镁合金富Ar混合气体TIG焊电弧行为及其对焊缝质量的影响

采用富Ar混合气体TIG焊焊接了镁合金板材,分析了Af、He、C02和N2不同配比混合气体的电弧特性及其对焊缝成形、熔深、显微硬度和抗拉强度的影响.结果表明:富Ar混合气体加入一定比例C02会造成镁元素蒸发,焊接过程中有飞溅现象,加入一定比例N2会在焊缝表面生成Mg3N2膜,影响焊缝质量.He-Ar混合气体随着氯气体积分数的增大,电弧稳定性增强,阴极热功率所占电弧总功率的比例减少.当He体积比等于50%时,电弧阴极区城明显收缩而阳极区域发散扩展,可获得外形美观、熔透率高、焊缝区组织均匀细小的镁合金焊接接头.焊缝的平均显微硬度为60HV,达到母材的82.6%,抗拉强度为186MPa,是母材的76%,断裂发生在热影响区,属于韧-脆混合断裂.     

锌基合金激光焊焊接接头组织和性能的研究

通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析仪等分析手段,研究了锌基合金激光焊焊接接头的组织和性能。结果表明:锌基合金焊接接头熔合线明显,熔合区及热影响区很窄,组织比较均匀;焊缝中心位置的蒸发凹坑较明显。焊缝中心主要由等轴晶组成,焊缝中心与熔合线的中间区域主要由树枝状晶组成。熔合区及热影响区组织发生明显的重结晶,为细小的等轴晶,没有半熔化区晶粒组织及过热粗晶区组织出现。焊接接头的焊缝硬度最高,各区域的硬度分布为:焊缝热影响区、熔合区母材。     

MB8镁合金CO2激光焊接工艺及接头性能

采用高功率CO2激光器对MB8镁合金进行一系列激光焊接工艺试验,并对焊缝成形的形成规律、接头的微观组织和力学性能进行研究.结果表明:焊缝熔深基本和激光功率呈正比关系,激光功率每增加1 kW,熔深约增加2 mm.焊缝熔合区组织主要由粗大的等轴晶组成,晶粒内有连续析出的条纹状β-Mn,晶粒尺寸约为60μm;热影响区组织为相对细小但大小不一的等轴晶,晶粒尺寸为15~40μm.在消除焊缝表面缺陷后,焊接接头抗拉强度能达到基材的90%左右.此外,熔合区内的粗大晶粒、晶粒内连续分布的第二相及焊缝内气孔缺陷是造成接头拉伸性能低于基材的主要原因.     

轧制+增材TC4合金电子束焊接接头组织与性能

研究了一种电子束焊接规范对轧制+增材TC4钛合金焊接接头组织影响,分析了焊后钛合金力学性能.结果表明,轧制侧热影响区合金组织变化较大,离焊缝中心距离越近,β转变组织含量增加,晶粒逐渐转变为等轴晶组织,等轴晶内有集束状马氏体α'相析出,越靠近焊缝等轴晶尺寸越大;增材侧热影响区组织形态变化较小,β晶粒形态保持柱状晶形态,无等轴晶区产生,晶内组织转变为马氏体α'相.焊缝两侧热影响区显微硬度变化趋势相同,均为越靠近焊缝中心,显微硬度越高,焊接重熔区硬度最高,达400 HV左右.焊接接头力学性能与TC4钛合金锻件相当,且断裂位置均位于激光沉积母材区域.     

9Cr18Mo/GH3625异种合金燃油组件激光焊接头的组织分析

针对发动机燃油组件的焊接性问题,采用光学显微镜观察了9Cr18Mo/GH3625环焊缝脉冲激光焊接头显微组织,采用硬度计测量了接头显微硬度分布,研究了接头各区域的组织演变。结果表明,激光焊接头表面成形良好,由于经历二次加热,接头定位焊点处易出现气孔、热裂纹缺陷。脉冲激光的间隙加热使焊缝组织呈明显的分层,焊缝底部为柱状晶,焊缝中部和顶部均为等轴晶,等轴晶的尺寸在焊缝中部发生突变;接头9Cr18Mo合金侧热影响区宽度约为0. 5 mm,焊接的高温作用使该区发生晶粒长大和碳化物溶解,且越靠近焊缝,碳化物溶解现象越明显; GH3625合金侧热影响区宽度约为0. 4 mm,该区晶粒发生长大;接头自9Cr18Mo合金侧至GH3625合金侧显微硬度逐渐降低,9Cr18Mo合金侧热影响区靠近熔合线位置生成高碳马氏体使显微硬度显著升高。     

铝合金电流强化激光焊接焊缝组织及性能

采用电流强化激光焊接方法对3.0 mm厚的2219-T6铝合金板材进行堆焊,研究了电流对激光焊缝宏观和微观组织、气孔缺陷以及力学性能的影响.试验发现,引入电流后,焊缝区的晶粒发生明显细化,促使粗大的柱状晶转变为细小的等轴晶;而且消除了激光焊缝中央存在的羽毛状晶.与激光焊接相比,电流强化激光焊接焊缝中的气孔明显减少,接头...     

车用5A02铝合金薄板激光焊接性及接头力学性能研究

针对5A02铝合金薄板进行了CO2激光焊接性研究,并对接头组织和力学性能进行了测试.通过与常规钨极氩弧焊及搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和力学性能的对比研究发现,CO2 激光焊接接头焊缝及热影响区窄,晶粒细小,但在熔合线附近仍存在粗晶过渡和软化区.接头微区组织及化学成分不均匀性、β强化相的缺损以及焊缝中气孔等焊接缺陷是造成CO2激光焊接头性能下降的主要原因.     

厚板转子钢多层多道焊接头不同微区断裂韧度的分析

文中研究了厚板转子钢多层多道窄间隙焊接接头不同微区的断裂韧度,主要包括接头中热影响区粗晶区及细晶区,焊缝中的柱状晶区和等轴晶区.结果表明,焊缝内柱状晶区断裂韧度（J_m）最低,断裂韧度最小值为195 kJ/m2,而热影响区的细晶区断裂韧度最高,J_m为1 265 kJ/m2.热影响区细小的等轴晶粒（1~12 μm）和晶内均匀分布的碳化物是其断裂韧度较好的主要原因.焊缝内组织主要为回火索氏体,以柱状晶形式分布在焊缝中,裂纹容易沿柱状晶晶界扩展,导致焊缝的断裂韧度较低.整个接头柱状晶与等轴晶组织交替分布,提高抗裂纹扩展能力,保证了整个焊接接头的安全可靠.     

高强度铝合金厚板焊接气孔形态分析及混合保护气体效应

进行了高强度铝合金的混合气体保护气焊接试验,对采用MIG焊接高强度铝合金厚板时产生的气孔形貌及其机理进行分析,研究了影响气孔产生倾向的因素。试验结果表明,采用50％He 50％Ar保护气体施焊,能明显减少气孔产生,减小HAZ宽度,使软化区宽度相应减小,焊接接头力学性能有所提高。     

压铸AM60B镁合金TIG焊组织研究

对压铸AM60B镁合金板钨极氩弧焊缝显微组织进行了观察分析.结果表明,焊缝中心区由细小均匀的等轴晶和呈网状分布于晶界的高相比例Mg17Al12共晶相组成,在接近上自由表面分布着细小圆形气孔;靠焊缝侧的熔合区集中出现不同尺寸的气孔和微观疏松,显微组织由粗大等轴晶和数量明显减少、呈蠕虫状和颗粒状分布在晶界的Mg17Al12共晶相组成;靠热影响区侧的熔合区组织粗大、晶界和Mg17Al12共晶相逐渐模糊;热影响区组织形貌与母材相近,但晶粒有明显长大现象.     

保护气体对440MPa HSLA钢GMAW焊缝组织及韧性的影响

采用不同保护气体对440 MPa级低合金高强钢(HSLA钢)进行气保焊焊接,通过光学显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)对焊缝微观组织及夹杂物形貌进行了观察,研究了保护气体组成对焊缝组织及韧性的影响,并分析了不同成分保护气体对焊缝夹杂物大小、数量及其成分的影响.结果表明,保护气体为100％ CO2,焊缝金属韧性较差;保护气体(体积分数)为80％ Ar+20％ CO2和90％ Ar+ 10％ CO2,焊缝金属韧性较好.100％ CO2气体保护焊焊缝组织主要为铁素体和贝氏体,混合气体保护焊(20％ CO2和10％ CO2)焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体和少量侧板条铁素体.随着保护气体中CO2含量的减少,焊缝金属中夹杂物数量、尺寸均降低,且成分发生变化.对于440 MPa级HSLA钢,合理的保护气体组成可以得到良好的焊接质量.     

Comparative evaluation of tungsten inert gas and laser welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy

Abstract

Welding of AZ31 Mg alloy was conducted using various welding techniques, namely, tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding with Ar shielding gas, TIG welding with He shielding gas, CO₂ laser welding, and YAG laser welding. The results were comparatively evaluated in terms of weld bead formation and microstructural characterisation. It was found that TIG welding with both Ar and He gas shielding produced good welds without major defects. The penetration capacity can be improved using He gas shielding. Owing to their high energy density, CO₂ and YAG lasers can produce weld beads having high aspect ratio. Among the four techniques used, the YAG laser produced the finest weld microstructure, whereas TIG with Ar gas shielding produced the coarsest microstructure. Shielding is a key factor controlling the O contents in the welds. The more effective the shielding provided the lower the O content in the weld. Hardness reduction in the weld metals and heat affected zones was observed for all the techniques owing to the elimination of strengthening effects by the welding operation. In summary, the present study demonstrated advantages and limitations of the various welding techniques and provided an in depth understanding of the weldability of AZ31 Mg alloy.     

高铬镍奥氏体焊丝Ar/He/CO2保护脉冲GMAW电弧形态与熔滴过渡

为解决高强度Cr-Ni奥氏体焊丝脉冲GMAW电弧挺度不足,熔滴过渡不稳定的问题,文中采用高速摄像手段对Ar/He/CO₂不同组合气体保护下的脉冲GMAW电弧形态与熔滴过渡进行了对比研究,以期优化混合气体成分.结果表明,氩气弧熔滴过渡容易,但电弧漂移、挺度差;氦气和CO₂气体的加入可提高电弧挺度、增大电弧能量、熔滴过渡变为1脉多滴,先一个大滴,接着几个小滴;氦气的比例越大,第一个熔滴的尺寸越大;CO₂气体可克服阴极斑点漂移,但比例不能超过5%;40% Ar+58% He+2% CO₂三元组合的电弧挺度大,熔滴过渡均匀平稳,是奥氏体焊丝脉冲GMAW厚板焊接较理想的混合气体组分.     

Solidification and solidification structure control of weld metals

Summary

The influence of the shielding gas and laser irradiation conditions on porosity formation in CO₂ laser welding of aluminium alloy were investigated. Bead-on-plate welding tests were performed on 7 mm thick Al-Mg alloy (A5182) plates. The weld beads were inspected by X-ray and the number of pores was counted as a function of the pore diameter. We found that the number of pores was minimised when the dew point of the shielding gas was kept at as low as ?50°C at the welding nozzle tip. At a dew point of ?50°C the number of pores decreased when the flow rate of the shielding gas (Ar) was reduced and the nozzle diameter was increased, presumably because of less air mixing in the welding region. We also found that porosity formation was reduced when He/Ar mixtures were used as the shielding gas instead of pure Ar or He shielding gas. But porosity also depended on the defocused distance of the laser beam at a given laser power. With Ar shielding gas, the number of pores increased when the beam was focused above the specimen surface/while with He shielding gas it increased when the beam was focused in the weld pool. These dependencies may be attributed to the unstable keyhole formation due to laser absorption through the intense plasma formed on the specimen surface and due to the strong boiling of the molten metal respectively. The results indicate that both the hydrogen and the unstable keyhole behaviour cause porosity formation in laser welding of aluminium alloys. Under the optimised conditions, however, the number of pores was significantly reduced.     

不锈钢电弧辅助活性TIG焊

针对不锈钢,提出了一种新型活性YIG焊方法--电弧辅助活性TIG焊,即AA-TIG焊(arc assisted activating TIG welding).该焊接方法通过在正常TIG焊前以活性混合气体作为保护气体,采用小电流钨极电弧预熔待焊焊道表面,可使熔深显著增加,焊接效率大大提高,而且具有可全自动化焊接和工艺可重复性好等优点.分别采用O2+Ar,CO2+Ar,空气作为小电流钨极电弧的保护气体进行了单弧AA-TIG焊.与传统TIG焊比较,发现O2+Ar,CO2+Ar和空气都可显著增加熔深,减小熔宽,焊缝表面成形良好.采用CO2+Ar作为活性混合保护气体进行双弧AA-TIG焊,焊缝成形良好,熔深显著增加.熔深随着焊枪间距减小而增大.     

Microstructures of gas metal arc weld metal of 950 MPa class steel

Abstract

The effects of shielding gas composition on the properties and microstructure of single pass weld metals produced by GMA (gas metal arc) groove welding of 950 MPa class steel plates have been investigated. The shielding gas employed was a mixture of argon (Ar) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) (0–25%), and the weld heat input was ～3 kJ mm. With increasing CO₂ content, the hardness of the weld metal decreased from 380 HV to 280 HV, and the absorbed energy of the Charpy impact test decreased from 130 J to 90 J. The microstructures of the weld metal, consisting primarily of low carbon martensite and carbide free bainite, became more bainitic as the CO₂ content of the shielding gas was increased. It was also found that the MA constituent, embrittling microstructure, was formed in the granular bainitic area, the volume fraction of which increased with the CO₂ content of the shielding gas.     

保护气体成分对双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW旁路熔滴过渡形式的影响

双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW的旁路焊枪选择了正极性接法即焊丝接电源负极,旁路熔滴仅依靠重力向熔池过渡,旁路熔滴尺寸较大且过渡过程并不稳定.针对这一问题,采用已建立的双丝旁路耦合电弧焊接过程信号控制与高速摄像采集系统,采集了纯氩气保护时旁路熔滴过渡形式,并分析了旁路熔滴尺寸较大且过渡过程不稳定的原因.在此基础上,采用80% Ar+20% CO₂为保护气体进行了焊接试验.结果表明,焊接过程中,保护气体中的O元素在旁路熔滴表面形成了氧化膜,旁路电弧在旁路熔滴表面的氧化膜上稳定燃烧,从而使电磁收缩力重新作用在旁路熔滴上并促进旁路熔滴向熔池过渡,因此焊接过程中旁路熔滴尺寸明显减小,熔滴过渡过程更加稳定.     

微量CO2对MGH956合金超声电弧TIG焊的影响

对MGH956合金进行超声电弧TIG焊接,在纯氩气保护中添加一定比例的CO₂,通过对比在保护气体中添加0.5%的CO₂前后焊缝组织和接头性能的变化,分析了在超声电弧的基础上微量CO₂对焊缝组织及接头性能的作用机制及影响规律.结果表明,施加超声电弧后,焊缝晶粒变小,气孔变少,焊缝的抗拉强度有所提高;在施加超声电弧的基础上,在纯氩气中加入0.5%的CO₂,焊缝中心晶粒呈细小等轴晶,且分布均匀,接头的抗拉强度明显提高,并实现了接头断裂方式由脆性断裂转化为韧性断裂.此外在纯氩气中加入0.5%的CO₂后,焊缝的硬度增加,接头的综合性能得到了提高.     

Highly efficient TIG welding of Cr13Ni5Mo martensitic stainless steel

A double-shielded TIG welding process using pure He gas as the inner shielding layer and He and CO₂ mixed gas as the outer shielding layer was proposed for the welding of Cr13Ni5Mo martensitic stainless steels. This proposed welding process can successfully address the problem of electrode oxidation with mixed-gas TIG welding and the issue of low weld depth and welding efficiency of traditional TIG welding. A change in the direction of the surface tension convection mode was the primary mechanism that affected the fusion zone profile. When the oxygen content in the weld pool was in the range of 80–120 ppm, the surface tension convection direction changed from outward to inward, resulting in both a larger weld depth and a larger weld depth/width ratio. This process not only allows for a high welding efficiency comparing with traditional TIG welding but also produces better weld impact properties than those of MAG welding (metal active gas welding).     

1Cr22Mn16N高氮钢激光焊接I.焊接保护气体组成和热输入对焊缝氮含量及气孔性的影响

利用CO2激光对1Cr22Mn16N高氮钢进行了焊接,研究了焊接热输入和保护气体组成对焊缝氮含量、气孔的影响。结果表明,在相同激光焊接热输入条件下,随着保护气体中氮含量的增加,高氮钢焊缝中的氮含量略有增加。当采用纯氩作为焊接保护气体时,焊缝氮含量随热输入的增加而减小;当保护气体中的氮比例达到一定比例时,焊缝氮含量随热输入的增加而增大。焊接热输入较小的条件下焊缝易产生气孔,较大的热输入将抑制焊缝中气孔的产生,而且保护气体中氮含量越高,焊缝中产生气孔的倾向越小。