(1-3)(1-6)-β-glucan-enriched materials from Lentinus edodes mushroom as a high-fibre and low-calorie flour substitute for baked foods

BACKGROUND: Extensive physiological and biological emphasis has been placed on pharmaceutical and medicinal uses of mushrooms containing β‐glucans, but their incorporation into processed functional foods is quite limited. Thus, low‐grade Lentinus edodes mushrooms were utilised to produce β‐glucan‐enriched materials (BGEMs), which were evaluated as a high‐fibre and low‐calorie substitute for wheat flour. RESULTS: The fractions obtained from Lentinus edodes mushrooms contained 514 g kg^?1 of (1–3)‐β‐glucans with (1–6)‐β‐linked side chains and the chemical structure was confirmed by ¹³C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Replacement of a portion of the wheat flour with BGEMs resulted in the solutions with lower values of pasting parameters and also caused significant changes in starch gelatinisation. When BGEMs were incorporated into cake formulations, batter viscosity increased with more shear‐thinning behaviours and elastic properties improved. Overall, the cakes containing more BGEMs showed decreased volume and increased hardness while no significant differences were observed between the control and BGEM cakes containing 1 g of β‐glucan per serving. CONCLUSION: As a wheat flour substitute, the BGEMs that were prepared from low‐grade Lentinus edodes mushrooms, could be successfully used to produce cakes containing 1 g of β‐glucan per serving with quality attributes similar to those of the control. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

百合粉添加量对面团特性及面包品质的影响

为拓宽百合的应用渠道,提高面包的营养价值,研究了百合粉添加量(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%)对面团的微观结构、糊化特性、流变学特性以及面包品质的影响。结果表明:随着百合粉添加量增大,混合粉的持油性先降低后增加,持水性显著增加(P<0.05)。添加了百合粉后,面团的糊化温度升高,回生值和峰值黏度下降,面团的弹性模量和黏性模量均呈上升趋势。百合粉的添加,破坏了面筋蛋白原本均匀致密的微观结构;使面包的硬度显著增大(P<0.05),弹性、内聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性、回复性、比容和感官评分显著降低(P<0.05);改变了小麦面团的特性和面包的品质,在小麦粉中添加5%～10%的百合粉,能保证面包较高的感官品质。     

高粱超微全粉对面团流变学特性及馒头品质的影响

为研究高粱超微全粉对面团流变学特性及馒头品质的影响,将高粱超微粉碎后按一定比例添加到小麦面粉中,测定混合粉的流变学特性,并对混合粉馒头品质进行评价。结果表明:高粱超微全粉添加量较低时(5~10%),混合粉的各项粘度值和峰值时间增加;添加量增加到15~20%时,各项粘度值和峰值时间降低,糊化温度差异不显著。高粱全粉的添加使混合粉的吸水率有所增加。添加量达到10%及以上时,形成时间、稳定时间、粉质指数、拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力和延伸度均显著降低。混合粉馒头除色泽外的各项感官指标得分显著降低。馒头硬度和咀嚼性显著增加,粘附性和内聚性先增加后降低,弹性降低,回复性无明显变化规律。气孔延长度差异不大,其他图像分析指标差异显著。高粱超微全粉的添加改变了混合粉的主要成分特别是淀粉和蛋白质的构成与含量,对面团流变学特性及馒头品质均有较大影响。     

全麦粉对油条面团和油条质量的影响

本文研究了全麦粉对油条面团流变学和糊化特性的影响,并在此基础上,研究了全麦粉对油条品质(膨胀性、色泽、质构、含油量)的影响。研究结果显示,随着全麦粉替代油条配方中精制小麦粉比例的提高,面团的形成时间从16.03 min下降到11.33min,稳定时间从18.23 min下降到10.24 min,而面团的吸水率由64.87%上升到76.33%。油条粉的糊化特性也受到全麦粉的显著影响,特别是峰值粘度从1160下降到990.7(RVU)。对于油条产品来说,100%全麦粉取代率制得油条的比容仅为3.01 cm3/g。同时全麦粉的加入使得油条表面的色泽变暗,L*值从73.42显著下降到57.89,油条的含水量由28.04%上升到34.09%。此外,油条的质构也受到全麦粉的影响,特别是100%全麦粉油条的硬度几乎是空白的5倍(由2490.45 g提高到11958.38 g)。更重要的是,空白油条的总含油量为19.60%,而100%全麦粉取代率的(油条的总含油量仅为11.25%。分析看出,全麦粉取代率与油条的含水量存在正相关关系(r=0.869),与油条的比容(r=0.995)、表面含油量(r=0.942)及结构含油量(r=0.951)存在负相关关系。因此,从本研究的结果看,全麦粉的加入可以用来生产一种低含油量高营养价值的全麦油炸产品。     

Addition of pin-milled pea flour and air-classified fractions in layer and sponge cakes

Legumes have interesting nutritional properties and many organizations, such as the World Health Organization, encourage their inclusion in the diet; their incorporation into bakery products could be a good method for increasing consumption. The aim of this study was to examine the addition of different percentages of pin-milled pea flour or its air-classified protein and starch fractions to sponge and layer cakes. Specific volume, pH and viscosity were measured in batters and specific volume, shape and texture in cakes. Evaluation through sensory analysis in a consumer test was performed after exclusion of the poorest cakes. Pin-milled pea-flour and starch-fraction cakes had similar specific volumes and firmness to wheat-flour cakes with substitution of up to 50% of the wheat flour in sponge cakes and up to 25% in layer cakes. In contrast, protein produced a lower cake specific volume and increased firmness at lower substitution percentages. Sensory acceptability decreased with increasing substitution percentages, and this was more pronounced in layer cakes. In sponge cakes, evaluations were similar to controls after substitution of 25% of the wheat flour by starch concentrate.     

糯小麦粉添加量对配粉流变学特性及馒头品质的影响

将糯小麦粉与普通小麦粉进行梯度配粉,研究不同糯小麦粉添加量对配粉糊化黏度、粉质特性和面团流变学特性的影响;采用质构和感官评价相结合的方法评价其对馒头品质的影响,确定合适的糯小麦配粉比。结果表明：随着糯小麦粉添加量的增加,配粉的糊化温度、峰值黏度、衰减度和回生值等快速黏度分析参数均呈现下降趋势,尤其是回生值降低显著。配粉的吸水量随糯小麦粉添加量的增加逐渐增大,面团的形成时间和稳定时间缩短,粉质指数降低;但当添加量增加至25.0%时,粉质特性各指标均产生显著性改变。不同配粉面团随着醒发时间的延长,面团拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比等指标均呈现一定的增大趋势,但延伸度却随醒发时间延长而降低。糯小麦粉配粉比例对馒头的质构和感官特性具有较大影响,适宜的糯小麦粉配粉比为20.0%～30.0%,25.0%配粉比使馒头具有较好的质构,感官总评分达到最大值。     

Effect of oat β‐glucan and its oxidised derivative on the quality characteristics of sponge cake

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of sponge cakes containing native oat β‐glucan (BG‐B) and its oxidised derivative with TEMPO (2, 2, 6, 6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidine oxoammonium ion) (Oxi‐B). BG‐B and Oxi‐B were substituted at 1% (w/w) into a formulation, and then the effects of BG‐B and Oxi‐B addition on the pasting properties of wheat flour and the physicochemical and textural properties of sponge cakes were determined. The pasting parameters of wheat flour were increased by BG‐B, whereas they were decreased in wheat flour with added Oxi‐B. The cake containing Oxi‐B had a lower volume, and a higher symmetry and uniformity than the BG‐B cake. The Oxi‐B cake exhibited smaller L* and b* values and a higher a* value than the control in crumb and crust colour. According to texture profile analysis, the BG‐B cake had increased hardness, chewiness and gumminess, whereas the Oxi‐B cake had decreased hardness.     

Buckwheat and Millet Affect Thermal,Rheological, and Gelling Properties of Wheat Flour

Buckwheat (BF) and millet (MF) are recommended as healthy foods due to their unique chemical composition and health benefits. This study investigated the thermal and rheological properties of BF‐WF (wheat flour) and MF‐WF flour blends at various ratios (0:100 to 100:0). Increasing BF or MF concentration led to higher cold paste viscosity and setback viscosity of pasting properties gel adhesiveness, storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of dynamic oscillatory rheology, and yield stress (σ₀) of flow curve of WF. BF and MF addition decreased peak viscosity and breakdown of pasting, gel hardness, swelling volume, and consistency coefficient (K) of flow curve of WF. Thermal properties of the blends appeared additive of that of individual flour. Nonadditive effects were observed for some property changes in the mixtures, and indicated interactions between flour components. This may provide a physicochemical basis for using BF and MF in formulating novel healthy products.     

Effect of Defatted Maize Germ Addition on the Functional and Textural Properties Of Wheat Flour

The objective of this study was to assess functional properties of wheat flour blends with defatted maize germ flour (DMGF), a byproduct of the corn oil industry, at 5–25% levels. The bulk density, oil, and water absorption capacities, emulsion/foaming capacity and stability, objective color, least gelation concentration, and rheological properties (apparent viscosity and dough compression) were determined in control and flour blends. With DMGF addition, bulk density and foaming capacity decreased from 0.62 g/mL to 0.55 g/mL and 33.7% to 25.7%, respectively, both at 25% level. In general, when compared to control, oil and water absorption and emulsion capacities increased significantly in flour blends with >10% DMGF. Overall, regardless of the DMGF level, complete or partial gelling was observed at ≥ 8% gelation concentration. The apparent viscosity increased with increasing DMGF levels (0–25%) in all flour blends and also at all 4 concentrations from 5% to 20%. The control flour dough had a hardness value of 7.56 N, which increased significantly to 84.6N, when the DMGF level increased to 25% in the flour blend. These results indicate that most of the functional properties of wheat flour blends improved with DMGF addition, thus DMGF has a great potential to be used in a variety of food products.     

复配粉理化性质与米线质构性质关系的研究

将粳米粉与绿豆淀粉按照一定比例进行混合,得到粳米粉和绿豆淀粉的复配粉体系,并测定了复配粉体系的溶胀性质、糊化性质、凝胶质构性质和拉伸性质,研究了复配米粉体系的拉伸性质与米线质构性质的关系。结果表明:随着绿豆淀粉添加量比例的增加,复配米粉体系的总直链淀粉含量、可溶性直链淀粉含量和不溶性直链淀粉含量明显增加,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、末值黏度、硬度也显著性增加,咀嚼性、拉伸强度和表观弹性模量显著增加,85℃下的溶解度和膨润力显著上升;糊化温度显著降低;衰减值和回生值分别比粳米粉高了33.73 RVU和50.60 RVU;与单一体系相比,由复配粉体系制成的米线呈现较好的硬度、弹性、韧性、蒸煮性和物理性质。当绿豆淀粉∶粳米粉为1∶1时,其制得的米粉的质构性质最好。     

Effect of microwave vacuum drying and hot air drying on the physicochemical properties of durian flour

Unripe durian cv. Monthong was subjected to microwave vacuum drying (MVD) at 1200, 1600 and 2200 W and hot air drying (HAD) at 40, 50 and 60 °C to produce durian flour. Drying rate of MVD and HAD was 0.34–0.58 kg water kg dry solid^?1 min^?1 and 0.02–0.06 kg water kg dry solid^?1 min^?1, respectively. An increase in drying rate by either increasing hot air temperature or increasing microwave power decreased the degree of crystallinity from 21.95% to 2.31% and from 7.72% to 4.05%, respectively. Moreover, the increased drying rate caused a decrease in endothermic enthalpy (ΔH_gel) and pasting properties. Starch content of the durian flour was 41.40–47.03%. The starch granule morphology of durian flour was disrupted which indicated gelatinisation of flour during drying. Due to a short drying process, the MVD flour had less a*‐value (P ≤ 0.05) than the HAD flour.     

苦荞-小麦混合粉流变学特性及烘焙特性研究

该文对苦荞小麦混合粉粉质特性、拉伸特性进行系统研究。随着苦荞粉比例增加,形成时间、稳定时间缩短,弱化度上升,评价值下降,拉伸参数均呈下降趋势;且苦荞粉比例越大,下降幅度越大。另外,面包烘焙实验表明,苦荞添加量为10％和20％时,苦荞面包尚有较好烘焙特性,添加量增至30％时,烘焙特性显著下降,添加量达40％或50％时,烘焙特性极差。     

Functional Properties of Wheat-Bean Composite Flours

Functional properties of wheat flour and its blends with six bean flours at three levels of replacement (10, 20, and 30%) were investigated. Water and oil absorption, foaming capacity and stability, and emulsifying activity and stability increased with increasing levels of bean flours in the blends. Composite flours had higher pasting properties compared to those of wheat flour as measured in the Brabender Viscoamylograph. As the level of bean flour in the composite was increased, farinograph absorption and mixing tolerance index increased, whereas mixing time and dough stability decreased.     

Adequacy of wholegrain non-wheat flours for layer cake elaboration

Flours (white and wholegrain flours) from wheat, rye, triticale, barley and tritordeum were used to elaborate layer cakes. The pasting properties (RVA) and the water-absorption (doughLab) of flours were analyzed. The batter characteristics (density, G′, G″, tan δ, consistency and flow index), and the cake characteristics (cake volume, crumb and crust colour and texture after 1 and 7 days) were studied. A sensorial evaluation of the cakes was also performed. Wholegrain flours showed higher pasting temperature and water-absorption, but lower peak time and viscosity than white flours. Its batters showed lower density and consistency and higher G′, G″, tan δ and n values. Wholegrain cakes showed lower specific volume, symmetry, colour characteristics, and staling rate but higher initial firmness. Considering the different cereals, barley showed the most different behaviour in flour, batter and cake characteristics. DoughLab analysis was very interesting to understand the adequacy of flours to cake elaboration, since significant correlations were found between water-absorption and specific volume, symmetry and firmness. Little differences in the consumer test were obtained between wheat and non-wheat cakes. Wholegrain non-wheat cakes could be a good alternative to white flour wheat cakes, due to their adequate technological properties and their nutritional advantages.     

Effects of partial substitution of potato flour on cooking characteristics,texture properties and in vitro starch digestibility of fresh extruded rice-shaped kernels

Effects of partial substitution of potato flour (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) for rice flour on cooking characteristics, textural properties and in vitro starch digestibility of fresh extruded rice-shaped kernels (FER). With the increase in potato flour content, the water absorption index (WAI) increased gradually, the water solubility index (WSI) decreases gradually. Hardness, elasticity, adhesion and chewiness first increased and then decreased. When the potato flour content was 30%, the peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity and setback viscosity of the pasting test were 325, 168, 157, 312 and 144 cp, respectively. The WAI of the cooking test was 7.50 g g⁻¹, and the WSI was 4.71%. The texture test had a hardness of 1211.82 g, flexibility of 0.85 mm, cohesiveness of 0.73 gs, adhesion of 715.38 g and chewiness of 519.28 g. The highest overall acceptability score was 4.51 in sensory evaluation. Finally, the predicted glycaemic index indicated that potato flour is a suitable raw material for low GI products.     

紫淮山全粉对面团流变特性及面条质构特性的影响

研究不同紫淮山全粉添加量对面粉粉质特性、糊化特性、面团拉伸特性和面条品质的影响。结果表明,随着紫淮山全粉添加量的增加,面粉的吸水率上升。面团的形成时间在添加量为15%时达到最大值,为5.3 min,增加了39.5%。面团稳定时间在添加量为10%时达到最小值,为3.5 min,减少了40.7%。紫淮山全粉的添加使拉伸能量、延伸度下降。面团在45、90、135 min醒发时间下的延伸度均在添加量为25%时达到最小值。添加紫淮山全粉能降低糊化温度、面粉黏度和回生值,且最终黏度和回生值均在添加量为25%时达到最小值,但崩解值在添加量为25%时达到最大值。面条的硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性、回复性均在紫淮山全粉的添加量为15%时达到最大值,但紫淮山全粉的添加对面条的弹性无显著性(p>0.05)影响。面条的L^*值随紫淮山全粉添加量的增加呈显著(p<0.05)下降趋势,添加量低于15%时,紫淮山面条的感官评分较高。紫淮山全粉对面粉粉质特性、糊化特性、面团拉伸特性和面条感官品质均有较大影响,紫淮山全粉的最高添加量以15%为宜。本研究结果可为紫淮山全粉的应用提供理论参考。     

Low energy chocolate cake with potato pulp and yellow pea hulls

Experiments including use of potato pulp, and pea flour from industrial processing of potato flour and yellow peas for baking of chocolate cakes were carried out. The maximum water uptake was found to be 3.7 g/g pea flour and 7.8 g/g potato pulp, respectively, out of which a great amount of it was lost during cooling of the cakes after baking. Hunter lightness L decreased with increasing ratio potato pulp:pea flour, however, redness a and yellowness b was unaffected by the level of potato pulp. An increasing ratio of Perfect Fit and sugar decreased redness a and yellowness b, while L remained unaffected. Dry matter and baking loss depended on the dough composition with respect to sugar and fibre. Cake dimensions were not affected. Factor analysis resulted in four factors with 82.7% of the data variation. The most important positive variables for factor 1 was deformation energy, gumminess, hardness and modulus, followed by dry matter and sweetener ratio whereas the most negative variable was cohesiveness. Factor 2 had high factor loadings for the dough rheological properties compliance, shear rate and viscosity. Fibre ratio, springiness, adhesiveness and baking loss were of minor importance for the two most important factors. What is more, substitution of fat with potato pulp and/or pulp and sugar with acesulfame K/polydextrose resulted in a considerable reduction in the energy content of the cakes.     

Rheology and baking potential of wheat/plantain composite flour

The possibilty of producing bread from wheat/plantain composite flour has been comprehensively assessed. The chemical analysis of the composite flour showed that it contained less protein and higher carbohydrate and minerals than wheat flour. With increasing levels of supplementation with plantain the water absorption capacity and dough development time of the composite flour decreased. However, the mixing tolerance time increased and the mixing quality decreased. It was found that the baking quality decreased with increasing level of supplementation and when unblanched plantain flour was used. The blend with 100 g kg^?1 blanched plantain and 900 g kg^?1 wheat flour was found to be internally and externally better than other blends and the bread was of acceptable quality.     

Evaluation of the quality characteristics of flour and pasta from fermented cassava roots

The study investigated the effect of fermentation of cassava roots on the quality characteristics of flour and pasta. Cassava roots were fermented under natural condition for a period of 12, 36 and 60 h. Physicochemical properties, microbial analysis, pasting properties, in vitro digestibility, X-ray diffraction analysis of cassava flour, cooking properties, texture profile analysis (TPA) and sensory properties of the pasta were examined. The moisture content, carbohydrate, water absorption capacity, swelling and solubility index of fermented flour increased with an increase in fermentation period. Also, as fermentation progressed, increase in pasting viscosities of cassava flour was observed. The resistant starch (RS) content of cassava flour decreased with increasing period of fermentation. The duration of fermentation process significantly affected textural properties and cooking loss of cassava pasta. Sensory assessment showed that cassava roots fermented for 36 h gave pasta with the most acceptable qualities.     

轻碾脱皮对全麦粉及其馒头品质的影响

以强筋、中强筋、中筋小麦为原料,采用干法轻碾脱皮,研究了不同轻碾脱皮比例对小麦籽粒、全麦粉及其馒头品质的影响。结果表明:随着轻碾脱皮比例的增加,小麦籽粒的灰分含量、硬度指数、千粒质量分别降低了0.17%、1.0~1.5、1.74~1.82 g,容重增加了22.0~23.4 g/L;全麦粉的灰分和损伤淀粉含量分别降低了0.12%~0.14%、1.0~2.1 UCDc;不溶性膳食纤维、总膳食纤维含量分别降低了0.38%~0.49%、0.13%~0.17%,而可溶性膳食纤维含量增加了0.22%~0.33%;全麦粉的糊化指标呈上升趋势,稳定时间延长了0.3~0.7 min,而弱化度降低了9~25 FU;全麦粉馒头的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼度分别降低了732~1 114 g、335~549、147~346,而弹性和回复性分别增加了0.030~0.031、0.049~0.066,另外亮度L*值及感官评价总分增加,从而表明轻碾脱皮处理能有效改善全麦粉的流变学特性及其馒头品质。