供应链上游段VMI模式的共赢条件

选取上游层面VMI模式各参与者为研究对象.考虑实施上游层面VMI模式后,订货(配送)主动权的转移导致订货(配送)策略的不同,以及制造商对各零部件需求速率的不同导致其对各零部件的订货周期也不一致的情况.通过建立数学模型,对实施上游层面VMI模式前后各企业的经济效益进行比较,探讨实施VMI且制造商销售价格不变时,各供应商是否存在合理的销售价格涨幅区间,该区间的价格既能弥补供应商因管理制造商零部件库存多消耗的成本,也能使各制造商和供应商的经济效益都有所提高,实现共赢,为各企业更加长久的合作提供理论依据.     

供应链上游层面VMI模式的利益分配机制

选取供应链上游层面VMI模式为研究对象,考虑实施VMI后,订货主动权的转移导致订货策略的变化,以及制造商对各零部件需求速率的不同导致其对各零部件的订货周期也不一致的情况,通过建立经济效果模型,探讨上游层面VMI对供应链整体利益的影响.在此基础上,根据供应商与制造商在合作中经常出现的3种情境——平等、供应商占优、制造商占优,建立VM1模式下不同情境的利益分配机制.该机制最终可体现在供应商所售产品的重新定价上,此定价既能弥补供应商因管理制造商库存而增加的成本,又可使制造商的利润得到保障,达到共赢的目的,为上游层面VMI模式的顺利推广提供理论依据.     

确定需求时上游层面VMI利益分配机制研究

假设外界需求确定,充分考虑实施VMI后,订货主动权的转移导致订货策略的变化,以及制造商对各零部件需求速率的不同导致订货周期也不一致的现象,建立供需方在传统库存模式与VMI模式下的经济效果模型,得出VMI可使供应链上游层面整体受益的结论。在此基础上,区分供应商与制造商在合作中经常出现的3种情境——平等、供应商占优、制造商占优,利用Stackelberg博弈、纳什均衡等理论,构建上游层面VMI模式下各情境的利益分配机制,该机制最终体现在供应商所售产品的重新定价上,此定价既能弥补供应商因管理制造商库存而增加的成本,又可使制造商的利润得到保障,达到共赢的目标,同时,还可为如何在价格层面制定激励策略提供理论参考。     

三级供应链VMI收益及Shapley值分配仿真研究

考虑需求放大、订货及库存成本变动等因素,构建三级供应链在分散式、上游段、下游段及集成式VMI四种情况下的收益模型,通过仿真定量说明VMI对于上、下游企业收益及风险的不同影响,并得出结论:下游段VMI实施后,集成式VMI将成为激励相容,而上游段VMI的实施将阻碍集成式VMI的实现,证实了VMI的实施顺序对供应链管理的重要影响。后采用Shapley值法分析各企业特征函数,确定Shapley值计算公式,进行收益分配,解决了收益与风险不对等所导致的VMI合作不稳定问题,促进集成式VMI的形成与长期稳定。     

产能与需求不确定下基于MOI和VMI的供应链比较研究

为分析供应链运作机制对降低产能不确定和需求不确定的影响,对比研究了MOI和VMI两种供应链运作模式下单关键零部件供应商-单制造商组成的两级供应链系统。MOI模式下,制造商负责产品的库存决策,并承担相应的零部件库存成本和缺货成本;VMI模式下,供应商负责产品的库存决策和额外产能储备决策,并承担相应的零部件库存成本和过剩能力闲置成本。给出了供应链的最优解及期望利润;为进一步讨论供应链管理模式对提升供应链运作效率的管理意义,分析了随机需求、随机产能及批发价格对两种模式的影响。     

基于Shapley值法的供应链上游段VMI的利益分配机制

实施VMI后如何分配利益直接关系到各参与者的积极性及VMI的实施效果,学术界长期立足于供应链下游段对此问题进行探讨.选取上游段VMI为研究对象,考虑实施VMI前后供应链参数的变化情况,建立经济效果模型,基于利益分享契约视角,利用Shapley值法构建上游段VMI的利益分配机制,并进行算例分析.结果表明:该机制使得由于实施上游段VMI而产生的利益在各参与者之间合理的分配,解决了供应商由于承担过多库存成本而利益受损的问题,实现了共赢.在实际操作中,该机制可通过各参与者在实施上游段VMI前共同制定利益分享契约而实现.     

供应链上游段 VMI&TPL 模式的利益分配机制

基于确定需求,以供应链上游段VMITPL模式为研究对象,考虑实施VMI前后相关参数的变化,并建立经济效果模型,然后根据Shapley值法的原理构建利益分配机制,并进行算例分析。结果表明:由实施VMI带来的利润能够通过该机制在各参与成员间进行合理分配,能够解决由于承担过多库存成本造成供应商的利益损失以及实施VMI给TPL带来的利益损失等问题。     

单供应商面对具有多个销售点的零售商时的VMI模型研究

在供应商管理用户库存（VMI）环境中,当面临的具体条件不同时,供应商和零售商的利润分配是不同的,论述了当一个供应商面对具有多个销售点的零售商时的VMI模型,此时供应商负责库存决策,他可以在各个销售点之间转运（Transshipment）库存.建立了供应商和零售商的一个Stackelberg博弈,零售商作为领导者是通过决定销售价格来体现的.结果显示最终供应商和零售商可以达到一个子博弈精练纳什均衡,零售商在该模式下获得了很大的利润份额.给出了一个算例计算了均衡时的库存量和销售价格.     

分散式VMI与Supply Hub协同供应链对比研究

考虑物流能力约束条件下,分别构建了供应商与Hub运营商、供应商与分散式VMI仓库分散决策的配送间隔及成本决策模型。研究表明,Supply Hub模式能够以更短的配送间隔和更低的运作成本满足JIT制造商的生产需要,并且参与的供应商数目越多,Supply Hub的优势就越明显。最后,通过算例进一步验证了Supply Hub模式在配送间隔和运作成本上存在的优势,并模拟了各参数对其运作优势的影响。     

VMI进行卡尔多-希克斯改进必要性研究

考虑需求放大、订货及库存成本变动等因素,构建完全竞争市场条件下的VMI模型,进行解析分析和仿真求解,证实了供应商管理库存策略进行卡尔多-希克斯改进的必要性。运用灵敏度分析,确定了影响上游企业参与VMI的重要因素,并得出越是优秀的上游企业参与VMI的积极性反而较低的结论。     

基于VMI的医院供应管理

医院大部分药品及相关用品属于易逝品,针对该类产品的特点,将VMI(Vender Managed Inventory)方法引入到医院供应管理研究中,通过建立两级供应链库存定量模型(即供应商-医院关系模型),比较实施VMI方法前后,医院、供应商以及供应链总库存成本的变化情况.通过定量比较证实,实施VMI方法可以有效降低医院及供应链总库存成本,供应商的库存成本虽有所升高,但是可以通过转移支付方法,使供应商与医院达到利益均衡点,从而降低供应链总库存成本,获得pareto均衡.     

The role of spot market in a decentralised supply chain under random yield

We consider a decentralised supply chain with demand uncertainty, wherein a manufacturer sells a single product that consists of two components to the end consumer through an independent distributor. Assume that one component has a random yield, the manufacturer may rely on the spot market to replenish any shortage components after the random yield is realised. We identify the optimal product order, component production and replenishment decisions under two different situations. One is the traditional arrangement that the distributor decides the product procurement quantity and the manufacturer chooses the production quantity. The other is vendor-managed inventory (VMI) arrangement in which the manufacturer is responsible for both the order and the production decisions. The results show that the role of spot market can effectively offset the negative effects from production yield’s, market demand’s and component spot price’s variances. Consequently, the spot market leads to the cooperation between the manufacturer and the distributor, and improves the channel’s overall performance, in particular under the VMI arrangement when the wholesale price is sufficiently high.     

考虑缺货成本的VMI利益分配

考虑缺货成本,从库存成本角度开展研究,通过对比实施VMI前后供应链库存成本模型,指出VMI短期内供应链收益来源于库存成本变化,且存在责任利益不一致的情况。针对供需双方不同地位,应用价格契约、斯坦科尔博格博弈模型与收益共享契约分别建立了零售商占优与供需双方地位平等情况下的利益分配模型,求解出零售商激励采购价格与收益共享系数的具体值,并采用算例进行分析。     

The implication of vendor inventory liability period in a decentralised assembly system

This paper investigates a decentralised assembly system that consists of one manufacturer and multiple suppliers who produce the complementary components. In a single selling season, the manufacturer initially sets a vendor inventory liability period (VILP) to control the suppliers’ delivery times, and the suppliers simultaneously determine when to deliver their components. Given the firms’ equilibrium strategies, we find that it is not wise for the manufacturer to set an overly long VILP, since having no inventory is not always beneficial to the manufacturer. A supplier may choose to postpone his delivery when the length of the VILP increases or the other suppliers’ deliveries are delayed, and either of these conditions is detrimental to the supplier’s profitability. We also examine the impact of VILP under different situations and find that having VILPs customised for different suppliers can reduce the manufacturer’s cost as well as improve the supply chain’s overall efficiency.     

基于VMI的供应链协调模型应用研究

以一个制造商和一个供应商构成的多产品、多阶段供应链为背景,使用多目标规划的方法构造了生产原料平衡、制造商利润和供应商利润等目标函数及其约束条件,建立了供应商管理制造商生产原料库存的供应链协调模型.为验证模型的有效性和可行性,设计了一个应用算例.算例的分析表明:基于VMI的供应链协调模型能够保证各阶段供应商的交付量等于制造商的订购量,使制造商的利润提高,但供应商因实施VMI利润降低了.最后,通过对产品市场价格、原材料价格、生产能力、市场容量等参数的灵敏度分析,找出了供应链各参量的变化规律.     

An integer linear programming model to support customer-driven material planning in synchronised,multi-tier supply chains

This paper describes an integer linear programming model conceived as an alternative to a traditional material requirements planning (MRP) system for extending the concept of supply chain synchronisation upstream in a multi-tier supply chain. In this model, we assume there is an incumbent application for transmitting original equipment manufacturer (OEM) requirements to first-, second- and third-tier suppliers. The proposed model is regarded as being embedded within a web-enabled, multi-tier, supply chain information system that provides the application for transmitting the production requirements. The principal motivation for having second- and third-tier suppliers that are synchronised with OEM and first-tier activity is the significant inventory, lead time and responsiveness gains that can potentially be achieved. Here, inventory is considered as a whole across a supply chain, and stock-outs are prohibited for the first-tier supplier. For illustration purposes, an example based on a real, automotive case study is provided. The model results proved better in terms of inventory and bullwhip reduction than those found in a previous simulation-based approach. Also, a comparison of the proposed case results with those of a conventional MRP application is provided.     

关于VMI下供求双方的利润变化的研究

针对传统库存管理系统存在的牛鞭效应,分析了一种新的库存管理方法:供应商管理库存(VMI).通过定量的方法证明了在VMI下供求双方的库存成本及其利润变化的情况.结果表明:在实施VMI的情况下,购买商的利润总是能够提高,而供应商短期内利润会下降,若长期实施VMI其利润在很大程度上也能够提高.通过实例验证了该结论的正确性.     

分割配送的生鲜产品库存-路径优化研究

目的 基于供应商管理库存策略,优化协调第三方物流（3rd Party Logistics,3PL）参与的二级供应链系统中库存补充与补货配送的关系,在满足配送需求的同时降低系统的库存和运输成本。方法 综合考虑3PL物流模式下的库存-路径系统中生鲜产品的运输距离、质量时间窗以及需求分割配送策略在时间上的调整等因素,以异质车队车辆行驶燃油成本、车辆调用固定成本、配送超时腐坏成本以及各零售商的库存成本为目标函数,建立多品种生鲜产品库存-路径优化模型。结果 通过改进的遗传算法计算并进行配送量调整优化,得到最终的生鲜配送方案,其系统总成本比配送量调整前减少了9.98%。结论 通过在时间上对配送量进行拆分调整可以有效地节约供应链系统总成本。     

Design of traceability systems for product recall

A product recall is very expensive and a poorly executed recall can be devastating to a company’s reputation. It is, therefore, important to improve the traceability for supply chains to address potential recalls. This paper studies the recall dynamics in a two-stage supply chain with a manufacturer and two suppliers. It is shown that the suppliers would opt-out in improving traceability due to misalignment of incentives, leading to diminishing traceability of the whole supply chain and high product recall liabilities for the manufacturer. To address this problem, this research designs an interest-sharing mechanism by which the recall liability reduction of the manufacturer due to improved traceability can be shared with the suppliers to induce traceability improvement effort. Results show that the interest-sharing mechanism improves not only the economic benefit, but also the traceability for each party. We also provide a systematic framework to choose the design parameters, including the degree of accuracy and level of coding, for the supply chain to realise such benefits.