makes the receiver more robust against the decision errors in the partner link. This structure is simulated for punctured 1/2 rate 4 states turbo code in a channel with first order Markov time variation and different Rice factor variances. Through various simulations, it is shown when the channel estimates are available in the partner and receiver, the cooperation between users provides much diversity gain especially while using the new proposed combining algorithm.     

Rice's Representation for Cyclostationary Processes

The well-known formulas relating power spectral densities of a bandpass process and its low-pass representors in Rice's representation are generalized to accommodate cyclostationary processes, which can be more appropriate than stationary processes as models for modulated signals. It is explained that improper phase-randomization methods for stationarizing cyclostationary processes can yield misleading formulas for power spectral densities in Rice's representation. In addition, the relationships among the spectral correlation functions for a cyclostationary bandpass process and its cyclostationary low-pass representors are derived.     

The Cyclostationary Nature of Crosstalk Interference from Digital Signals in Multipair Cable--Part II: Applications and Further Results

In this paper, the results of Part I are applied to the engineering of primary-level digital line systems in multipair cable operating in either a nonsynchronous or a synchronous network. It is shown that the erstwhile incorrect assumption that crosstalk interference from digital line systems is wide sense stationary, and not cyclostationary, leads to an overestimation of system margin of less than 1 dB. It is also shown that the change from a nonsynchronous to a synchronous network leads to a reduction in system margin which is difficult to quantify exactly, but it is typically less than 2.5 dB for FEXT and 1.5 dB for NEXT. The paper concludes with a consideration of the cyclostationary nature of block,encoded digital signals such as 4B3T, MS43, etc., and extends some of the results of Part I.     

基于多循环频率聚焦的宽带循环平稳信号阵列测向方法

宽带循环平稳信号多个离散循环频率处的信息能否进行综合利用以改善低信噪比条件下的阵列测向性能具有较大的研究价值。该文从阵列观测数据的循环谱相关函数入手,证明了低信噪比条件下不同循环频率处阵列观测数据的谱相关函数估计误差之间相互独立,表明不同循环频率信息之间具有较强的互补性,然后借鉴常规宽带信号频域聚焦思想提出了一种不同循环频率处信息综合利用的有效途径。仿真结果表明,基于多循环频率聚焦的方法能够有效改善低信噪比条件下宽带循环平稳信号的阵列测向性能。     

Asymptotic moments of estimated cyclic correlation matrices

The first and second moments of the cyclic cross-correlogram matrix of two vector-valued cyclostationary processes are derived in this paper. These results generalize those of Hurd (1989) to accommodate incommensurate cycle frequencies and complex vector-valued discrete-time nonGaussian processes. As an example application of the results, the moments of the left singular vectors of the cyclic cross-correlogram matrix are derived, which are needed in the performance analysis of subspace-fitting methods of direction-of-arrival estimation for cyclostationary signals, including even those methods that do not exploit cyclostationarity but are often applied in practice to cyclostationary signals     

Blind multiuser detection for code-hopping DS-CDMA signals in asynchronous multipath channels

Blind detection of a desired user's signal in a code-hopping (CH) direct sequence code-division multiple access (CDMA) system is considered. In CH CDMA systems each user switches between a predetermined set of short-code sequences. A user signal in such systems may be treated as the superposition of several virtual short-code signals. A code-constrained inverse filter criterion (IFC)-based blind detector for short-code CDMA signals in asynchronous multipath channels to detect a desired user's signal was recently presented by Tugnait and Li (2001). A novel approach combining the code-constrained IFC and a penalty function is proposed to simultaneously extract all virtual users associated with a given CH user. Global minima of the proposed cost function are analyzed. An extension of an existing subspace-based approach is also investigated. An illustrative simulation example is provided where the proposed algorithm is compared with a clairvoyant matched filter receiver, two linear minimum mean-square error (MMSE) receivers with channels known, and the subspace-based approach.     

Spectral Relations for Multidimensional Complex Improper Stationary and (Almost) Cyclostationary Processes

We study continuous-time multidimensional wide- sense stationary (WSS) and (almost) cyclostationary processes in the frequency domain. Under the assumption that the correlation function is uniformly continuous, we prove the existence of a unique sequence of spectral measures, which coincide with the restrictions to certain subdiagonals of the spectral measure in the strongly harmonizable case. Moreover, the off-diagonal measures are absolutely continuous with respect to the diagonal measure. As a consequence, for strongly harmonizable scalar improper almost cyclostationary processes, we obtain representation formulas for the components of the complementary spectral measure and the off-diagonal components of the spectral measure, in terms of the diagonal component of the spectral measure. We apply these results to analytic signals, which produces sufficient conditions for propriety for almost cyclostationary analytic signals.     

多径条件下BPSK信号的循环平稳特性

二相编码（BPSK）信号为常用的一种编码信号,单径情况下具有循环平稳特性。首先介绍了循环平稳信号的基本概念,然后推导了多径条件下多径BPSK信号的循环相关函数和谱相关函数,并通过表达式分析了其特性,分析表明多径条件下BPSK信号具有循环平稳特性。最后进行了计算机仿真实验,仿真结果表明多径BPSK信号具有循环平稳特性,并且可利用信号的循环平稳特性进行信号识别等。     

Multichannel Convolution Blind Separation Algorithm for MIMO DSSS/CDMA System

Direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS)/code division multiple access (CDMA) transmissions are now widely used for secure communications and multiple access. They can be transmitted at a low signal-to-noise ratio, and have a low probability of interception and capture. How to obtain the original users' signal in a noncooperative context or estimate the spreading sequence in blind conditions is a very difficult problem. Most of the signal sources are assumed to be instantaneous mixtures. In fact, the received CDMA signals are linearly convoluted. A more complicated blind source separation (BSS) algorithm is required to achieve better source separation. In this paper, a new BSS algorithm is proposed for separating linearly convolved signals in CDMA systems when the mixture coefficients of the signal and channel response are totally unknown, but some knowledge about the temporal model does exist. This algorithm is based on minimizing the squared cross-output-channel-correlation criterion. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the algorithm in the blind detection of DS-CDMA signals.