河道淤砂提钪浸出试验研究

对从河道淤砂中提取钪的新工艺进行了研究。试验考察了盐酸、硝酸、硫酸以及盐酸加助溶剂浸出钪时各因素的影响和浸出效果,以及氯化焙烧浸出、碱熔合浸出的浸出效果。试验结果表明,在三种酸的浸出试验中HN03浸出率为59．20％,略高于盐酸,但盐酸加助熔剂浸出率高达80．94％。而氯化焙烧浸出、碱熔合一水解浸出的浸出率分别高达82,79％和99．79％。     

从熔盐电解废渣中回收钪和氟

为无害化处理熔盐电解法制备铝钪中间合金过程产生的熔盐电解废渣并回收其中的有价元素,针对熔盐电解废渣氟盐高、稀土元素钪含量低的特点,提出了一种氢氧化钠?硫酸两步浸取的全湿法处理熔盐电解废渣,回收氟、钪的新工艺。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、离子色谱仪(IC)、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)、扫描电镜(SEM)对碱浸?酸浸过程中氟、钪元素的走向分布进行了系统考察。结果表明,碱浸过程中熔盐电解废渣中的氟转化成溶解度较低的氟化钠,通过水洗使氟几乎全部进入溶液,而钪留在碱浸水洗渣中,实现了氟、钪分离。利用碱浸水洗渣中的铝以难溶于酸的?-Al2O3形式存在的特性,通过酸浸将碱浸水洗渣中的钪溶解,实现了钪和铝的分离与回收。通过研究碱浸、酸浸过程中浸出剂浓度、液固比、浸出温度和时间等工艺参数对浸出率的影响,得到最佳工艺参数：碱浸过程氢氧化钠浓度100 g/L,液固质量比12:1,温度90℃,浸出时间1.5 h;酸浸过程硫酸浓度1.5 mol/L,液固质量比6:1,温度90℃,浸出时间50 min。碱浸后熔盐电解废渣中可溶性铝和氟的浸出率分别达97.12%和98.71%,氟化钠产品纯度达到98.70%,酸浸过程钪的浸出率达到92.01%。     

从氯化烟尘中提取钪时的铁钪分离

本文研究了用酸浸法从氯化烟尘中提取钪的条件，选用一种配合沉淀剂处理钪浸出液，进行铁钪分离，获得钪沉淀率近于１００％的提取高纯钪的溶液。该配合沉淀剂价廉、无污染，且可回收循环使用。本研究提供了一种有较高实用价值的由废物中提取钪的生产工艺。     

用萃取法从钨矿渣制取氧化钪

用萃取法从钨矿渣制得纯度为９９．９９％的氧化钪。该工艺方法设备简单，操作容易，投资少，见效快，并可得到较好的经济效益。     

黑钨矿渣的综合利用

本文介绍了针对国内某钨冶炼厂产出的黑钨矿渣,在提取氧化钪的同时,进行全面综合利用的试验工作。提取氧化钪主要包括酸浸出、萃取、洗涤、反萃和提纯五个过程。钨渣经盐酸浸出,其浸出率可达78～85%,且在最佳的工艺参数下,每公斤钨渣可提取纯度70%的粗制氧化钪0.314克,净化后获得纯度大于99%的氧化钪0.176克,钪的最终回收率达50%。在回收铁、锰、钨的过程中,多次试验表明,每公斤钨渣可回收三氧化二铁约380克,得率为理论量的95%,碳酸锰约500克,含锰量为42.9%,三氧化钨20～25克,回收率达50%。根据试验结果,进行了初步的经济效益分析,表明本研究工作具有工业化推广的价值,而且肯定了其社会效益和经济效益。     

由含钛物料的氯化烟尘中提取氧化钪的研究

通过对攀枝花地区矿产资源在选冶过程中走向的考查,发现钪在钛精矿中,特别是在钛的冶炼过程(由高钛渣氯化生产四氯化钛)的氯化烟尘中有很大富集,此氯化烟尘是一种较理想的提钪原料。本工作以高钛渣生产四氯化钛过程中的氯化烟尘为原料,通过水浸、萃取、沉淀及灼烧四步处理,可得到氧化钪产品(三氧化二钪纯度99％以上)。本流程的特点是,生产工艺较简单,原料为生产四氯化钛过程的排放废物——氯化烟尘,浸出过程不需要加热,用水就可把钪浸入水中。通过萃取、洗涤及反萃过程除去大部分杂质,再经沉淀、灼烧即可得到质量较高的氧化钪产品。按原料的单耗进行初步估算,本流程所得到的氧化钪产品成本较低,为综合利用攀枝花地区钛矿资源中的钪提供了一条经济合理的途径。本流程具有普遍推广意义,目前国內处理含钪较高的高钛渣或人造金红石的氯化车间基本上都有可能采用此方案提钪。当前国内还没有组织钪的生产,钪全部依靠进口。本流程立足于本国资源,其在工业上的应用将使我国有可能生产出一定数量优质价廉的氧化钪,为在我国开展钪的应用和把钪进口改变成钪出口创造条件。     

赤泥脱碱处理和有价金属钛钪提取的研究

赤泥是用碱从铝土矿中提取氧化铝后排除的固体残渣。研究了用石灰脱碱,降低赤泥对土壤的环境危害,并提取其中贵重金属的方法。赤泥脱碱的条件：氧化钙用量占赤泥质量的5％～8％,质量分数20％的石灰乳与赤泥质量比为（3～5）：1,在80～90℃浸取2h,当原赤泥粒度小于180μm时,脱碱后赤泥含总碱质量分数〈1．0％。从赤泥中提取钪、钛采用两段酸浸工艺：先用6mol／L盐酸浸取,盐酸浸出液用质量分数1％的P507萃取,在50℃时用2．0mol／L氢氧化钠溶液反萃取,钪的提取率达90％以上;再用17．1mol／L硫酸浸取,酸渣质量比为3：1,浸取温度为200℃,浸取时间为2h,钛提取率可达95％。     

攀西钒钛磁铁矿中钪浸出实验研究

攀西钒钛磁铁矿经选矿综合条件获得的钪精矿产品辉石、角闪石,属难浸含钪矿物。该矿样含Sc_2O_3:0.0063%,最终确定浸出工艺条件:添加剂PX药剂的用量为矿重50%,焙烧温度为900~950℃,焙烧时间3h,高温焙烧完成后再用水搅拌浸出洗碱,浸出液固比4∶1,水浴保温80℃,浸出时间:3 h;Sc的浸出率达到91%~93%。突破了从含钪辉石、角闪石中难浸出钪的技术瓶颈,为含钪矿物中提取钪的后续研究奠定了基础。     

提钪废液制备高纯碳酸锰

本文研究了以钨渣提钪废液为原料,软锰矿为氧化剂,菱锰矿为中和剂,制备高纯碳酸锰的工艺方法。探讨了反应温度、菱锰矿用量与反应时间对锰浸出效果的影响,以及水合二氧化锰吸附法中过氧化氢用量对除硅效果的影响。硫酸锰溶液经过水解法除铁、铝,硫化铵法除重金属,水合二氧化锰吸附法除硅,氟化铵法除钙、镁、稀土元素,最后碳酸氢铵沉淀获得高纯碳酸锰。     

从废胶片中回收硝酸银

研究了直接用稀硝酸溶液浸渍胶片制取硝酸银，考察了浸银的最佳工艺条件。银的浸出率可达100％，制备的硝酸银纯度可达99．5％以上。方法简单可行，同时碱角聚酯废料制取对苯二甲酸（PTA），PTA的纯度可达96％以上，经原子吸收光谱法分析其杂质含量很低。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。