水合物存在条件下CH_4和CO_2在溶液中溶解度计算

实验测定了在不同温度、压力条件下,水合物存在时CO2和CH4在水溶液中的溶解度。将Chen-Guo水合物模型和拓展的P-T状态方程应用到水合物存在条件下CH4和CO2在溶液中的溶解度计算,对于V-Lw-H三相条件下CH4和CO2在液相中的溶解度取得了较高的计算精度。本文将vander Waals-Platteeuw模型和拓展的P-T状态方程结合,建立了用于计算高于三相平衡压力条件下CH4和CO2在液相中溶解度的模型。考察了系统压力对CH4和CO2在液相中溶解度的影响。结果表明,压力增加会显著影响CH4和CO2在其溶液中的溶解度。模型基于两点假设经过改进后具有较高的计算精度,能够用于水合物存在条件下CH4和CO2在液相中溶解度的计算。     

Insights on global warming

The global temperature increase over the last century and a half (～ 0.8°C), and the last three decades in particular, is well outside of that which can be attributed to natural climate fluctuations. The increase of atmospheric CO₂ over this period has been conclusively demonstrated to be a result largely of fossil fuel burning. The global mean temperature change that results in response to a sustained perturbation of the Earth's energy balance after a time sufficiently long for both the atmosphere and oceans to come to thermal equilibrium is termed the Earth's climate sensitivity. The purely radiative (blackbody) warming from a doubling of CO₂ from its preindustrial level of 280 parts‐per‐million (ppm) to 560 ppm is ～ 1.2°C; the actual warming that would result is considerably larger owing to amplification by climate feedbacks, including that owing to water vapor. Increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) levels are estimated to have contributed about +3.0 W m^?2 perturbation (radiative forcing) to the Earth's energy balance. Particles (aerosols), on the whole, exert a cooling effect on climate, with a total forcing estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007)¹ as ?1.2 W m^?2, a value that is subject to considerable uncertainty. If the actual magnitude of aerosol forcing is close to the low end of its estimated uncertainty range, then it offsets a considerably smaller fraction of the GHG forcing and the total net forcing is at the high end of its range, ～ 2.4 W m^?2; at the other extreme, if the actual aerosol cooling is at the high end of its range, then aerosol forcing is currently offsetting a major fraction of GHG forcing, and the total net forcing is only ～ 0.6 W m^?2. To explain the actual global increase in temperature of ～ 0.8°C, these two extremes have major implications in terms of the Earth's climate sensitivity. Climate sensitivity is determined by the strength of feedbacks, of which cloud feedback is the most uncertain. That the Earth has warmed and that GHGs are responsible is unequivocal; the Earth's climate sensitivity and the effect of aerosols complicate answers to the question: how much warming and how soon? © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

甲烷水合物分解实验

在体积10 L的静态反应器中研究了水合物分解动力学,考察了储存温度和水合物量等因素对水合物分解的影响。实验结果表明,水合物在273.15 K以下时存在一种异常的自我保护效应,其在268.05 K时分解速度最慢;而水合物的储运压力与储罐中的水合物量有关,当储罐容积一定时,分解压力随着储罐中水合物量的增加而增加,但水合物的分解百分比随着水合物量的增加而减少;最后提出了在一定压力下储运水合物的方法。以期为水合物法固态储存气体技术的工业化应用提供实验数据和理论依据。     

甲烷水合物的研究和开发

介绍了甲烷水合物的结构、相平衡性质和在自然界的赋存情况,以及为开采甲烷水合物而进行的钻探和深海开发技术,并探讨了开发甲烷水合物中的环境保护问题.     

One‐dimensional productivity assessment for on‐field methane hydrate production using CO2/N2 mixture gas

The direct recovery of methane from gas hydrate‐bearing sediments is demonstrated, where a gaseous mixture of CO₂ + N₂ is used to trigger a replacement reaction in complex phase surroundings. A one‐dimensional high‐pressure reactor (8 m) was designed to test the actual aspects of the replacement reaction occurring in natural gas hydrate (NGH) reservoir conditions. NGH can be converted into CO₂ hydrate by a “replacement mechanism,” which serves double duty as a means of both sustainable energy source extraction and greenhouse gas sequestration. The replacement efficiency controlling totally recovered CH₄ amount is inversely proportional to CO₂ + N₂ injection rate which directly affecting solid ‐ gas contact time. Qualitative/quantitative analysis on compositional profiles at each port reveals that the length more than 5.6 m is required to show noticeable recovery rate for NGH production. These outcomes are expected to establish the optimized key process variables for near future field production tests. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1004–1014, 2015     

Kinetics of carbon dioxide and methane hydrate formation

Experimental data on the kinetics of carbon dioxide hydrate formation and its solubility in distilled water are reported. The experiments were carried out in a semi-batch stirred tank reactor at nominal temperatures of 274, 276 and 278 K and at pressure ranging from 1.59 to 2.79 MPa for the kinetics experiments and at pressure ranging from 0.89 to 2.09 MPa for the solubility experiments. A minor inconsistency in the kinetic model developed by Englezos et al. (1987a) was removed and the model was modified to determine the intrinsic kinetic rate constant for carbon dioxide hydrate formation. The same model was also used to re-determine the intrinsic kinetic rate constant for methane hydrate formation. The model is based on the crystallization theory coupled with the two-film theory for gas absorption in the liquid phase. The Henry's constant (H) and apparent dissolution rate constant (K_La) required in the model were determined using the experimental solubility data. The kinetic model describes the experimental data very well. The kinetic rate constant obtained for the carbon dioxide hydrate formation was found to be higher than that for methane.     

相变浆液中甲烷水合物的生成过程强化

利用相变材料（PCM）正十四烷的固液相变过程,吸收甲烷水合释放的热量,实现了直接换热强化水合过程的目的。正十四烷与水混合制成相变乳液（PCE）,经冷却后形成浆液。在半间歇水合器中,测定并计算了甲烷水合物在此浆液中的收率和生成速率。为了提高计算的准确性,设计了一套PVT装置,通过减压法实验测定了低温条件下甲烷在正十四烷中的溶解度。实验结果表明：低温条件下,甲烷在正十四烷中的溶解度与压力基本呈线性关系;相比于间接传热方式下的水合过程,相变浆液中甲烷水合物收率及生成速率得到了有效提升。     

甲烷排放源及减排对策

甲烷是一种比较重要的温室气体,它对温室效应的作用仅次于二氧化碳。据估计,目前全球每年排放的甲烷总量为５３５Ｍｔ,其中,通过石油与天然气工业,煤炭开采、固体废物堆存,污水处理、水稻种植、反刍家畜饲养以及生物质燃烧等人类活动排放的甲烷约占７０％,根据国际能源署的有关调查与研究资料,比较系统地介绍了上述各种主要甲烷排放源及相应的减排对策。     

水合物法提纯沼气技术研究进展

沼气是一种重要的可再生能源,对沼气进行充分高值利用对于缓解我国能源需求和环境压力具有重要意义。沼气在高值利用前必须进行脱碳提纯处理,本文介绍了一种可用于沼气提纯的新技术--水合物分离技术。介绍了水合物分离技术的基本理论,调研总结了水合物法提纯沼气和可用于沼气体系（CH₄/CO₂）的水合物分离技术研究进展,包括相平衡研究、热力学促进剂、动力学促进剂、机械强化、外场强化、添加多孔介质/纳米流体等和采用油/水乳液促进技术,并对各种水合物分离促进技术进行了分析：相平衡研究为水合物法提纯沼气提供了理论基础;合理地选用热力学和动力学促进剂能够有效改善气体水合物相平衡条件,促进水合物生成,增加储气效果和提高分离效率;机械强化及外场作用通过强化水合反应过程的传质传热效果促进水合物生成;添加多孔介质和纳米流体等能够增大气液接触面积,对水合过程发挥促进作用;采用油/水乳液不但能够强化气液接触,而且微乳状态下的水合物具有很好的流动性,具有良好工业应用前景。最后对水合物法提纯沼气技术进行了展望,水合物提纯沼气研究虽处在起步阶段,但随着研究的不断深入,该技术凭借操作条件温和,对原料气要求低,并且具有操作简单灵活、安全性高、环保无污染等优点,必将在我国沼气产业发展过程中发挥作用。     

卵磷脂对甲烷水合物形成的影响

建立了用于测定卵磷脂(lecithin)对钻井液中水合物形成影响的实验装置及方法,以理解化学添加剂卵磷脂对北极Cascade地区钻井过程中水合物层的稳定作用。本研究旨在理解卵磷脂对纯水中甲烷水合物形成热力学和动力学的影响。结果表明,卵磷脂基本上不影响甲烷水合物生成的热力学条件,但当卵磷脂在水中的浓度超过0.003 g·g^-1时,它会影响甲烷水合物的生成速度和数量,是很好的水合物生成动力学促进剂。     

温度对多孔介质中甲烷水合物生成过程的影响

采用自行设计的实验装置,分别进行了0℃以上(274.7 K)、0℃附近(272.8±0.5 K)和0℃以下(267.4 K)3种不同温度下,在20～40日石英砂中甲烷水合物的生成实验.结果表明甲烷水合物在0℃以上生成比较快;在0℃附近储气量大,水合物在整个砂层中的分布比较均匀.针对实验结果,本文提出了水合物在三种不同温度下的生成机理.     

注乙二醇溶液分解甲烷水合物的实验研究

在甲烷水合物一维分解模拟系统上,进行了模拟注乙二醇溶液分解甲烷水合物的实验研究。使用甲烷气体与纯水在一定温度、压力条件下,在沉积物中合成水合物。通过以不同速率注入不同浓度的乙二醇溶液,研究了化学法分解水合物过程中甲烷气体和水生产规律。实验结果表明,水合物分解产出甲烷气体的过程主要分为4个阶段：初始注入段、化学剂稀释段、水合物分解段和残余气体产出段。整个分解过程中,水的生产速率几乎保持恒定。通过对实验结果的能量分析表明,本实验条件下分解综合效率在0.20～0.88之间,并且受注入速率和化学剂浓度影响。在恒定注入速率条件下,分解效率在化学剂质量分数为60%时达到最大值。     

Experimental verification of anomalous chloride enrichment related to methane hydrate formation in deep‐sea sediments

Anomalous chloride concentration enrichment has been detected in marine sediments comprising methane hydrates (MHs). In this study, we designed an electric circuit system linked to the high‐pressure resistance cell in which the chloride ion concentration can be directly measured within reliable accuracy under in situ conditions of the deep‐sea floor pressure and temperature. Chloride concentration increased under a fast MH formation rate, but no noticeable concentration change was detected under a relatively low‐rate. Furthermore, we suggested that the MH formation rate must be maintained at least ～10² mol m^?2 yr^?1 so as to efficiently enrich chlorides and retain the acquired chlorinity. The present experimental system dose not fully reflect the relatively minor effective variables such as vertical advections in real system, but the results seem to be sufficient for revealing chloride enrichment phenomena induced by fast MH formation rate with free methane gas. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

CO2水合物浆在水平圆管中的传热特性

在CO₂水合物浆流动传热特性测试实验系统上,采用套管式电加热的方法对CO₂水合物浆进行了分解实验,并对CO₂水合物浆的流动传热特性进行了分析。对CO₂水合物浆的相变特性进行了研究,得到CO₂水合物浆的相变温度在8～12℃。研究了在固相体积分数为13.2%以及流速为0.45m/s的条件下CO₂水合物浆在内径为8mm的水平不锈钢管中的传热特性,计算得到CO₂水合物浆在不锈钢水平圆管中的对流传热系数为1500～1800 W/(m²·K),并且其在流动传热过程中呈现先增大随后趋向平稳的趋势,在水合物的相变区相应的对流传热系数表现最大。研究了分解加热功率对管壁温和对流传热系数的影响,发现加热功率对管壁温度的影响较强。在实际应用中可利用CO₂水合物浆的相变作用来增强传热,提高传热效率。     

Intensification and kinetics of methane hydrate formation under heat removal by phase change of n‐tetradecane

A method of direct heat removal resulting from the phase change of n‐tetradecane was used to intensify the heat transfer during hydrate formation. The growth rates of methane hydrate in aqueous slurries containing 25–45 wt % of solid n‐tetradecane were investigated at pressures between 4.70 and 6.46 MPa (gauge) and near the fusion point of solid n‐tetradecane. Methane hydrate growth started at a practically constant rate, which became variable after a sudden increase. Two rate laws were established to correlate with the experimental data for the constant and variable rate stages. The methane hydrate growth rates achieved with solid n‐tetradecane were significantly enhanced compared with those obtained under indirect heat removal. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3441–3450, 2015     

丁二酸二异辛酯磺酸钠对甲烷水合物生长动力学特性的影响

通过改变添加量（600mg/L、900mg/L、1200mg/L）、过冷度（3.5℃、5.5℃、7.5℃）以及压力（4.90MPa、6.0MPa、7.31MPa）的方式,考察了在静态体系下绿色促进剂丁二酸二异辛酯磺酸钠（AOT）对甲烷水合物生长动力学特性的影响。实验结果表明,3种浓度下AOT均能够有效缩短诱导时间,并且浓度越大,诱导时间越小（1200mg/L时为0.21h）,但储气量随着添加量的增加,先增大后减小,最终确定最佳添加量为900mg/L,水合物储气量为55.76m³/m³;另外,过冷度越大,实验压力越高,水合物成核速度越快,诱导时间越短,耗气速率越高。当过冷度为7.5℃时,诱导时间最小为0.31h,耗气速率最大为0.275mol/h,储气量最大为63.95m³/m³;但压力过大,釜内气液界面会快速生成水合物层,阻碍水合物继续生成,导致水合物储气量减少为46.84m³/m³。所以,在静态体系下,合理选择促进剂的浓度和驱动力的大小,可显著促进水合物生成。     

水合物法提纯低浓度煤层气的研究进展

开发利用低浓度煤层气资源,对于缓解我国能源紧缺、消费结构不合理等问题具有重要意义。本文介绍了我国低浓度煤层气的利用现状,通过比较和分析几种煤层气提纯技术的优缺点,认为水合物法提纯技术具有很大潜力。水合物法提纯低浓度煤层气技术具有环保、安全、储气率高、原料简单等优点,同时仍需解决降低水合物生成条件、缩短水合物诱导时间、提高CH₄回收率等关键问题。重点概括了低浓度煤层气水合物热力学和动力学基本理论的发展以及水合法提纯低浓度煤层气技术的机理研究。从表面活性剂、新型耦合技术及水合反应器三个方面分别阐述了水合物法提纯低浓度煤层气技术的研究进展。最后,展望了水合物法提纯低浓度煤层气技术的工业化前景,提出了以下具体研究方向：探寻优质的添加剂组合并结合多级分离的方法对低浓度煤层气进行提纯,进一步探究水合法同其他煤层气提纯法相耦合的技术,优化反应器结构以及完善经济评价体系来促进其工业化进程。     

Mechanism for the formation of carbon dioxide in the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide and methane on silica

The oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide is shown to be catalyzed at 850 K or above over almost all lattice oxygen atoms on the surface of silica prepared by the sol-gel method from ethyl orthosilicate under conditions which yield high selectivity to carbon dioxide in the oxidation of methane.     

二氧化碳水合物促进剂的研究进展

综述了二氧化碳水合物促进剂的种类、促进效果的评价方法、研究现状以及促进机理等,并对其未来研究提出了建议。     

石英砂中甲烷水合物的溶解开采实验研究

天然气水合物是天然气与水在低温高压的条件下形成的一种冰状物质,广泛分布于海底和冻土区的沉积物中,资源量巨大,有望成为未来接替能源。在已发现的资源中,有一种类型的天然气水合物位于海底浅表层或裸露于海底,其形成过程和稳定性规律尚不明确。为揭示其稳定性规律,实验研究了石英砂中甲烷水合物的溶解过程。结果表明,水和白油均能有效溶解石英砂中的甲烷水合物,注水溶解的气水体积比约为2,注油溶解的气液体积比约为10,溶解速率主要受液流-水合物的接触情况影响,随水合物饱和度升高而升高。水/油易在石英砂中窜进,形成优势渗流通道,随后气液比逐渐降低。实验结果为深入研究海底浅表层或裸露的天然气水合物的稳定机理提供了基础。